21 01 07.7 -00 11 43; Aqr
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 162°
17.5" (8/31/86): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated, weak concentration. Located between a mag 14 star 1.0' N and a mag 13 star 1.4' SSE. Similar notes on 6/20/87.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7001 = h2095 on 21 Jul 1827 and
noted "eF; S; E in the meridian [north-south]." His position and description matches
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21 03 44.9 -49 01 47; Ind
V = 12.4; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 3°
30" (11/5/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): brighter of a pair
with
John Herschel discovered NGC 7002 = h3848 on 30 Sep 1834 and logged "F; S; R; suddenly much brighter middle; 15" diameter." A couple of nights later, he noted "pF; pL; R; gradually little brighter middle."
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21 00 42.4 +17 48 18; Del
V = 13.0; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 120°
13.1" (7/27/84): very faint, small, low even surface brightness, almost round. A faint star is at the NE edge.
Heinrich d'Arrest discovered NGC 7003 on 26 Aug 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen. He noted a mag 15 or 16 star follows the center by 2 seconds of time. His RA (measured on two sweeps) is ~4 seconds too small. MCG fails to label this galaxy NGC 7003.
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NGC 7004 = ESO 235-046 = PGC 66019
21 04 02.2 -49 06 52; Ind
V = 13.8; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 73°
30" (11/5/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): moderately bright, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE, 1.0'x0.3', contains a bright, elongated core. A mag 13 star lies 1.3' E and a 16th magnitude star is barely off the WSW tip. Forms a pair with brighter NGC 7002 5.8' NW.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7004 = h3849 on 2 Oct 1834 and
recorded "eF; R; little brighter middle; has a * 11m 60 seconds following
on parallel." His position
and description matches
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21 01 57.3 -12 52 53; Aqr
17.5" (7/24/95): small very unimpressive asterism of five stars including three mag 12 stars in a 1.5' right triangle and three additional mag 14 stars. Only noticeable at all due to the three brighter stars in a small group.
Heinrich d'Arrest discovered NGC 7005 on 23 Aug 1855 with an
4.6-inch Fraunhofer refractor at Leipzig and noted a "nebulous star
cluster". His position is 45'
southeast of
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21 01 29.3 +16 11 15; Del
V = 10.6; Size 2.8'; Surf Br = 0.1
24" (7/11/18): at 375x; bright, very bright mottled
core with a half-dozen very faint stars resolved around the edges of the
halo. Three very faint to
extremely faint galaxies lies to the southwest;
18" (7/24/06): this small globular was viewed at 435x and 565x and it appeared very mottled and lively in excellent seeing. Two or three very faint stars were visible pretty steadily and a number of extremely faint mag 16 stars appeared to sharpen up and momentarily sparkle, particularly in the 1.5' to 2' halo. Perhaps a total of a dozen stars, sparkled or popped in and out of view.
CGCG 448-030 is located just 3.6' SW of the core of NGC
7006! It appeared extremely faint and small, round, 10" diameter.
Requires averted and cannot hold steadily but repeatedly reacquired.
There is an extremely faint star at the northeast edge which was
sometimes noticed instead of the galaxy. Forms the south vertex of a
small triangle with two mag 12.7/13.5 stars ~0.6' N and NE. It is nearly on a
line between the globular and mag 7.3
17.5" (8/5/94): moderately bright, small, 1.5' diameter
containing a 1' core and a small halo. The core has a broad weak
concentration with no nucleus. The halo is mottled but difficult to
achieve clear resolution. Four or five mag 15.5 stars or fainter popped
in and out of view around the edges of the halo. The easiest resolved star is
just at the north edge of the halo, a close pair is at the east edge and a
single star is at the southeast side. An easy pair of mag 14 foreground
stars at 20" separation is off the south side 1.6' from the center.
The interacting system
13.1" (6/29/84): fairly faint, small, small bright nucleus, small fainter halo. Mottled and clumpy but not resolved at 360x.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7006 = H. I-52 = h2097 on 21 Aug 1784 (sweep 253). He recorded it as "pretty bright, irregularly round, easily resolvable [mottled], about 1' diam. Hazy, otherwise I suppose I might see the stars in it." He noted in the log that the nebula was missed on 15 Oct (sweep 290) "having no notice of it, did not look for it, yet it is strange." But the next night (sweep 294), he logged it again as "very bright, round, much brighter in the middle, the brightness extending a good way, resolvable (see 253 sweep)." John Herschel made a single observation: "B; R; gradually brighter in the middle; 60".
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21 05 27.9 -52 33 07; Ind
V = 12.0; Size 1.9'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 2°
30" (10/10/15 - OzSky): at 394x; bright, moderately large, elongated 5:3 N-S, ~1.25'x0.75', sharply concentrated with a very bright core that increases to a stellar nucleus. A string of 5 mag 12-13 stars (oriented E-W) passes to the south and a mag 15.6 star is 0.8' W of center.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7007 = h3850 on 8 Jul 1834 and recorded "pB; vS; R; pretty suddenly little brighter middle; 12"." His mean position (3 observations) is accurate. Joseph Turner observed it on 5 Sep 1877 with the 48" Melbourne Telescope and notes it was suddenly brighter in the middle to a nucleus.(p. 142 of logbook).
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21 00 32.8 +54 32 36; Cyg
V = 11.0; Size 98"x75"
48" (10/24/14): We had a superb view of NGC 7008 unfiltered at 488x and 610x. This irregular, annular planetary extended ~1.5'x1.2' SSW-NNE with a roughly oval outline, except on the SW end. Several stars are involved or just off the edge, including HJ 1606 = 9.6/11.7 at 19" separation, which is just off the SSE edge.
A very bright, elongated knot is at the NNE edge of the rim.
A larger elongated knot is just on its inside (towards the central star), with
the pair of close knots virtually attached. On the opposite SSW end is
the next brightest region, extending nearly 45° along the rim. This larger glow spreads irregularly
into the darker center and dims.
Another brighter knot is on the WNW edge of the rim (probably
A mag 13.5 star sits in the center of the darker interior with the central "hole" darkest immediately east of the central star. Another darker region is in the SE quadrant just north of HJ 1606.
18" (9/10/07): The "Fetus Nebula" is a fascinating annular planetary, best viewed at high power. Using 452x the oval halo is elongated SSW-NNE, ~85"x65". The most striking feature is a bright, 25" knot on the NNE end that is irregular in surface brightness with a very small brighter condensation near its south end. The SW quadrant of the planetary is also brighter in an elongated region and weakest on the E and SE edge facing the wide double star off the south edge.
In the darker center, a mag 13.5 central star is visible and a second fainter mag 14 star is near the NE edge. Also a mag 14 star is just off the west edge. NGC 7008 is situated just north of HJ 1606, a mag 9.3/10.2 pair at 18" oriented N-S.
17.5" (6/28/00): this beautiful, highly structured PN is situated just north of a wide double star (9.2/10.5 at 18"). At 280x, the annular oval is elongated SSW-NNE, ~90"x65". A bright 30" irregular knot is prominent at the NE end. The SW end of the major axis has a fainter condensation and the rim is clearly dimmest near the double star. The mag 14 central star shines steadily as does a slightly fainter mag 14.5 on the NE edge. Just off the west edge is another 14th magnitude star. The darker center is faintly luminous and the surface brightness is irregular over the entire oval giving a mottled, wispy appearance.
13.1" (9/11/82): bright planetary with unusual structure and several stars involved. The striking complete annular ring is elongated SW-NE. A mag 14 central star mag is visible, as well as a mag 14 star at the NE edge and a faint star off the W edge. A small brighter knot marks the NE end. The planetary is located just north of double star HJ 1606 = 9.3/10.5 at 18".
8" (8/16/82): unusual structure, curves and extends further south on the west side. A faint star is embedded.
80mm (9/10/07): the planetary was faintly visible in the finder at 25x using an OIII filter.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7008 = H. I-192 = h2099 on 14 Oct 1787 (sweep 765). He recorded "considerably bright, strong nebulosity of an irregular square figure. Seems to contain faint large stars, about 3' l and 2 1/2' broad." He observed it again the next night (sweep 767) as well as the 16th (sweep 768): "the stars which are visible in it, do not seem to belong to it."
On sweep 211, John Herschel logged "large; elongated; resolvable; has an appearance of two nuclei or points of greatest condensation; it touches a fine double star [h1606 = 9.3/10.2 at 18"]." Birr Castle assistant R.J. Mitchell viewed it on 19 Aug 1855: "seen as in sketch [1861 Monograph, Plate XXX, fig. 37]. 3 st in it, F neby reaches nearly up to the star sf; B knots in it, the nf one seems triangular in shape and sometimes I thought it split up by a dark line from sf to np."
Sir William Huggins first observed a single emission line in the spectrum in 1865. Francis Pease photographed NGC 7008 in 1914 with the Mt. Wilson 60" and described "the strongest bits of nebulosity are two condensations just E of the N end of the major axis. On the southeast side the eliipitcal forms seems eaten away, but traces of nebulosity may be seen connecting with a stars which lies [53" separation in p.a. 156°]. Based on Crossley photographs taken at Lick, Heber Curtis (1918) reported "irregular ring structure indicated; the dimensions are 86"x69" in p.a. 20°. The two brightest patches are at the north, and three stars lie in roughly circular gaps in the nebulosity must either be physically connected with the nebula or, if nearer to us, be surrounded by absorbing atmospheres."
In a 2001 issue of Amateur Astronomy magazine, Eric Honeycutt called NGC 7008 the "Fetus Nebula" due to its appearance in his 22-inch telescope.
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21 04 10.7 -11 21 49; Aqr
V = 7.8; Size 30"x26"
48" (10/29/16): the remarkable Saturn Nebula was viewed at 1084x. The intense, inner "ring" is very elongated (~25"x10") with an unusual warped appearance. The inner ring is brighter on the west end. The rounder shell extends ~30"x25", slightly elongated WSW-ENE and contains an obvious "knot" on the north side of the shell. The ansae or FLIERS at the end of the jets varied in size and orientation, with the western one larger, brighter and angled outward on the north end. The central star was easily visible.
48" (10/24/14): at 610x; the western ansa (handle) at the end of the jet appeared as a small, narrow bar, roughly perpendicular to the extension, but slightly tilted, so the north end was pointing outward (west). The eastern ansa was much smaller but with careful viewing was slightly elongated and tilted in a mirrored orientation. Also, a very small, low contrast knot was noted on the north end of the outer shell. Otherwise, the details mentioned in the observation from last November were all noted.
48" (11/1/13): the double-shell structure was fascinating at 813x. The bright, inner ring was surprisingly elongated WSW-ENE, ~30"x10", with an irregular surface brightness and uneven thickness. The inner darker hole was also elongated, extending nearly the length of the nebula and was punctuated by a fairly easy central star. This annulus is encased in a rounder, outer shell, ~30"x25" diameter, with a slightly irregular rim (brighter at the north edge). Extending from the main body were the two easily visible "jets" extending WSW-ENE with prominent FLIERS or "ansae" (handles) at each tip [separation 44"] with the western tip slightly brighter. The color was generally greenish, though the outer halo had a salmon-colored tinge.
24" (7/24/14): viewed at 1000x in good seeing at Lassen National Park (elevation 8200 ft). The intense, inner annulus is 30"x18" with a bright, moderately thick green rim and darker center. The central star was nearly visible steadily within the darker center. The oval annulus was slightly irregular in surface brightness. It was surrounded by a rounder, fainter envelope, which varied slightly in brightness, particularly on the north side, which contained a noticeable knot. The fairly narrow jets were readily visible, though brighter on the west side. An obvious knot ("ansa") that was slightly elongated was visible at the tip of the western jet. The eastern extension only had a weak brightening at the tip.
18" (7/28/03): Viewed at 1087x in very good seeing. The 30" brighter inner oval is elongated WSW-ENE and has a noticeable irregular surface brightness (first time this was noted) with a brighter, thick rim and darker center (partially annular). Surrounding the high surface oval is a fainter, outer shell although interestingly, the transition appeared more gradual than at lower power. The extensions or jets were easily visible with very small knots ("ansae") occasionally visible at the tips.
17.5" (many dates 9/14/85 to 8/10/91): extremely bright, fairly small, very high surface brightness, blue-green color, about 30" diameter to the main oval body. At 412x, the two famous extensions or "jets" were easily visible extending WSW-ENE from the oval disc using direct vision. The western extension is brighter and a very small knot (ansae) is visible at moments with concentration at the tip of the west extension. A faint outer shell surrounds the bright disc.
13.1" (9/3/83): similar view to 17.5", but the eastern extension was more difficult to view.
13.1" (7/16/82 and 8/16/82): both ansae were definite at 280x as faint extensions though the western ansa was easier to see. A thin fainter shell encases the main body.
8" (10/31/81): bright, small, blue-green, high surface brightness. Rays extending outward are suspected, particularly on the western side in excellent seeing at 200x.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7009 = H. IV-1 = h2098 on 7 Sep 1782 at Datchet with his 6.2-inch reflector. During his third review of Flamsteed stars and double star survey, he described "a curious nebula, or what else to call it I do not know. It is of a shape somewhat oval, nearly circular, and with this power [460] appears to be about 10 or 15" diameter. It is of the same shape with 278 but much less in appearance. With 932 it is still the same shape but much larger. So that its appearance seems to follow the law of magnifying, from whence it is clear that it is of some real magnitude in the heavens and not a glare of light. The brightness in all the powers does not differ so much as if it were of a planetary nature but seems to be of the starry kind, tho' no star is visible with any power. It is all over of nearly the same brightness. The compound eyepiece will not distinguish it from a fixt star, at least not sensibly".
Wolfgang Steinicke states that Herschel recorded it five
more times with his 6.2" during his review period and 6 times during his
sweeps with the 18.7". On 2
Aug 1788 (sweep 851) he wrote, "The planetary nebula, considerably oval,
in the direction of the parallel nearly.
Of a bluish light, but not very well defined." This was a unique instance of recording
a color in a planetary.
Although Herschel is often credited with first coining the
phrase "planetary nebula", some credit should go to Antoine
Darquier's description of
Wilhelm Struve independently found NGC 7009 (∑ 8) in 1825 or 1826 with the 9.6-inch Great Dorpat refractor. It was included in his list of 9 "Nebulae dectae" in an appendix to his main catalogue of double stars. Auwers and d'Arrest measured accurate positions. Lord Rosse, Romney Robinson and George Johnstone Stoney observed the planetary on 23 Oct 1848 resulting in a sketch (Stoney's first observation and sketch) and description, "we have not detected any perforation, but it has ansae, which probably indicate a surrounding nebulous ring seen edgeways". (Fig 14, 1850 paper).
Stoney made another observation on 16 Aug 1849 and measured the "position of ring taken with an eyepiece furnished with a level and a position circle. Inclination of ring to horizon 9°." Although the nickname "Saturn Nebula" was not mentioned in Robinson's report to the Royal Irish Academy, the description in the 1880 publication (given as 16 Sep 1849) states, "Saturn neb. Pos of ring 81 deg".
Using a 9.5" refractor in 1856, Father Secchi sketched NGC 7009 and noted the nebula was fainter at the ends of the major axis and brighter along the north and south sides (AN 43, 157).
In 1867 Lassell reported his "Observations with the Four-foot Equatoreal at Malta" and his description from 23 Aug 1862 begins "My first impression of this Nebula was that it was a sky-blue likeness of Saturn". In a letter dated 26 Sep 1862, he goes into much more detail: In directing my large equatoreal upon the well-known planetary nebula situated in AR 20h 56m N.P.D. 101° 56' (1862), it has revealed so marvellous a conformation of this object that I cannot forbear to send you a drawing of it [see www.docdb.net/history/texts/display.php?article=1863rsps___12__269l], with some description of its appearance. With comparatively low powers, e.g. 231and 285, it appears at first sight as a vividly light-blue elliptic nebula, with a slight prolongation of the nebula, or a very faint star, at or near the ends of the transverse axis. In this aspect the nebula resembles in form the planet Saturn when the ring is seen nearly edgewise. Attentively viewing it with higher powers, magnifying respectively 760, 1060, and 1480 times, and under the most favourable circumstances which have presented themselves, I have discovered within the nebula a brilliant elliptic ring, extremely well defined, and apparently having no connexion with the surrounding nebula, which indeed has the appearance of a gaseous or gauze-like envelope, scarcely interfering with the sharpness of the ring, and only diminishing somewhat its brightness. This nebulous envelope extends a little further from the ends of the conjugate than from the ends of the transverse axis; indeed, it is but very faintly prolonged, and only just traceable towards the preceding and following stars....
Lassell's sketch shows the two ansae or handles as faint stars but the outer halo does not extend as far as the ansae. Hermann Vogel produced an excellent sketch on 20 Sep 1883 using the 27" refractor at Vienna. Besides the prominent inner elliptical ring and an oval darker central hole, the outer halo extends ENE-WSW and tapers on the ends with a star-like knot on the WSW end.
William Huggins first identified the emission line spectrum in 1864 (three lines were noted), along with several other planetaries. It was confirmed in 1868 by Lieutenant John Herschel, son of John Herschel, in an early spectroscopic investigation of southern nebulae while he was stationed in Bangalore, India.
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21 04 39.5 -12 20 18; Aqr
V = 13.5; Size 2.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.5; PA = 30°
17.5" (7/8/89): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, weakly concentrated.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7010 = h2100 on 6 Aug 1823
(sweep 48). This galaxy was the
first deep sky object that Herschel discovered during early
"practice" sweeps and the first deep sky object that was discovered
after his father ended his own sweeps!
John recorded it as "a round, excessively faint nebula, 1' in
diameter, resolvable, scarcely (?) perceptible, bM, found in looking vainly for
His practice sweep, along with 6 others in May to September
of 1823, were mislaid and later found after he started numbering his
sweeps. For completeness, he
sequenced these initial sweeps as numbers 43 to 49. His position for NGC 7010 was 10' too far south but Herbert
Howe measured an accurate position at the turn of the century. Herschel's first astronomical notebook
entries date back to Nov 1816 and include some double stars as well as
Harold Corwin writes that Guillaume Bigourdan misidentified
NGC 7010 with a star and rediscovered the galaxy (at the correct
position). Dreyer didn't realize
the equivalence, so NGC 7010 was catalogued again as
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21 01 49.7 +47 21 15; Cyg
17.5" (9/23/95): at the NGC position are just some
scattered faint stars near a mag 9.5 star located at 21 01 52 +47 24.9. These do not appear to be worth noting
at all by John Herschel. About 15'
NE, though, is a fairly bright scattered group located to the southeast of mag
7.5
John Herschel discovered NGC 7011 = h2101 on 19 Sep 1829 and simply noted "A cluster. No further description." There are only weak concentrations near his position and Karl Reinmuth concludes "no cluster", based on a Heidelberg plate. RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent.
A small group of 8 mag 13-14 stars in a 3' region lies 2' north of Herschel's position, and Harold Corwin lists this asterism as the most likely candidate. But I didn't feel it stood out visually. Another candidate is ~15' northeast (see visual description). Brent Archinal was unable to visually identify a candidate. See Harold Corwin's identification notes for the full story.
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21 06 45.5 -44 48 53; Mic
V = 12.7; Size 2.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 100°
30" (11/5/10 - Coonabarabran, 429x): brightest galaxy
in the core of ACO S921. I quickly
took notes on 10 galaxies within a 10' circle including four small companions
of NGC 7012 within 2'! NGC 7012
appeared fairly bright, moderately large, round, 50" diameter, well
concentrated with a small bright core.
The brightest nearby companion is ESO-LV 2860520 situated 1.3' SE but
two fainter, very small companions (not included in Megastar) are just off the
east and NE edge of the halo. ESO
286-048, a nice edge-on, lies 3.4' NW.
A mag 12 star lies 1' SW and a mag 15 star is 27" SE of
center. The cluster is centered
roughly 14' NE of mag 6.9
Anon J2106481-444853
Situated just 32" NE of the center of NGC 7012 in a
tight group of 5 galaxies within 2'.
Appeared as a very faint knot, round, 10" diameter. LCRS
LCRS B210329.4-450104
Situated just 40" E of the center of NGC 7012. Appeared as a very faint knot, round, 10" diameter with a similar galaxy (uncatalogued) 25" NW. A very faint star is just off the SW edge, 17" from center, sandwiched between this galaxy and NGC 7012.
ESO-LV 2860520 = 2MASX J21065143-4449340 = PGC 66118
This galaxy is situated 1.3' SE of NGC 7012. It appeared fairly faint, small, round, 20" diameter, small brighter core. 2MASX J21065660-4449137 lies 1' NE.
2MASX J21065660-4449137 = MAC 2106-4449 = PGC 533284
Picked up 2' ESE of NGC 7012 in the core of galaxy cluster. Appeared very faint, very small, 15"x10". This is the last of four galaxies that follow within 2' of NGC 7012!
Fairly faint, very elongated 7:2 SW-NE, 0.9'x0.25', brighter core. Located 3.4' NW of NGC 7012 in the central part of the cluster.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7012 = h3851 on 1 Jul 1834 and recorded "A nebulous looking but doubtful object following a star 10 mag. My eye is too much fatigued to be able to decide on its nature." On a later sweep, he added "F; E; very gradually very little brighter middle; 60" l; 30" br; near a star."
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21 03 33.3 +29 53 49; Cyg
V = 11.3; Size 4.0'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 157°
13.1" (7/20/85): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated NNW-SSE, dominated by a bright core containing a faint stellar nucleus. A mag 9.5 star (BD+29 4291) lies just off the north edge 1.8' from center. Located ~ 2° SE of the bright eastern section of the Veil nebula (NGC 6995)!
William Herschel discovered NGC 7013 = H. II-203 = h2102 on 17 Jul 1784 (sweep 239) and noted "pB, bM, irregularly E, resolvable. Near a bright star." His RA was nearly a minute of time too large. On 11 Sep 1784 (sweep 265) he noted "F, pL, lE, bM, south following a pB star." John Herschel made two observations. He described it on 15 Sep 1828 (sweep 177) as "pB; S; pretty suddenly brighter middle; 12"; has a * 10m, pos 345° by micrometer; field full of stars."
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21 07 52.2 -47 10 44; Ind
V = 12.4; Size 1.9'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 130°
30" (10/10/15 - OzSky): this galaxy is the brightest
member of
John Herschel discovered NGC 7014 = h3852 on 2 Oct 1834 and
recorded "pF; S; R: bM; has 2 st 12th mag north." His position is at the south edge of
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21 05 37.4 +11 24 51; Equ
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 165°
13.1" (6/29/84): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated N-S, diffuse, weak concentration. A mag 15 star is at the south edge 40" from the center.
8" (7/24/82): very faint, small, slightly elongated N-S.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 7015 = St. 9-26 = Sw. 2-87 on 17 Sep 1878. His published position (list 9, #26) was reduced on the 29th of Sept. and was very accurate. Lewis Swift rediscovered this galaxy on 11 Sep 1885 and reported it as new in his second discovery list (#87) with description, "pF, pS, R, little brighter in the middle." His position was 3.5' too far north. Both Stephan and Swift were credited in the NGC.
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21 07 16.3 -25 28 08; Cap
V = 13.9; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5
24" (9/26/19): at 375x; fairly faint, fairly small, round, ~25" diameter, very small brighter nucleus.
24" (8/14/15): at 375x; fairly faint, fairly small,
round, ~20" diameter, contains a brighter core. In a group with
24" (9/27/14): faint, very small, round, 18" diameter. Brighter NGC 7017 (double system) is just 1.5' SE with NGC 7018 (also a double system) 3.2' NE.
18" (8/25/06): faint, small, round, 25" diameter,
weak even concentration to a very small brighter nucleus that is occasionally
stellar. Located 3' SW of
17.5" (8/21/98): first of trio with NGC 7017 and NGC 7018 within AGC 3744. Appears very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, very small brighter core. Forms a close pair with NGC 7017 1.5' SE.
17.5" (7/21/90): faint, small, round, bright core. Forms a close similar pair with NGC 7017 1' SE with brighter NGC 7018 3' NNE.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 7016 = LM 1-237, along
with NGC 7017 and NGC 7018, on 8 Jul 1885. He noted "mag 14.0, eS, R, brighter middle to a
nucleus, 1st of 3." These
three the brightest galaxies in the core of AGC 3744. His rough position (nearest minute of RA) is about 1.5'
south of
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NGC 7017 = ESO 529-026 = MCG -04-49-014 = VV 764 = AM 2104-254 NED2 = PGC 66137
21 07 20.6 -25 29 16; Cap
V = 14.4; Size 0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 90°
24" (9/26/19): at 375x; fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated E-W, ~0.5'x0.4', increases gradually to a brighter core.
24" (8/14/15): at 375x; moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 5:3 E-W, ~30"x18", bright core. Although sometimes it appeared roundish, occasionally the elongated glow just resolved into a very close pair [separation 12" between centers] with the smaller (barely nonstellar) and fainter component on the east side.
24" (9/27/14): at 375x appeared fairly faint, small, slightly elongated E-W, 25"x20". Occasionally a very faint "knot" was attached at the east end, ~6" diameter. This is a merged double system with the east "knot" listed in NED as NGC 7017 NED2.
18" (8/25/06): faint, small, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, brighter core. Similar brightness to nearby NGC 7016 but contains a more condensed core. Located 3.7' SSW of NGC 7018 in the core of AGC 3744.
17.5" (8/21/98): very faint, very small, ~30"x20". Similar to NGC 7016 just 1.5' NW within AGC 3744.
17.5" (7/21/90): faint, small, round, bright core. Forms a close similar pair with NGC 7016 1' NW.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 7017 = LM 1-238, along
with NGC 7016 and NGC 7018, on 8 Jul 1885. He noted "mag 15.0, vS, R, brighter middle to a
nucleus, 2nd of 3." His rough
position (nearest minute of RA) essentially matches
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NGC 7018 = ESO 529-027 = MCG -04-49-015 = VV 764 NED1 = AM 2104-253 NED1 = PGC 66141 = PGC 93985
21 07 25.4 -25 25 44; Cap
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 86°
24" (9/26/19): at 375x; fairly faint, oval 3:2 E-W, ~0.6'x0.4', broad concentration. A mag 13.5 star is close north [1' from center].
24" (8/14/15): at 225x; moderately bright, elongated 5:3 E-W, ~30"x18". At 375x, resolved into a very close pair of galaxies [just 10" between centers!] oriented E-W. The western component is slightly smaller and fainter, with the brighter 15" galaxy on the east side. A mag 13.5 star lies 1' N.
24" (9/27/14): NGC 7018 is the brightest member in AGC 3744. At 375x; fairly faint, elongated 5:3 ~E-W. This double system often resolves into two tangent components; the eastern one (2MASX J21072565-2525430) is slightly larger and brighter (~18" diameter) and the western (2MASX J21072463-2525569) is very compact (~12" diameter).
Nearby are NGC 7016 3.2' SW, NGC 7017 3.7' SSW and MCG -04-49-016 2.6' ENE. The MCG appeared very faint, extremely small, round, just 12" diameter. A mag 15 star is 0.6' SW.
18" (8/25/06): brightest in the AGC 3744 cluster. At 220x appeared fairly faint, elongated 3:2 ~E-W, 45"x30", gradually brighter core and slightly brighter along the major axis. A mag 12.5 star lies 1' N. Located 10' NE of an 8th magnitude star and 25' S of 4.5-magnitiude 24 Cap.
17.5" (8/21/98): the brightest member of AGC 3744 appeared faint, small, elongated 3:2 E-W, 30"x20", weak concentration. A mag 13 star lies 1' N. Brightest in a quartet with NGC 7016 3.2' SW and NGC 7017 3.7' SSW.
17.5" (7/21/90): faint, small, slightly elongated E-W, weak concentration. A mag 13 star is 1.0' N. Brightest in a trio with NGC 7016 and NGC 7017 3' SW. Located 30' SSE of 24 Cap (V = 4.5).
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 7018 = LM 1-239, along with NGC 7016 and NGC 7017, on 8 Jul 1885. He noted "vF, vS, vlE, gradually little brighter in the middle to a nucleus, 3rd and brightest of 3." His rough position (nearest minute of RA) is 2' south of ESO 529-027 = PGC 66141 = PGC 93985. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position with the 20-inch refractor at Denver.
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21 06 25.7 -24 24 46; Cap
V = 14.2; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 137°
17.5" (7/26/95): very faint, small, round, 40" diameter, low even surface brightness, can just hold steadily with averted vision. Follows a very distinctive "V" shaped asterism of six equal mag 13-13.5 stars with the vertex at the west end. This vertex star is 3.4' due west of center.
17.5" (8/7/91): very faint, very small, round. Located 3' E of a striking line of four mag 13 stars oriented SW-NE which are equally spaced and part of a larger string.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 7019 = LM 1-240 in 1886
and noted mag 15.0, vS, suddenly brighter in the middle to a nucleus. His rough position (nearest minute of
RA, which itself is marked as uncertain) is 1 minute of RA east of
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21 11 19.9 -64 01 27; Pav
V = 11.8; Size 3.7'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 165°
30" (10/10/15 - OzSky): at 394x; bright, fairly large,
elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, ~2.5'x1.2', sharply concentrated with a very bright
elongated core that increases to the center and a very low surface brightness
halo. Located 8' E of mag 6.9 HD
201020. Brightest in a small group
with
John Herschel found NGC 7020 = h3853 on 31 Aug 1836 and
recorded "pB; lE; pretty gradually brighter middle; 30"
long." He had discovered this
galaxy earlier on 22 Jun 1835, but made a 30' error in declination (too far
north) and it was catalogued separately as h3854 (later
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NGC 7021 = NGC 7020 = ESO 107-013 = AM 2106-641 = PGC 66291
21 11 19.9 -64 01 27; Pav
V = 11.8; Size 3.7'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 165°
See observing notes for NGC 7020.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7021 = h3854 on 22 Jun 1835 and
recorded "pF; R; pretty suddenly brighter middle; 25"; has a * 7-8m
10' preceding, exactly in the parallel.
There is nothing at his position, but 30' south is
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21 09 35.2 -49 18 13; Ind
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 16°
30" (10/10/15 - OzSky): at 394x, moderately bright and
large, elongated 2:1 N-S, ~45"x20", irregular surface brightness with
slightly brighter middle and major axis but no distinct core. A mag 16 star is at or just off the
north tip. A string of 3 mag
11.5-13 stars oriented NNW-SSE lies 5' SE.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7022 = h3855, along with NGC 7029, on 2 Oct 1834 and recorded "eeF; S; R; on a delicately and uniformly stipled ground; a bright triple star 6' or 7' sf nearly points to it."
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21 01 36 +68 10; Cep
Size 18'x18'
18" (7/24/06): viewed at 160x, this detailed reflection
nebula displayed a great deal of interesting structure! Surrounding the mag 7.4 illuminating
star
17.5" (8/13/88): very prominent unusual nebulosity
surrounding mag 7.4
13.1" (9/22/84): the dark lane appears to be following the central star and oriented ~N-S.
13.1" (9/11/82): bright, large nebulosity surrounding a mag 7 star. There is a sharp light cut-off on the east side near the bright star, although nebulosity extends beyond.
8" (8/28/81): nebulosity extends south of the mag 7.5 star with averted vision using 100-125x. A very faint star is at the south edge.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7023 = H. IV-74 on 18 Oct
1794 (sweep 1063). He recorded "7m.
A star very much affected with nebulosity that more than fills the
field, it seemed to extend to at least a degree all round; small stars such as
9 or 10m of which there are a great number, are perfectly free from this
appearance, but everything about the telescope being very damp, I have
suspicion of a deception." Per
Collinder mistakenly equated a cluster (
In 1907 Max Wolf photographed the nebula with the 28"
reflector of the Konigstuhl Observatory and found the nebula was encircled by a
lacuna or ring 0.5° in diameter, which is "absolutely empty of faint
stars" [dubbed a "Hohlennebel" or "cave-nebula"]
. He noted "In spite of the
small field of the reflector-plate, there was evidence that the cavity was the
end of a channel entering the picture almost exactly from the south...The
nebula itself is a very remarkable object. In many respects it resembles in form the Pi2 Cygni nebula
[
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21 06 09.1 +41 29 22; Cyg
Size 8'
17.5" (10/21/95): this fairly rich Milky Way field shows up reasonably distinctly at low power with a 20 Nagler. The densest part consists of 30 mag 12-14 stars in a 6' irregular outline. There is also a looser group of stars attached to the NE extending the diameter to 15'. The group on the NE side appears part of the same stream and includes several mag 11 stars. Listed as nonexistent in RNGC.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7024 = H. VIII-57 = h2103 on 17 Oct 1786 (sweep 612) and recorded "A cluster of coarsely scattered pS stars of several sizes, not rich." On 1 Oct 1828 (sweep 183), John Herschel logged "A loose struggling coarse cl. Stars 10...11m, place that of 3 *s 10m in a triangle in the closest part. Several st precede the cl, which seems to be an outlier of the second branch of the Milky Way."
Karl Reinmuth reported its photographic appearance as "an irregular loose clustering of st 10..." Although it may not be a true cluster, RNGC misclassifies the number as nonexistent.
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21 07 47.3 +16 20 09; Del
V = 12.8; Size 1.9'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 33°
18" (10/8/05): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 0.8'x0.6', sharply concentrated with a well-defined bright core and a faint halo. The core brightness somewhat to the center. Situated just 40" E of a mag 9.7 star, which is on the east edge of a bright, scattered group of stars ("Toadstool" or French 1).
13.1" (9/29/84): fairly faint, very small, almost round, small bright nucleus. Located close following a large, scattered group of bright mag 8-10 stars (dubbed the "Toadstool" by Sue French) and just 0.7' E of a mag 9.5 star!
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7025 = m 433 on 17 Sep 1863 and noted "vF, vS, R, stell." His position is accurate.
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21 06 18.6 +47 51 08; Cyg
V = 10.9; Size 29"x13"
18" (9/10/07): at 565x the "Cheeseburger Nebula' was easily resolved into two small, elongated knots oriented ~E-W and with both lobes slightly extended ~N-S. Both knots are lively or mottled and slightly tapered in shape. They both contain stellar or quasi-stellar points near their centers with the western nucleus slightly easier. The eastern lobe is barely larger and brighter. The lobes are nearly tangent [6" apart between centers] but just separated by a darker lane and both lobes are encased in a common halo. At 807x, the two lobes were clearly separated by a dark lane (the Cheeseburger's "patty"!) oriented SSW to NNE. A central star was not seen. A mag 10.5 star is off the NE side, less than 30" from the center. Located 13' NNW of the mag 4.6 star 63 Cygni.
17.5" (7/9/99): fascinating object at 380x both with and without a UHC filter. The double-lobed structure was clearly visible with the western lobe slightly elongated N-S and containing a brighter center. The eastern knot also has a quasi-stellar center at moments using direct vision and the knot has an irregular outline. Using the UHC, the lobes were more cleanly separated and the small fainter halo that encases the two bright lobes as more obvious. A mag 11 star is just 0.5' NE of center. Located 12.5' NNW of mag 4.7 63 Cygni.
13.1" (9/3/83): at 333x appears fairly bright, very small, elongated WSW-ENE. Two brighter condensations at the opposite ends are possibly barely detached at the center. Forms a double at low power with a comparable mag 11 star 27" NE of center.
Sherburne Burnham discovered NGC 7026 on 6 Jul 1873 with his personal 6-inch Clark refractor at his home in Chicago (Memoirs of the RAS, Vol 44, p295). It was described in his "Third Catalogue of Double Stars" (1873) as "a very remarkable and curious double, or elongated planetary (?) nebula. It is close to a 9.3m star. This may have been noted before, but it is not in Herschel's General Catalogue, or Lassell's Catalogue of New Nebulae." It was also included in his 1879 "Double Star Observations made in 1877-8 at Chicago with the 18 1/2-inch Refractor of the Dearborn Observatory, comprising: I. A Catalogue of 251 New Double Stars with Measures; II. Micrometrical Measures of 500 Double Stars." He noted the "distance between nuclei as 2.57". Dreyer missed Burnham's two discovery notes, so NGC 7026 wasn't added to the General Catalog Supplement.
Ralph Copeland independently found this planetary on 18 Nov 1880 using a visual spectroscopic sweep and announced "a new planetary nebula has been found by Dr. Copeland at Dunecht, using Prof. Pickering's method of search." Burnham caught Copeland's "discovery" note and claimed priority in another 1881 article ("The planetary nebula in Cygnus"). Burnham later studied NGC 7026 with the 36" Lick refractor.
In 1909, Rev. Thomas Espin wrote (1909MNRAS..70..184E), "This autumn I have observed the nebula on several occasions. It consists of two elongated masses running N and small, each of which has a nucleus. To my eye the preceding nucleus is slightly brighter, and I have estimated them as 11.2, 11.4 mag, respectively. On Nov. 15 it seemed to me that the south part of the nebula ends more abruptly than the north. On the same night a faint star was suspected at the south end, and attempts were made to measure it. On all occasions the space between the two masses has seemed filled with nebulosity, and the object has appeared as one nebula with two nuclei."
Based on Crossley photographs taken at Lick, Heber Curtis (1918) reported "very irregular; there are two bright lobes 5" long in the shorter exposures symmetrically placed with regard to the central star, and about 6" apart from center to center. A bridge of nebulosity connects these and involves the central star, so that it resembles the letter H. Irregular wisps extend from each end of this formation, making the total length about 25" in p.a. about 10°.
Jay McNeil coined the nickname "Cheeseburger Nebula" in 1994 with a 10" f/5 Cave reflector. "It very much so reminded me of a small, nebulous hamburger with two perfectly shaped "buns" separated by a long thin dark lane (the meat ;-)."
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21 07 01.5 +42 14 10; Cyg
V = 8.5; Size 18"x11"
48" (10/24/14): this fairly small, ultra-high surface brightness green planetary was observed at 610x. Overall, the object extends ~18"x12" NW-SE, but split up into three distinct components. The first and brightest component is an elongated glow (~10"x6" NW-SE) on the northwest side, which contains a very small, intensely bright knot at its western edge! The second bright component is adjacent to its east and is separated by a thin, darker lane. This section has an elongated, irregular outline (~10"x6" NW-SE), and is slightly mottled with brighter spots. A thin, high-contrast dark lane runs WSW-ENE at the south edge of these two sections. The third bright component, just southeast of this lane, appeared as an irregular, elongated bar, running 2:1 WSW-ENE, ~12"x6" and formed a "cap" on the southeast side. The two ends of this cap are very slightly curved (concave to the northwest).
18" (9/10/07): at 175x; appears as a small, very high surface brightness oval with a blue-green color. At 450x, this planetary is elongated 3:2 NW-SE, ~18"x12" and has an unusual bipolar appearance with two lobes. The 10" NW component has a very high surface brightness and contains a quasi-stellar brighter knot on its west edge. A fainter lobe juts out towards the SE and is slightly smaller (~8"). At 565x the SE lobe seems incomplete as if it was partially obscured and the two lobes are encased in a thin outer envelope. The view was fascinating at 807x with the sense of peering at a 3-dimensional object - the brighter NW lobe being closer and the partially overlapped SE lobe extending away in space. At this power both lobes were clearly irregular in shape and surface brightness.
17.5" (10/2/99): At 100x, the small greenish disc is very prominent but at higher powers appears bluish. Easily takes very high power and the view unfiltered at 380x and 500x was striking. Appears elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 0.3'x0.2', with two distinct lobes. The NW knot is slightly brighter and at times a stellar spot or star appears embedded at its SW tip. At 500x, the two knots are encased in a very small common halo that extends further out on the north side. The southern edge of both knots has a sharp, flat appearance.
13.1" (9/11/82): at 288x; small, bright, unusually high surface brightness, elongated NW-SE. There are two distinct overlapping nuclei and a narrow dark lane possibly separates these two condensations.
80mm (9/10/07): visible as a mag 8.5-9 "star" at 12.5x in the 80mm finder and easily identified using an OIII blink.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 7027 = St. 9-27 on 18 Sep 1878 with the 31-inch Foucault reflector at the Marseilles observatory. This planetary is probably the brightest object he discovered. From some reason it wasn't included in Esmiol's 1916 re-reduction of Stephan's positions.
The following observational history is from Wolfgang Steinicke. The Reverend Thomas Webb independently rediscovered NGC 7027 on 14 Nov 1879 using his 9.4-inch With reflector. He described it as an "object like a bluish 9 mag star, not quite of stellar character - a small pair, too close to be separated?" At higher magnifications it was seen as "bright, very ill-defined, nebulous disk of about 4" diameter, surrounded probably by a little glow, and much resembling the planet Uranus." Webb's announcement in several publications created a flurry of interest in late 1879 with spectroscopic observations by Knott, Copeland, Winnecke, Vogel. In 1880, Dreyer noted Stephan's prior discovery, though it was still commonly assumed that Webb was the discoverer. E.E. Barnard observed NGC 7027 in June of 1889 with the Lick 36-inch at 500x (with Burnham) and logged, "In the preceding part there is a small bluish -green star like object - shining through ? haze. Occasionally a darkish space separates the condensations into two."
Based on Crossley photographs taken at Lick, Heber Curtis (1918) reported "the condensations are not stellar in the shortest exposures. Quite irregular and roughly trinuclear, though the southern condensation is apparently two masses close together. The southern condensation and the brighter at the north are 7.5" apart in p.a. 135°."
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21 08 18 +18 29; Del
= Not found, Carlson.
= **?, Gottlieb. Possibly
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7028 = m 434 on 17 Sep 1863 and
noted "vF, S, vlE." Near
his position are only stars and its possible he mistook some close pair of
stars as a nebula, though the observation is marked as verified. Harold Corwin found no systematic
offset on the sweep that would point to a specific star(s). Two possible candidates are
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NGC 7029 = ESO 235-072 = PGC 66318
21 11 52.0 -49 17 01; Ind
V = 11.5; Size 2.6'x1.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 71°
30" (10/10/15 - OzSky): at 394x; fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE, 1.8'x1.2', strong concentration with a very bright core, rounded ends to the major axis. A mag 15.1 star is 50" WSW of center, just off the tip. NGC 7022 lies 22' W.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7029 = h3856, along with NGC 7022, on 2 Oct 1834 and logged "B; R; gradually pretty much brighter middle; 35"." His position is accurate.
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21 11 13.3 -20 29 09; Cap
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 70°
17.5" (7/21/90): fairly faint, fairly small, round, bright core. An anonymous galaxy is 13' WNW. Located 25' E of 27 Capricorni (V = 6.2).
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 7030 = LM 1-241 on 3 Sep
1885 and noted "mag 14.0, vS, irregularly round, sbnMN." His rough position (nearest min of RA)
is 1 minute of time west of
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21 07 12 +50 52; Cyg
V = 9.1; Size 5'
17.5" (8/10/91 and 7/30/92): at 220x, about two dozen stars mag 11-15 in a 6' diameter. At the east edge is close double star 11.4/11.8 with a third mag 11.5 star close SW. A nice string of stars is along the north side extending NW from the trio including a close double star 12/13 1' N. A mag 11 star is on south side but the rest of the stars are mag 13-15. Not very rich but stands out in a rich field. The cluster is fairly scattered except for this region with brighter stars. At 410x, I used the sequence of magnitudes in Clark's Visual Astronomy to identify a faint V = 16.1 star and suspected a V = 16.3 star.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7031 = H. VIII-74 = h2105 on 21 Sep 1788 (sweep 860) and recorded "a coarsely sc cl of large stars, not very rich, about 5 or 6' diam."
John Herschel observed the cluster on 8 Sep 1829 (sweep 207): "a curious scattered cluster of triple stars; RA taken from the working list [based on Caroline's Zone Catalogue, prepared for his sweeps]."
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21 15 22.9 -68 17 16; Pav
V = 12.9; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 85°
25" (10/10/15 - OzSky): at 244x; fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 0.6'x0.5', broad weak concentration. A distinctive 7' group of mag 10.5 and fainter stars that is extended N-S lies ~6' W.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7032 = h3857 on 20 Jul 1835 and noted "vF; R; gradually little brighter middle; 25"." His position is accurate.
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21 09 36.2 +15 07 30; Peg
V = 14.1; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 170°
24" (6/30/16): at 322x; moderately bright, fairly small, round, 24" diameter, well concentrated with a small bright core. A mag 10.8 star is 2.3' NNW. Forms a similar pair with NGC 7034 1.6' NNE.
17.5" (8/2/89): very faint, small, round, weak
concentration, very faint stellar nucleus. Close pair with
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7033 = m 435, along with NGC 7034, on 17 Sep 1863 and noted "vF, S, R." His RA is 2 seconds too large.
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NGC 7034 = UGC 11687 = MCG +02-54-003 = CGCG 426-007 = PGC 66227
21 09 38.2 +15 09 02; Peg
V = 13.8; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 125°
24" (6/30/16): at 322x; moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, 30"x24", well concentrated with a small bright nucleus. A mag 10.8 star is 1.4' NW. NGC 7034 is the slightly larger of a similar pair with NGC 7033 1.6' SSW. Located just east of the border of Delphinus into Pegasus.
17.5" (8/2/89): very faint, small, slightly elongated, weak concentration, very faint stellar nucleus. Close pair with NGC 7033 1.6' S.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7034 = m 436, along with NGC 7033, on 17 Sep 1863 and noted "vF, vS, R." His position is accurate.
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21 10 46.3 -23 08 09; Cap
V = 14.4; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5" (8/2/97): brightest in a small group of galaxies
- this object was quickly noticed to be double at 220x oriented WNW-ESE. The very close components are just
resolved, round, ~20" diameter each and very similar in brightness. Several faint galaxies are in the field
to the east including
ESO 530-018 is an extremely faint and small object in the NGC 7035 group. Located 8' ESE of NGC 7035 and 4' W of the ESO 530-020 triplet. It required concentration and extended viewing to glimpse this threshold object close (NE) of a mag 15 star. Confusing the observation further is a second threshold galaxy (MCG +05-50-004) that was also glimpsed on a couple of occasions close southeast of the star.
Frank Muller discovered NGC 7035 = LM 2-460 in 1886 with the
26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position (nearest minute of
RA) is 21h 11m -23d 05' and he only noted "iR" with a size of
0.5'. ESO/Uppsala and Harold
Corwin identify
The RNGC identifies either edge-on ESO 530-018 or nearby MCG -04-50-004 as NGC 7035. This pair lies 5' to 6' south of Muller's position, though happen to match in RA. As the Leander McCormick positions tend to be fairly accurate in declination, this identification is less likely. It is also possible that NGC 7035 refers to a close chain of three galaxies 4' east of the edge-on, though Muller would have probably resolved this trio. There are a number of galaxies in the area, roughly matching Muller's declination, so if he was too far west in RA then there are several additional candidates!
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21 10 12 +15 22 36; Peg
17.5" (10/21/95): very poor scattered asterism of 10 unrelated mag 11-13 stars in a 4' diameter. This is totally unimpressive group and I'm surprised it was noted by John Herschel. Most of the stars form an oval outline highlighted by a tighter group of four stars within 1' diameter at the south end of the oval. There are no stars within the asterism's outline.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7036 = h2104 on 11 Oct 1825 and noted "A scattered cluster of small stars." A scattered group of stars is centered about 5' south of Herschel's position, and this is likely the intended object. Karl Reinmuth notes "no distinct Cl" and the RNGC misclassifies the number as nonexistent.
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21 10 49 +33 44 48; Cyg
Size 8'x3'
17.5" (8/25/95): this asterism is elongated 8'x3' in a SW-NE orientation and is situated in a fairly rich field. Consists of about 50 stars mag 11-14.5 with the brightest two mag 11/11.5 stars near the center at 50" separation. The region northeast of this pair is fairly rich in mag 13 stars. Appears best at 100x where it is detached in the field. Listed as nonexistent in RNGC.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7037 = h2106 on 5 Aug 1829 and recorded "a cluster, not very rich; irreg figure, 8' l, 5' br; stars 11...15m." His position is very close to the brightest star (11th magnitude) near the center of this group. At Birr Castle in 1876, Sir Robert Ball called it "Many st, but no remarkable cl." Based on its photographic appearance at Heidelberg, Karl Reinmuth noted "Cl, pS, E, pP, st pF." Though this group of stars may be an asterism, it stands out clearly on the DSS and the RNGC misclassifies it as nonexistent.
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21 15 07.5 -47 13 14; Ind
V = 11.8; Size 3.2'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 127°
25" (10/10/15 - OzSky): at 244x; fairly bright, large, elongated nearly 2:1 NW-SE, 2.5'x1.4', broad concentration with a small brighter core. Spiral structure is evident in the outer halo with two arms noted. One is attached on the northwest side of the middle region and curls to the south. A second arm is attached on the south side and curls to the east and north. A mag 14 star is 1.8' E. A mag 11 star situated 2.6' NE is the brightest in a string oriented northwest to southeast.
NGC 7038 is an outlying member of AGC 3742 = ACO S924 = Indus Group of galaxies. The cluster is roughly 200 million years distant.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7038 = h3858 on 30 Sep 1834 and recorded "B; L; pmE; gradually brighter in the middle; 2' l; 90" br." His position (also measured on the next sweep) is accurate.
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21 10 48 +45 37; Cyg
V = 7.6; Size 25'
17.5" (9/7/91): about 125 stars in a 15'-20' diameter. This is a very large, rich triangular group. Two bright mag 7.5 stars are at the SSW and NNE ends. Also two mag 9 stars are involved. Very rich in mag 12-13 stars. Overall, this is a pretty uniform cluster with a sprinkling of brighter stars. Excellent low power Milky Way field using a 20mm Nagler.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7039 = h2107 on 19 Sep 1829 and
recorded "a star 6-7m situated just beyond the nf edge of a L, p rich
cluster, 11...15m, 20' long, 7' broad.
Extended from nf to sp."
His position matches mag 6.7
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21 13 16.5 +08 51 54; Equ
V = 14.2; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 150°
24" (8/31/16): fairly faint or moderately bright,
fairly small, slightly elongated, 25"x20", small brighter
nucleus. A mag 15 star is at the
south edge of the halo. The SDSS
shows an E-W line of 3 faint stars on the south edge, though the middle
"star" is classified as a galaxy.
17.5" (8/10/91): faint, fairly small, diffuse, oval 3:2 NNW-SSE, low almost even surface brightness. A very faint mag 15.5 star superimposed at the south edge is identified in CGCG and UGC as an extremely compact companion with dimensions 15"x7" but NED notes this may be a close line of three stars.
Forms a pair with
17.5" (8/31/86): faint, diffuse, irregularly round, no noticeable core. A faint "star" is embedded on the south edge.
Mark Harrington, director of the Detroit Observatory in Ann
Arbor, discovered NGC 7040 on 18 Aug 1882 with a 12 5/8-inch Fitz
refractor. His discovery note in
AN 2479 mentions "it is so faint that I can only see it after resting my
eyes in the dark a few moments. It
is about 3' long by half that in breadth and is extended north and south, the
northern end preceding a bit."
Although the size estimate is too large, his position is a good match
with
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21 16 32.4 -48 21 49; Ind
V = 11.2; Size 3.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 85°
30" (10/14/15 - OzSky): at 394x; extremely bright, very
large, elongated nearly 3:1 E-W, ~2.8'x1.0', high surface brightness, very
sharply concentrated with an intensely bright, very elongated core. A mag 10.7 star is 2' SSE and a mag
10.4 star is 6' WNW.
ESO 235-083 is fairly faint, small, slightly elongated
NNW-SSE, 24"x18", broad weak concentration. A mag 15.6 star is 35" N of center.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7041 = h3859 on 7 Jul 1834 and recorded "B; pmE; pretty suddenly much brighter middle; 40" l; has a * 11m sf." His position (measured on 2 sweeps) is accurate.
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21 13 45.8 +13 34 30; Peg
V = 12.0; Size 2.0'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 140°
24" (7/23/20): at 375x; moderately bright, relatively
large, ~1.2' diameter, broad concentration with a slightly brighter core that
appears offset to the NW within the brighter main portion of the galaxy. The outer halo has a very low surface
brightness with an indistinct edge.
In a rich star field with a mag 11.5 star 2.3' NE. Forms a pair with fainter
17.5" (8/31/86): fairly faint, moderately large, round, bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 7043 5.4' NE. A mag 12 star lies 2.3' NE between the galaxies. Observed through haze.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7042 = H. III-209 on 16 Oct
1784 (sweep 294) and recorded "vF, S, R." Caroline's reduction is 12 seconds west and 1.5' north of
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NGC 7043 = UGC 11704 = MCG +02-54-014 = CGCG 426-024 = LGG 442-002 = PGC 66385
21 14 04.2 +13 37 33; Peg
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 135°
24" (7/23/20): at 375x; faint, fairly small, round, low nearly even surface brightness, at most 30" diameter. Several faint stars are within 1.5' and a mag 11.5 star is 3' SW. This star is roughly midway to larger and brighter NGC 7042 5.4' SW.
17.5" (8/31/86): very faint, small, round. Located 5.4' NE of much brighter NGC 7042. Observed through haze.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7043 = m 437 on 18 Aug 1863 and noted "vF, S, R." His position is accurate (noted as verified). Harold Corwin notes that Reinmuth reported NGC 7043 as "Not found" in his 1927 photographic survey "Die Herschel Nebel" based on Heidelberg plates, though his remark is in parenthesis indicating the plate was poor in some respect.
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21 13 09.4 +42 29 46; Cyg
Size 3.5'
24" (7/30/16): at 375x and 500x; perhaps a total of 50 stars in a circular 4' region are resolved over a mottled, scraggly glow. Several of the fainter stars were near my visual threshold, so popped in and out of view with the seeing. In any case, the cluster is impressively rich at 375x. A 20" pair of mag 11.5/13 stars is on the east side. A rich but faint curving chain of stars oriented ~N-S is on the west side (open to the west).
17.5" (10/5/91): at 100x, faint, small, a few stars are resolved over a 4' glowing spot. At 200x, about 20 faint stars are resolved over background haze, 4' diameter, irregular outline. A wide pair of brighter mag 10.5/12.5 stars is at the east edge. About 10 mag 12-13 stars are clearly visible and 10 additional mag 14-15 stars are visible with averted vision. Appears like a partially resolved low surface brightness globular cluster in a rich field.
8" (8/12/83): about 10 faint mag 12/13 stars over unresolved haze, unimpressive. Elongated N-S, small but not rich. Some scattered bright stars are in field to the NE.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7044 = H. VI-24 = h2110 on 17 Oct 1786 (sweep 612) and recorded "a very compressed and very rich cluster of extremely S stars, about 4' l and 3' br. Elongated nearly in the parallel." On 24 Oct 1786 (sweep 620) he also logged "a cl. of extremely small stars, very compressed wand very rich, about 6' l and 4' br." On 29 Aug 1829, John Herschel reported "vF; L; irreg fig; p rich; not mbM; 2 or 3 pL stars, the rest 16...18m; 5' diam."
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21 14 50.2 +04 30 24; Equ
= **, Corwin and Dreyer.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7045 = h2108 on 16 Jul 1827 and
logged "eF; field feebly illuminated by moonlight, but I remained
satisfied of its reality."
His position lies between mag 9.3
RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent, although the "New Description" appears to describe a galaxy.
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21 14 56.0 +02 50 05; Equ
V = 13.1; Size 1.9'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 115°
17.5" (5/10/91): faint, fairly small, slightly
elongated ~E-W, very diffuse, weak concentration. Two mag 15 stars are off the north and south edges.
13.1" (6/29/84): faint, very diffuse, irregularly round, even surface brightness. A group of faint stars are off the SE edge.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7046 = H. III-858 = h2109 on 10 Oct 1790 (sweep 973). He recorded "extremely faint, pretty large, irregularly round, very little brighter middle, requires great attention to be seen." This was his only galaxy discovered in Equuleus and one of only three in the NGC (with NGC 7015 and 7040).
John Herschel made two observations. On 13 Oct 1827 (sweep 94) he logged "extremely faint; round; barely visible; night exquisite." His mean position is accurate.
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21 16 27.6 -00 49 35; Aqr
V = 13.3; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 107°
17.5" (10/12/85): fairly faint, elongated WNW-ESE, a very faint star is at the WNW end. Appears like a small comet with a star for the head. Located 13' S of mag 7.9 SAO 145257. Similar notes on 8/1/86.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 7047 = St. 5-5 on 5 Sep 1871. His rough position was 5' too far N. He determined an accurate micrometric position (list V, #5) on 20 Aug 1873 with description "eF, vS; two condensation points on the same parallel at 2 seconds [RA] interval." One of the condensations points is probably the superimposed star at the west end.
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21 14 14.2 +46 17 28; Cyg
V = 12.1; Size 62"x60"
48" (10/27/16): at 375x (unfiltered); bright, fairly large, nearly round, irregular surface brightness. The rim is slightly brighter along the west and northwest side in a thin strip and very weakly enhanced on the east edge. A bright mag 10.5 star is just off the SSE edge and a mag 15.7 star is very near the NNW edge (180° opposite the bright star). A brighter interior star is on the northwest side [17" from center]. In addition a couple of very faint stars are superimposed.
24" (8/30/16): at 376x unfiltered; fairly bright, moderately large, very slightly elongated N-S, seen full size at ~60" diameter. The rim is slightly brighter along the western side and very weakly enhanced on the eastern edge. On the northwest side is a brighter, circular region with a faint (interior) star embedded. Overall the planetary has a very weak annular appearance. A mag 8.3 star is 3.3' WSW, a mag 10.5 star is off the SSE edge [42" from center] and a faint star is barely off the NE edge [30" from center].
18" (9/10/07): at 280x unfiltered appears as a
moderately bright disc that is slightly elongated ~N-S,
~65"x60". A mag 10.5
star lies just off the south end (42" from center) and a mag 13 star is
off the north end (60" from center).
Appears slightly brighter along the west edge and to a lesser extent
along the east edge, giving a weak annular appearance. A faint star is right at the northeast
edge of the rim and an interior star is on the northwest side. Also, an extremely faint star is
sometimes visible at the north-northwest edge of the rim. Located 3.3' ENE of mag 8.3
17.5" (8/7/91): bright, fairly large, slightly elongated N-S. Extends between a mag 10.5 star just off the south end (46" from the center) and a mag 13 star off the north end (1.0' from center). Extremely faint stars are superimposed at the west and NNE edge. Appears slightly brighter along the west and east side of the disc and the planetary has a slightly darker center (weakly annular). No central star was visible. Located 3.3' ENE of mag 8 SAO 50601.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 7048 = St. 9-28 on 3 Aug 1866, apparently his first discovery. His uncorrected position was 5' too far E but he published an accurate position in list 9 that was reduced on 19 Oct 1878. At +46° declination, NGC 7048 is the most northerly object discovered by Stephan at Marseilles as he only searched up to the zenith. Thomas Webb independently found it on 14 Nov 1879 and announced his discovery in AN 96, 191. He noted the "star" BD +48°4004 was not stellar, but a "bluish ill-defined disc of about 4", surrounded possibly with a feeble glow." Ralph Copeland was notified and examined it with a spectroscope at the Dun Echt observatory and verified emission lines consistent with a gaseous nebula.
In 1919, Heber Curtis reported it was undoubtedly a planetary nebula based on a Crossley photograph and described it as "A rather faint oval, with slight traces of ring structure. It is about 60" x 50" in p.a. 20°±. The brightest portions are at the east end of the minor axis. There is a very faint central star." In 1920, Francis Pease reported it was "a planetary resembling the Dumb-bell nebula, about 1' diameter, weak axis in p.a. 170°. The central star is very faint."
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NGC 7049 = ESO 236-001 = AM 2115-484 = LGG 444-003 = PGC 66549
21 19 00.3 -48 33 43; Ind
V = 10.7; Size 4.3'x3.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 57°
30" (10/14/15 - OzSky): at 394x; extremely bright, large, oval 4:3 SW-NE, at least 2.0'x1.5', high surface brightness, very sharply concentrated with a blazing core that is mottled and increases to a stellar nucleus. A faint star is embedded just west of the core (not visible on overexposed images).
Brightest in a group (LGG 444), along with NGC 7041 27'
NW.
James Dunlop discovered NGC 7049 = D 406 = h3860 on 4 Aug 1826 and recorded "a small round nebula, about 12 or 15 arcseconds diameter, very bright immediately at the centre, resembling a small star surrounded by an atmosphere. This is N.f. a star of the 6th magnitude." His position was 4' ENE of center.
John Herschel observed the galaxy twice, improved the position, and logged on 30 Sep 1834, "vB, pS, pmE, pretty suddenly very much brighter middle, 25" long, 15" broad." Two nights later he noted "B, R, pretty gradually much brighter middle, 1' diameter."
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21 15 08 +36 10 30; Cyg
Size 5'
17.5" (8/25/95): this interesting asterism consists of three distinct groups of stars each about 4' apart from the other two groups. The south group has five stars including the brightest mag 10 star. The west group has four stars in a small clump with a detached wide pair a couple of arc minutes south. Finally, the richest group is on the east side with 15 stars mag 12.5-15 in a 2' circle. Listed as nonexistent in RNGC.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7050 = h2111 on 19 Aug 1828, though apparently didn't take any notes. The Slough Catalogue reports "No description. A cluster." His position falls near the brightest mag 12 star in one of the northeast subgroup in my visual description. Ld Rosse: " About a dozen B stars and a number of S ones scattered about." On 5 Oct 1866, Sir Robert Ball logged at Birr Castle, "about a dozen B stars and a number of S stars scattered about it." RNGC classifies this asterism as nonexistent, though it is pretty clearly JH's intended object.
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21 19 51.4 -08 46 53; Aqr
V = 12.8; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5" (7/8/89): moderately bright, fairly small, oval ~E-W, halo gradually increases to a small bright core containing a stellar nucleus. An extremely faint star is possibly involved at the east side. A wide double star is 2' W (mag 11/13.5 at 26").
John Herschel discovered NGC 7051 = h2113 on 30 Jul 1827 and
recorded "vF; R; gradually brighter in the middle; near a double
star." There is nothing at
his position and it was not found on 3 attempts at Birr Castle. On a 4th try (a
bad night), a nebula was suspected near a faint double star but not
confirmed. Exactly two minutes of
time west of Herschel's position is
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21 18 33.0 +26 26 49; Vul
V = 12.4; Size 2.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 64°
13.1" (7/20/85): moderately bright, pretty edge-on WSW-ENE. Bulging bright core contains a substellar nucleus, fainter extensions. At 220x an extremely faint mag 15 star is visible off the NE edge.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7052 = H. III-145 = h2112 on 10 Sep 1784 (sweep 263) and noted "vF, lE, stellar." On 14 Oct 1786 (sweep 610), he reported "F, S, lE, bM. I see it much clearer this way [using the "front-view" without a secondary], than I have formerly done (263 sweep) in the Newtonian construction." Herschel reverted to the front-view method (first experimented with in May 1784) starting on 22 Sep 1786 (sweep 600). John Herschel logged "F; R; 20"; the RA may be 2 or 3 seconds out." His RA as 13 seconds of time too large.
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21 21 07.6 +23 05 05; Peg
V = 13.0; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5" (8/31/86): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, small bright core. A mag 11 star is 45" SW. Located 12' NNW of a mag 7.9 star.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7053 = m 438 on 2 Sep 1863 and
noted "pB, S, vlE." His
position is off the southwest side of
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21 30 01.9 +26 43 04; Vul
V = 12.3; Size 1.8'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.4
See observing notes for
Édouard Stephan found NGC 7054 = St. 4-4 on 28 Aug 1872. His rough notebook position was just 1.5' W of NGC 7080 (discovered earlier by Marth). His published position in list 4 (#4) was reduced three days later and there is nothing at this position. Emmanuel Esmiol re-reduced Stephan's position (published in 1916) but there is no listing for NGC 7054. Corwin noticed, though, an "anonymous" object in Esmiol's table is given with Stephan's original offset but using a different star. This leads to a position near NGC 7080 (was Stephan aware of Marth's discovery?). But Corwin found that Esmiol, like Stephan, misidentified the offset star. The star PPM 113035 is exactly at Stephan's offset from NGC 7080. See NGC 7080 for more.
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21 19 25 +57 35 24; Cep
Size 3'
17.5" (8/25/95): this is a small, unimpressive asterism of just 10 mag 12-14.5 stars in a 3' region. The group is only distinguishable because it is detached in the field. There are some brighter scattered stars to the south, which John Herschel may have included in his 8' estimate. The group of stars appears to be fully resolved.
Interestingly, there is a large, fairly bright and rich star field about 30' SW centered about 21 16.5 +57 28 (2000) which appears to be a cluster but is not listed in the Lynga catalogue. In 2019, though, it was found to be a likely open cluster based on Gaia DR2 data.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7055 = h2114 on 25 Sep 1829 and recorded "a F, S, poor cluster, 8' dia." His position corresponds with a very small group of 10 faint stars. Based on a Heidelberg plate, Reinmuth noted "a few F st clustered very loosely." RNGC classified this perfectly good asterism as nonexistent.
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21 22 07.5 +18 39 56; Peg
V = 12.9; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5" (8/2/86): fairly faint, small, almost round. A small brighter core appears offset to the west and gives the impression that the galaxy is slightly elongated.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7056 = m 439 on 17 Sep 1863 and
noted "pF, S, R." His position matches
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21 24 59.0 -42 27 37; Mic
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 132°
30" (10/14/15 - OzSky): at 394x; bright, moderately
large, elongated 5:4 NW-SE, 0.9'x0.7', gradually brightens to a brighter core
and stellar nucleus. A mag 15 star
is at the east edge [27" from center]. Second brightest in a trio with
18" (8/19/09): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 30"x20". There appears to be an extremely faint star at the east edge. First of two with NGC 7060 10' ENE. Viewed at only 10° elevation.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7057 = h3861, along with NGC 7060, on 2 Sep 1836 and recorded "eF; vS; R; the preceding of 2 [with NGC 7060]." His position is accurate.
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21 21 39.8 +50 50 17; Cyg
17.5" (8/25/95): bright, scattered group including mag
7.9
John Herschel discovered NGC 7058 = h2115 on 8 Sep 1829 and simply noted "the chief star of a coarse, poor cl." There is no bright star near his position, but 40 tsec of RA following and 1.5' north is a bright, scattered group including 8th magnitude SAO 33352 at 21 21 39.8 +50 50 17. Copeland, observing at Birr Castle in 1871, noted it was a "Cl, vP, in milky way." and Reinmuth called it simply "a few B st", based on a Heidelberg plate. RNGC classifies this Milky Way asterism as nonexistent (Type 7) and Kharchenko et al, 2012, classifies it as a moving group so at least some of the stars may be related.
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21 27 21.5 -60 00 53; Pav
V = 11.9; Size 3.5'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 98°
30" (10/14/15 - OzSky): at 394x; bright, fairly large,
elongated 2:1 E-W, ~2'x1', well concentrated with a round very bright
core. There is knot (in a spiral
arm?) near the northwest end of the core.
A mag 10.6 star is 1.9' S of center. This star is a fairly close, very unequal pair (not
catalogued in the WDS) and was just resolved. Two additional equally spaced
stars extend to the southwest.
Also, three collinear mag 13 stars extend to the west of the galaxy.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7059 = h3862 on 22 Jul 1835 and recorded "B; lE; gradually pretty much brighter middle; 90" l, 40" br." His position is accurate.
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NGC 7060 = ESO 287-022 = MCG -07-44-006 = AM 2122-423 = LGG 445-009 = PGC 66732
21 25 53.5 -42 24 37; Mic
V = 12.9; Size 1.7'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 124°
30" (10/14/15 - OzSky): at 303x; bright or very bright, fairly large, ~1.2'x1.0' diameter, sharply concentrated with a very bright core that increases to a stellar nucleus. Two mag 13 stars are 2.0' NNW and 2.8' NW, a mag 14 star is 2' E, and a mag 16 star is 30" SSW. Brighter in a trio with NGC 7057 10.5' WSW and much fainter AM 2122-424 5' SSW (logged as "very faint, small, round, 18" diameter). The physical group includes NGC 7060, 7057, 7070, 7072 and 7072A.
MLO 6, a very bright mag 5.6/8.2 pair at 2.7" lies 15' SW. The relatively faint companion in this large mag contrast pair appeared orange-red.
18" (8/19/09): faint, fairly small, orientation difficult to determine as sometimes appeared round (core?) and other times elongated 4:3 or 3:2, weak concentration, ~40"x30". Two mag 14 stars lies 2' N and 3' NW. Brighter of a pair with NGC 7057 10' WSW. Located 18' NW of a mag 5.6/8.1 pair at 2.9".
John Herschel discovered NGC 7060 = h3863, along with NGC 7057, on 2 Sep 1836 and recorded "vF; S; R; the following of 2 [with NGC 7057]." His position is accurate.
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21 27 26.9 -49 03 48; Ind
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 137°
30" (10/14/15 - OzSky): at 303x and 394x; moderately bright, elongated 2:1 or 5:2 NW-SE, ~36"x 18", small brighter core. NGC 7061 is nearly collinear with three nearby stars; mag 15.5 star 45" SE of center, 14.5 star 2' SE and 13.5 star 3' SE.
NGC 7061 is the brightest in a small (physical) group
including
John Herschel discovered NGC 7061 = h3864 on 30 Sep 1834 and recorded "eeF; vS; R; 10"; the feeblest object imaginable." His position is accurate.
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21 23 27 +46 22 42; Cyg
V = 8.3; Size 7'
17.5" (8/7/91): about 30 stars mag 10 and fainter in a 5' diameter at 220x. The brightest stars form a parallelogram enclosing the cluster. A mag 10 star is at the east end and a mag 11 star is at the west end. Most of the cluster stars in the interior are mag 12.5-14.
8" (7/16/82): rich, small. Includes many mag 12-13 stars over haze, very mottled and dense.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7062 = H. VII-51 = h2116 on 19 Oct 1788 (sweep 868) and recorded "a pretty compressed cl. of pS stars, considerably rich, 5 or 6' dia, iR." John Herschel made 3 observations, first recording (sweep 203), "a neat, pretty compact cluster of 50 or 60 stars 4' diam; irreg fig; a * 13m taken, the chief in the preceding part."
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21 24 21 +36 29 12; Cyg
V = 7.0; Size 8'
17.5" (8/7/91 and 8/8/91): about 35 stars mag 9-15 in a 10' region. Very bright, fairly large, elongated ~N-S. Includes about ten bright stars mag 9-10.5. This is a scattered group with no rich sections. A line of four bright stars is at the west edge and a curving arc of bright stars is just following. Includes a triple star (ES 2126) consisting of a close 4" well-matched mag 11 double star and a third member at 9".
William Herschel discovered NGC 7063 = h2117 on 21 Sep 1786 (sweep 598). He recorded "Clustering large stars. 18 or 20 of them, of the same size." Wolfgang Steinicke found his offset from 70 Cygni, the next object in the sweep, matches NGC 7063. Perhaps Herschel felt it was just a Milky Way field as the cluster wasn't recorded as a new discovery or published in a later catalogue. John Herschel rediscovered it on 19 Aug 1828 and recorded h2117 as "a poor cluster, stars 10m." His position is accurate.
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21 29 03.0 -52 46 03; Ind
V = 12.5; Size 3.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 91°
30" (10/14/15 - OzSky): at 394x; fairly bright, very large, thin edge-on 7:1 E-W, ~2.5'x0.35', no distinct core. The surface is slightly mottled and two or three stellar or quasi-stellar knots were noted (probable HII regions); one near the west end, one east of center, and one near the center. A mag 10 star is 1.3' SSW of center and a mag 14 star is 1' to its east.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7064 = h3865 on 8 Jul 1834 and recorded "eF; vmE; in pos = 90.8°; very gradually brighter middle; 80" l; has a star south."
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21 26 42.4 -06 59 43; Aqr
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 25°
24" (9/27/19): at 225x and 375x; fairly faint, small, round, 24" diameter, dominated by a sharp stellar nucleus with a very low surface brightness halo. Checking the SDSS, a star is superimposed very close west of the nucleus!
17.5" (7/8/89 and 9/15/90): fairly faint, extremely
small, round, bright stellar nucleus or star superimposed, just non-stellar
(only core visible). Located 4.7'
WSW of mag 8.8
The companion appeared very faint, fairly small, weak
concentration, very low surface brightness diffuse glow. Collinear with mag 8.8
Heinrich d'Arrest discovered NGC 7065 = St. 8a-12 on 24 and
25 Aug 1865 and his discovery positions match
21 26 42.4 -06 59 43 NGC 7065 = MCG -01-54-017 = PGC 66766
21 26 45.7 -06 59 41 d'Arrest (mean of 2 positions)
21 26 42.9 -06 59 48 Stephan (Esmiol's re-reduction)
21 26 57.8 -07 01 18 NGC 7065A = MCG -01-54-018 = PGC 66774
21 26 58 -07 02 Marth
So, d'Arrest discovered NGC 7065 (also observed by Stephan) and Marth apparently discovered NGC 7065A, a larger, lower surface brightness companion 4' southeast. Interestingly, all three observers only found a single galaxy, though both MCG galaxies were observed in my 17.5" and fairly similar in ease of visibility. So, NGC 7065A should have received a separate NGC number -- unless Marth's position was very poor, and coincidentally matches NGC 7065A. The RNGC positions for both galaxies are 2' too far south (see my RNGC Corrections #4). See Harold Corwin's identification notes for more.
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21 26 13.8 +14 10 57; Peg
V = 13.8; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5" (8/2/86): fairly faint, very small, elongated, stellar nucleus. A mag 12 star is just north.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 7066 = Sw. 4-80 = Sw. 5-92 on 31 Aug 1886 (included in both lists with the same dates) and recorded "eeeF; eee diff.; close sf of middle of 3 faint stars in a curve, middle star the brighter. Nebula nearly on the same parallel as the south star of 4 in a row preceding." His position and description matches except the last comment, which should read "Nebula nearly on the same parallel as the north star of 4 in a row preceding."
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21 24 12 +48 00 42; Cyg
V = 9.7; Size 3'
17.5" (8/10/91): about 20 stars in a 3' field. Faint but fairly rich, most stars very faint. Superimposed over unresolved background haze. The two brightest mag 12 stars are at the SW and NE corners. A rich string of very faint mag 14-15 stars oriented NW-SE is in the center as well as two mag 13 stars.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7067 = H. VII-50 = h2118 on 27 Sep 1788 (sweep 866) and recorded "a few small stars with suspected nebulosity. 300 shows a great many smaller stars intermixed with the former, in the shape of a cluster." Although not visually distinctive, his position matches this small cluster. John Herschel made the single observation "A double star. The chief of a poor cl." His position matches HJ 1644 (SAO 5080), which is 4' east of the faint but rich section. Perhaps he failed to resolve these stars?
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21 26 32.4 +12 11 03; Peg
V = 13.9; Size 0.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 165°
17.5" (8/2/89): very faint, small, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE. A mag 14 star is at the NNE edge 20" from center. Located just 1.1' SSE of a mag 9.5 star.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7068 = m 441 on 7 Nov 1863 and noted "eF, close to a small *." His position is 1' too far south and the small star is at the northeast edge.
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21 28 05.9 -01 38 49; Aqr
V = 13.4; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 20°
18" (8/14/07): fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 0.5'x0.25', very small bright core. Five faint IC galaxies lie within 35' to the north.
17.5" (7/16/88): faint, small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE, weak concentration.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7069 = m 442 on 12 Oct 1863 and noted "vF, S, R, stell." His position is accurate.
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21 30 25.4 -43 05 14; Gru
V = 12.3; Size 2.3'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 22°
30" (10/14/15 - OzSky): at 303x; fairly prominent due
to large size but overall modest surface brightness. Appears as a large cottony oval SSW-NNE, ~1.7'x1.4'. There appeared to be a brighter bar in
the center oriented E-W and a strong suggestion of structure in the outer
halo. Either a stellar knot or a
star appeared superimposed just on the west side of the weak "bar"
(Carnegie-Irvine image shows this to be a star) and the halo contained some
slightly brighter regions or knots.
18" (10/16/09): very faint, very low surface brightness
patch with no concentration.
Requires averted to glimpse a 1' hazy glow with no definite edge. First and largest in a trio with NGC
7072 4.5' SE and
John Herschel discovered NGC 7070 = h3866, along with NGC 7072, on 5 Sep 1834 and recorded "F, L, vlE, very gradually little brighter middle, 2' broad, the preceding of two [with NGC 7072]." On a later sweep he called it "F, pL, lE, gradually very little brighter middle, 1'." His mean position is accurate.
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21 26 39.7 +47 55 15; Cyg
Size 7'
18" (10/8/05): this "nonexistent cluster" is located in a glorious low power Milky Way field. Several groupings (both large and small) caught my eye at 73x (67' field), but I was mostly drawn to a fairly distinctive 4' string of stars oriented NW-SE. At 225x, ~15 stars were packed into the string, most stars being mag 13-14 with a few fainter stars, and possibly over unresolved Milky Way background glow. This group would have likely caught John Herschel's eye as he swept the region, though it may be an asterism (not in Lynga).
John Herschel discovered NGC 7071 = h2119 on 19 Sep 1829 and recorded "A very poor and small cluster of an oblong figure. It is followed by a loosely scattered mass of stars." His position corresponds with a 7' to 8' curving string of stars. Surprising, Karl Reinmuth was unable to identify this group on a Heidelberg plate and noted "not found; = N7067?" Dorothy Carlson repeated this comment in her 1940 NGC Correction paper as well as in the RNGC.
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NGC 7072 = ESO 287-031 = MCG -07-44-018 = LGG 445-010 = PGC 66874
21 30 37.1 -43 09 08; Gru
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 90°
30" (10/12/15 - OzSky): at 303x; fairly faint to moderately bright, round, 30" diameter, weak concentration to the center. Second brightest in trio with NGC 7070 4.5' NNW and NGC 7072A 3.7' SSW. NGC 7072A appeared fairly faint, round, 35"-40" diameter, low even surface brightness, no core or zones.
18" (10/16/09): extremely faint, small, slightly elongated, 20"x15". Forms a trio with NGC 7070 4.5' NNW and NGC 7072A 3.7' SW.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7072 = h3867, along with NGC 7070, on 5 Sep 1834 and recorded "F; S; R; very gradually little brighter middle; 30"; the following of 2 [with NGC 7070]." His position (measured on two sweeps) is accurate.
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21 29 26.0 -11 29 17; Cap
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5" (9/15/90): very faint, small, round, very low even surface brightness. A mag 14.5 star is off the SE end.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7073 = m 443 on 25 Aug 1864 and noted "vF, vS, irr R." His position is accurate.
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21 29 38.8 +06 40 57; Peg
V = 14.0; Size 0.7'x0.3'; PA = 115°
24" (9/7/13): at 375x; fairly faint, fairly small,
elongated 5:2 NW-SE, 0.5'x0.2'.
There was no noticeable core but seemed brighter along the NE edge. Located 6' NNE of mag 6.4 HD
204603.
17.5" (10/17/98): faint, small, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE,
very weak concentration. A mag
13.5 star lies 1.4' NE. Located 7'
NNE of mag 6.6
17.5" (9/2/89): faint, small, round, weak concentration.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7074 = m 444 on 16 Oct 1863 and noted "vF, S, E." Although marked as verified, his position is nearly 7' north of CGCG 401-027 = PGC 66854 (double galaxy). Bigourdan measured an accurate position on 31 Jul 1886 as well as Rudolph Spitaler in 1891 with the 27-inch refractor at the Vienna University Observatory. CGCG fails to label this galaxy as NGC 7074.
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21 31 33.0 -38 37 05; Gru
V = 12.7; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 116°
17.5" (10/5/91): very faint, small, round, small bright
core. Located 3.8' S of a mag 9.5
star (9.9/11.1 at 5") and 10' ENE of mag 7.5
John Herschel discovered NGC 7075 = h3868 on 4 Sep 1834 and recorded "pF; S; R; pretty suddenly brighter middle; 15"." His position is accurate.
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21 26 23.6 +62 53 33; Cep
V = 14.5; Size 67"x47"
14.5" (9/29/21): the position was pinpointed at 87x and the planetary was faintly seen unfiltered as a hazy 40" glow. Good (but not excellent) contrast gain using an OIII filter and the PN was easily visible continuously. Increasing to 140x, it was very easy unfiltered and a mag 14.5 star was seen on the east edge. Adding a NPB filter it was often slightly elongated. At 264x, a 15th mag star was occasionally seen on the N edge. The field is rich in faint stars.
24" (10/3/13): picked up unfiltered but very good
contrast gain with a UHC filter at 225x.
Appeared moderately bright, slightly elongated ~48"x40". Clearly brighter along the eastern side
with the brightest portion directly east of center, giving a partially annular
appearance. Unfiltered a mag 14.5
star is at the east edge and a mag 15 star is involved at the north edge. Two mag 13.5/14 stars just north are
collinear with the planetary.
Located in a rich star field 16' SE of mag 7.4
18" (10/9/04): picked up at 73x (31 Nagler) as a fairly small (for an Abell planetary), fairly faint disc, perhaps 35"-40" in diameter. Appears evenly illuminated at low power. Viewed unfiltered at 160x and a couple of faint stars are embedded, one at the east edge and another at the north. Only a weak contrast gain using the OIII filter and easier to view unfiltered at 225x. At this power the shape appears irregular and brighter along the east side. Neither of the two stars appears to be the central star as they're situated near the edge of the halo. A number of 13-15th magnitude stars are in the field including a couple of 14th mag stars 1' and 2' N and a small, fainter trio close west. Located 56' ENE of mag 2.5 Alpha Cephei (Alderamin).
17.5" (7/5/86): fairly faint at 79x using an OIII filter, slightly elongated, moderately large, estimate V = 13.5-13.8. Faintly visible unfiltered. At 222x two stars are superimposed; a faint star east of center and one at the north edge. The planetary is collinear with two mag 14 stars 1' N and 2' N. Located 15' SE of mag 7.2 SAO 19386. Not identified as NGC 7076 in CGPN and ESO-Strausberg catalogues.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7076 = H. III-936 on 15 Oct
1794 (sweep 1062). He noted "very faint, easily resolvable." The position is 7 min 54 sec of RA east
and 16' north of Alpha Cephei (offset star). Just 2' further north is the planetary
The ESO-Strausberg planetary catalogue uses the Abell designation. RNGC lists NGC 7076 as a diffuse nebula instead of a planetary and furthermore the declination is 6' too far south. I found the equivalency between NGC 7076 and Abell 75 and listed it in RNGC Corrections #3.
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21 29 59.6 +02 24 51; Aqr
V = 13.1; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 160°
17.5" (8/31/86): fairly faint, fairly small, diffuse,
fainter than
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7077 = m 445 on 11 Aug 1863 and simply noted "F". His position is fairly accurate, so the identification is certain.
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21 29 58.3 +12 10 01; Peg
V = 6.3; Size 12.3'; Surf Br = 0.3
17.5" (8/5/94): extremely bright with a halo extending
to about 11' diameter and a 3' very bright core containing a 30" intense
nucleus. The halo is very highly
resolved into fairly bright stars that are irregularly scattered in the outer
halo. The halo extends 85% to mag
7.7
13.1": very bright, very large, very small intense nucleus surrounded by a bright core. Superb resolution down to the center of core.
8": very bright, large, intense core is very compact and dense, surrounded by inner halo with many stars superimposed, outer halo well resolved into long distinct streamers. A mag 7.6 star is at the NNE edge of the halo.
Naked-eye (7/11/07): easily visible naked-eye at Lassen National Park as a small, hazy spot just west of a 6th magnitude star.
Naked-eye (7/26/06): Located 17' W of a naked-eye mag 6.1 star. The globular was sometimes visible naked-eye as a faint haze to the west of the star.
Jean-Dominique Maraldi discovered
William Herschel made a number of observations with several of his telescopes from 1782 to 1817. On 19 Oct 1784 (sweep 299), his 18.7" showed "a beautiful cluster of very compressed and numerous stars, the most compressed part about 2' dia, the next about 7 or 8'; and all the stars within about 15' seem still to belong to the same by the colour, the size, the regular scattering and the gradual accumulation. The general figure is round; but within the space of 6 or 7' the stars are arranged in a sort of a square. I examined it also with eyepiece No. 4 & 5 (240x and 300x) and it showed the same appearance. "
John Herschel reported "vB; vL; irreg. R; g b and v s m b M. A magnificent globular cluster; comes up to a perfect blaze in the centre, like a protuberance or nipple; not the condensation of a homogeneous globe; it has straggling streams of stars, as it were, drawing to a centre. It is not round. Has a * 8m, 30s following in parallel."
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21 32 35.2 -44 04 03; Gru
V = 11.6; Size 2.1'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 82°
18" (10/16/09): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated
3:2 E-W, 0.8'x0.5', small bright core increases to center. Two mag 12/13 stars lie 1' and 2'
SW. Brightest in a group including
John Herschel discovered NGC 7079 = h3869 on 6 Sep 1834 and recorded "B; R; pretty suddenly brighter middle; 30"." His position is accurate.
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NGC 7080 = NGC 7054 = UGC 11756 = MCG +04-50-012 = CGCG 471-011 = PGC 66861
21 30 01.9 +26 43 04; Vul
V = 12.3; Size 1.8'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.4
13.1" (7/20/85): fairly faint, fairly small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus or star superimposed, diffuse outer halo. Two mag 14 stars are off the NE and east edges 52" and 66" from the center, respectively.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7080 = m 446 on 6 Sep 1863 and noted "vF, S, vlE." Édouard Stephan observed the galaxy on 23 Jul 1873 and reduced an accurate position on 17 Aug 1873 (was he aware of Marth's discovery?). A couple of months earlier he reported it as new in his 4th discovery list (#4), but misidentified the offset star and his position was poor. This observation resulted in the extraneous designation NGC 7054. Later observations were made on 12 Sep 1876 and 18 Sep 1878. See NGC 7054 for more.
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NGC 7081 = UGC 11759 = MCG +00-54-030 = CGCG 375-049 = PGC 66891
21 31 24.1 +02 29 29; Aqr
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5" (8/31/86): fairly faint, small, round, broad
concentration. A double star mag
13.5/15 at 16" separation is 1' SSE and is collinear with the galaxy. Forms a pair (similar redshifts) with
UGC 11760 appeared extremely faint and small, round, visible only with averted vision. A wide pair of mag 11 stars at 1.0' separation lie 1.5' N. I probably only viewed the inner core region as the listed dimensions are much larger.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7081 = H. III-859 = h2121 on 10 Oct 1790 (sweep 973) and recorded "cF, vS, irregularly round, mbM. 360 shewed it very plainly, near a very small star." John Herschel made the single observation "vF; S; R; has a * 14m south. Dist from centre = 1 diam (by diagram)." His position is very accurate.
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21 29 17 +47 07 36; Cyg
V = 7.2; Size 25'
17.5" (9/7/91): fairly bright, large, 15' diameter, scattered, no distinct borders, situated in a very rich field. Two mag 8.5 star are on the west side, a mag 9 star is on the north side and also a mag 9 star is off the east edge. Not impressive and except for five or six brighter stars mag 8.5-9.5 at the edges this "cluster" would just be a weak field enhancement in the Milky Way.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7082 = H. VII-52 = h2122 on 19 Oct 1788 (sweep 868) and recorded "an extensive cluster of L stars, considerably rich, above 20' diameter." John Herschel made the single observation "a * 10m, the chief of a p rich, fine, L, coarse cluster. Stars 10...13m."
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21 35 45.0 -63 54 10; Ind
V = 11.2; Size 3.9'x2.3'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 5°
30" (10/14/15 - OzSky): at 303x; very bright, large,
oval nearly 2:1 N-S, 3.0'x1.7', strongly and sharply concentrated with an
intense, slightly elongated core that gradually brightens to the center. There was a strong hint of a spiral arm
along the east side and another extending north on the west side, though they
were not cleanly resolved from the general glow. The halo is a little irregular in surface brightness. A mag 14 star is just off the south
end, 1.8' SSW of center.
James Dunlop probably discovered NGC 7083 = D 263? = h3870 on 28 Aug 1826 and recorded "a small faint round nebula, 20 arcseconds diameter, a little brighter in the middle, following a group of pretty bright stars." His position is ~20' too far west. John Herschel found this galaxy on 22 Jun 1835 and logged "F; L; R of lE; vgpmbM; 60"; resolvable; with long attention it appears mottled. Perhaps Dunlop 263, with 3 minute correction in RA." On a later sweep he noted "pB; pL; R; gradually brighter in the middle; 60"." First resolved as a "spiral nebula" on a plate taken at Harvard's Arequipa station around 1900.
NGC 7083 is one of the brightest members of the Pavo-Indus Cloud along with NGCs 7213, 7205, 7049 and 7144.
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21 32 33 +17 30 30; Peg
Size 20'
17.5" (8/12/96): there is no clustering visible at John Herschel's position but about 5' E is a mag 10 star situated within a 20' string of mag 10-13 stars oriented N-S. At the north and south end of this long string are two additional rows of stars oriented NW to SE and SW to NE, respectively. These rows intersect 10' E of the mag 10 star and together form the outline of a large isosceles triangle. The star at the north tip is a close faint triple star. Most of the stars in this scattered group (unrelated asterism) form the triangle with very few in the central portion.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7084 = h2123 on 11 Oct 1825 and simply noted "A coarse scattered cluster." There is nothing at his position but 24 seconds of RA following is a 10th magnitude star, which is part of a 15' very scattered group. Karl Reinmuth reported the photographic appearance as "a very loose clustering of pF st, no distinct Cl." RNGC classifies it as a nonexistent cluster (Type 7), despite standing out reasonably well on the POSS.
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21 32 25.2 +06 34 53; Peg
V = 14.5; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 147°
17.5" (8/31/86): extremely faint, small, slightly elongated. Located just south of a 7' line of mag 11-13 stars. Observation compromised by clouds.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7085 = m 447 on 3 Aug 1864 and noted "eF, S, E." His position is accurate.
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21 30 27 +51 36 00; Cyg
V = 8.4; Size 9'
17.5" (9/7/91): about 75 stars mag 10-14 in a 10' diameter. Fairly rich and contains six brighter stars. Most stars are located in a compact, rich, 5' group. A second group is to the north. A straight line of stars trails off to the SE with a mag 9.5 star at the end of the string. Includes several faint double stars. There are two large dark voids to the NE. This is a pretty cluster at low power using a 20mm Nagler.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7086 = H. VI-32 = h2124 on 21 Sep 1788 (sweep 860) and recorded "a beautiful cl of pretty compressed stars, 8 or 9' diam, considerably rich; nearly round." On sweep 384, John Herschel logged "a rich fine cluster of st 11...16m; it fills field; but the most compressed part is about 6' in extent. The middle of the cluster taken, but no particular star fixed upon."
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21 34 33.4 -40 49 07; Gru
V = 13.0; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 39°
30" (10/14/15 - OzSky): at 303x; moderately to fairly bright, moderately large, slightly elongated SSW-NNE, 40"x30", brighter along the central axis (appears to be a bar).
Brightest in a group with
17.5" (10/30/99): NGC 7087 was just picked up at the lower elevation limit of Ray's mount! Appeared very faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, brighter core. Seeing too mushy at low elevation for a good view and nearby ESO 343-007 to the west was not seen. Located 35' NE of mag 5.3 Xi Gruis.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7087 = h3871 on 4 Sep 1834 and recorded "pF; S; R: gradually brighter in the middle; 15"." His position (measured on two sweeps) is accurate.
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21 33 24 -00 23; Aqr
= Not found, Corwin and RNGC.
Joseph Baxendell discovered NGC 7088 on 28 Sept 1880 using a 6" refractor at his private observatory in Birkdale, England. The discovery was announced in "A New Nebula", MNRAS 41, 48 (1880). The following history is from Wolfgang Steinicke.
Baxendell contributed only one object to the NGC. He published the discovery of a large faint nebula near M2 in Aquarius and described it being of "irregular oval form, its longer axis lying in a nearly east and west direction". It is 30' north of M2 and has a size of 75' x 52'. He writes "It seems to be similar in character to the large nebula near the Pleiades [found by Tempel], but is slightly less bright. I have, however, seen it on several nights, and have no doubt of its existence." But, its existence is the very problem!
NGC 7088 was seen visually by several observers, such as
Dreyer in 1885 with a 10" refractor (mentioned in the notes section of the
NGC), Bigourdan (1897, 12" refractor), Hagen (1915 and 1917, 16"
refractor), Wolf (1927, 6" refractor), O'Connor (1929, 15"
refractor), Becker (1930, 12" refractor) and Lehner (1930, 4"
refractor). The crucial thing is that, apart from these sightings, the object
could never be photographed (and was nicknamed "Baxendell's
Unphotographable Nebula"). Many attempts were made (Wolf, Baade, Shapley,
Strohmeier, Gürtler, Helwan), using different emulsions and filters, but the
result was always negative. The modern conclusion is: The object is not real
and all visual observations are due to physiological delusions, maybe caused by
reflections of the nearby bright cluster
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21 33 27.2 -00 49 23; Aqr
V = 6.6; Size 16'; Surf Br = 0.2
48" (10/26/11): hundreds of relatively bright stars resolved in this large, beautifully symmetric globular. The intensely bright core is overlaid with a mat of resolved stars.
18" (7/17/07): overfills the 8' field at 393x with resolved stars from edge to edge. M2 contains a very bright 3' core that increases to a very intense 1' nucleus. The halo is very symmetric and thins out fairly evenly. A few hundred stars were resolved in the cluster with the central region extremely densely packed.
17.5" (8/2/86): over 100 stars resolved over the entire disc at 286x. Superb view at this magnification.
13.1" (7/16/82): high resolution at edges, partially resolved core, symmetrical halo.
8" (8/9/80 and 10/4/80): intense core, faint halo. Faint stars are resolved in the outer halo.
Jean-Dominique Maraldi discovered M2 = NGC 7089 = h2125 on 11 Sept 1746 at the Paris Observatory. At the time he was tracking Comet de Chéseaux of 1746 with Jacques Cassini, son of Giovanni Cassini. Charles Messier made an independent discovery on 11 Sep 1760.
William Herschel first resolved the globular on 31 Jul 1783 with his 12-inch (small 20-foot) and commented "I can count 18 or 20 of the stars but they are so thickly set one behind another that their light mixed together makes a very strong glare." Observing M2 with the 18.7" on 21 Jul 1784 (sweep 242), he made an interesting description: "A cluster of stars extremely compressed in the middle and diminishing suddenly not in a manner of a round solid but rather like the frustum of a cone whose base (longer parallel side) is turned towards the eye." Again on 12 Aug 1785 (sweep 425), he recorded "an extremely rich, very compressed and very brilliant cluster of extremely small stars, 7 or 8' in diameter. The stars are plainly to be seen, especially on the borders where they are not so condensed." Observations were made on 5 different sweeps.
Herschel observed it at 240x with his 40 feet telescope (48" f/10) on 4 Sep 1799: "It appeared very brilliant and luminous. The scattered stars were brought to a good, well determined focus, for which it appears that the central condensed light is owing to a multitude of stars that appeared at various distances behind and near each other. I could actually see and distinguish the stars even in the central mass. The Rev. Mr. Vince, Plumian Profession or Astronomy at Cambridge, saw it in the same telescope as described."
On 12 Sep 1830 (sweep 288), John Herschel reported "A most superb cluster; round; stars eS; 12, 13, 14m; they are evidently globularly arranged, and not internally condensed towards the centre more than the spherical form would make them appear to be; but in the middle they blend into a blaze of light. It is like a heap of fine sand! With 9 inches aperture I can just see the stars; with 6 it is resolvable." William Parsons, the third Earl of Rosse, sketched M2 with his 36-inch by 1844 and published it in his "Observations on some of the Nebulae" (date of sketch not dated).
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21 36 28.9 -54 33 26; Ind
V = 10.7; Size 7.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 127°
25" (10/21/17 - OzSky): at 244x; bright, very large
irregular edge-on ~7:1 NW-SE, ~5'x0.7'.
Overall the galaxy has a striking patchy appearance with an irregular
surface brightness (somewhat similar to
11" (8/8/04 - Haleakala Crater): moderately bright, fairly large, edge-on 5:1 NW-SE, 4.0'x0.8', broad concentration but with no distinct core. Irregular surface brightness with a mottled appearance at 127x. Appears to fade suddenly in a couple of spots (possibly due to dust) including just SE of a mag 14 star that is superimposed on the SE side. Viewed at an elevation of 13°.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7090 = h3872 on 4 Oct 1834 and recorded "pB; L; vmE in pos 127.1°; first gradually, then pretty suddenly little brighter middle to a very feeble nucleus; 4' l, 40" br; has a * 11m preceding. In the foreground of the Pavo-Indus Cloud which includes NGCs 7213, 7205, 7049, 7083 and 7144.
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21 34 07.6 -36 39 12; Gru
V = 12.9; Size 2.1'x1.7'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 86°
17.5" (9/7/96): extremely faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Requires averted vision and finder chart to pinpoint location but once identified could nearly hold continuously. I probably only viewed the core as listed dimensions are much larger. Located 7' W of mag 6.9 SAO 213103. Not found on a previous attempt.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7091 = h3873 on 1 Sep 1834 and
recorded "eF; pL; very gradually brighter middle; 2'; place considerably
uncertain [given to the nearest min of time and minute of dec], having been
found when much past the meridian in searching in vain for Dunlop 561. This nebula is much too faint to have
seen with 9 inches aperture. It precedes
a * 6m nearly in parallel, about 40 seconds of time." His position is poor, but the
description most likely applies to
Lewis Swift probably found this galaxy again on 9 Jul 1897
and described Sw. 11-206 (later
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21 31 42 +48 25; Cyg
V = 4.6; Size 32'
17.5" (7/31/92): very bright, very large, about 30' diameter, scattered. Includes 18 bright stars mag 7-8, along with several wide double stars. Most of the brighter stars form a triangular outline although a few bright stars are inside and outside. The bright star at the SE corner has about six faint stars close following. The bright stars are superimposed on a background of 100-150 faint stars. Fairly uniformly distributed though many stars are in short arcs and winding lanes. The faint stars are no richer than the Milky Way concentration. Best view at 100x using a 20mm Nagler at 100x.
13.1" (9/9/83): ~75 stars visible at 62x including 15 bright stars.
8": very bright, very large, 30' diameter, triangle shape, includes four bright stars mag 7 and ten fairly bright stars mag 8-9. Large and scattered, so needs very low power. Partial resolution in 8x50 binoculars. Naked-eye cluster in a dark sky.
15x50mm IS binoculars (6/19/09): excellent at 15x with 25-30
stars resolved in a triangular outline.
10x30 IS binoculars (6/13/07): naked-eye fuzzy patch is well
resolved into ~15 stars in the 10x30 binoculars and approximately two dozen in
the 15x50s. To the south of
Charles Messier discovered M39 = NGC 7092 = h2126 on 24 Oct 1764, although as a naked-eye object it was probably noticed much earlier.
On 27 Sep 1788 (sweep 866), William Herschel first observed the cluster with the 18.7": He logged it "consists of such large and straggling stars that I could not tell where it began nor where it ended. It cannot be called a cluster." John Herschel observed it on 14 Sep 1829 (sweep 209), "A * 7m, one of a large loose cluster of stars 7 .... 10m; very coarsely scattered, and filling many fields."
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21 34 20 +45 59 42; Cyg
Size 5'
17.5" (8/25/95): fairly well detached but scattered
group highlighted by mag 8.5
John Herschel discovered NGC 7093 = h2127 on 19 Sep 1829 and recorded "The chief star (9m) in a cluster of 8th class. The double star #1660 of my 4th catalogue belongs to this cluster." His position corresponds with mag 8.7 SAO 51043. R.J. Mitchell, observing with LdR's 72" on 6 Sep 1856, logged "a few B st, (not more than 10 or 12m), forming a very loose cluster." Based on a Heidelberg plate, Reinmuth reported "one vB* and a few pB st in a dense region." RNGC classifies NGC 7093 as nonexistent (Type 7 cluster).
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21 36 52.9 +12 47 19; Peg
V = 13.7; Size 99"x91"
24" (8/31/16): excellent view at 200x using a NPB filter. The 90" disc was fairly crisply defined and contained a bright central star (mag 13.5), even through the filter. Unfiltered, a mag 14.5-15 star was visible at the NE edge. The planetary apppeared weakly annular and brighter in a 90° arc along the W side. There appeared to be a knot or local brightening right at the west edge of the rim. Located 1.8° NE of M15.
The compact galaxy
18" (10/9/04): picked up at 73x using the OIII filter
as a fairly faint, round, evenly lit 90" disc. Good contrast gain with the filter. Faintly visible unfiltered at 160x as a
moderately large but low surface brightness halo surrounding the 13.5 magnitude
central star. A faint mag 14.5
star is at the NE edge of the halo.
A string of 3 mag 14-15 stars oriented NW to SE lies ~2' NE. Images show the a complex multi-rim
structure (brighter along the west side) with a darker center, but visually the
planetary appeared pretty featureless.
Located 7' S of a mag 10 star (
17.5" (10/2/99): at 100x and OIII filter appears fairly faint, round, moderately large, 1.5' diameter, even glow. At 220x without filter, the central star is easily visible surrounded by a round, low surface brightness glow. A very faint star is at the NE edge. No annularity seen.
13.1" (6/18/85): at 62x with filter appears faint, moderately large, round. Without a filter the faint mag 13.7 central star is visible surrounded by a very low even surface brightness halo 1.5' in diameter.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 7094 = Sw. 2-88 on 10 Oct 1884
and recorded "nebulous star; B *; in eeF nebulosity; v diff.; nearly
pointed to by 3 st. in a line."
His RA is 34 seconds too small.
He added in a footnote, "This is a prototype of GC 4634 [NGC 7023]
and several others, and of No. 7 of my Catalogue No. 1 [
Lubos Kohoutek rediscovered NGC 7094 during a visual survey
of the POSS and included it in a list of new PN (
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21 52 26.4 -81 31 51; Oct
V = 11.5; Size 2.8'x2.7'; Surf Br = 13.6
24" (4/12/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly large, 1.8'x1.5', slightly elongated ~E-W, weak concentration to the center. A mag 14 star is at the north edge of the halo.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7095 = h3875 on 21 Sep 1837 and
recorded "F; pL; R; very gradually little brighter middle;
50"." His mean position
(2 observations) matches
Because of this error the RNGC, PGC and HyperLeda has misidentified
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NGC 7096 = IC 5121 = ESO 107-046 = AM 2137-640 NED01 = PGC 67168
21 41 19.9 -63 54 29; Ind
V = 11.9; Size 2.0'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 130°
30" (10/14/15 - OzSky): at 303x; bright, fairly large,
oval 4:3, ~1.4'x1.1', sharply concentrated with a relatively large, very bright
round core 0.4' diameter. An
8" pair of mag 13.5/14 stars lies 1.4' NE and a mag 14-14.5 star is 1.5'
S.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7096 = h3874 on 31 Aug 1836 and
recorded "vF; S; R; 12"; has a vS double * north-following,
near." His position and
description is a perfect match with
Royal Frost's
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NGC 7097 = ESO 287-048 = MCG -07-44-029 = AM 2137-424 = LGG 446-006 = PGC 67146
21 40 13.0 -42 32 14; Gru
V = 11.7; Size 1.9'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 20°
18" (10/16/09): moderately bright, moderately large,
~1' ill-defined halo, sharply concentrated with a bright core that increases to
the center, occasional faint stellar nucleus, very faint halo extends to nearly
1'. Located 8' SE of mag 6.9 HD
205913 and 5' N of a wide pair (52") of mag 10 stars.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7097 = h3877 on 5 Sep 1834 and recorded "B; S; R; pretty suddenly much brighter middle; 15"; (fog)." See notes for NGC 7095.
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21 44 16.1 -75 06 41; Oct
V = 11.3; Size 4.1'x2.6'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 74°
24" (4/12/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x appeared bright, large, sharply concentrated with a small, intense core ~20" in diameter. Surrounding the core is a large, fainter halo, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, ~2.0'x1.4'. This galaxy appears much brighter than NGC 7095, which was just previously observed, although the total B magnitudes are identical.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7098 = h3876 on 22 Sep 1835 and recorded "pF; R; first vg, the pretty suddenly brighter middle; in a field with many large stars, and strongly stippled." His position is 1.8 minutes of RA too large, though at this declination, the actual separation is 7'.
The RA in RC 2 is 2.5 minutes too large and this error is repeated in RNGC. The correct position is given in ESO and RC3.
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21 40 22.2 -23 10 47; Cap
V = 7.4; Size 12.0'; Surf Br = 0.1
48" (10/27/19 and 10/24/14): at 375x; several hundred stars were resolved right down to a small brighter nucleus. Several very bright stars were in chains that emanated from the core. The halo seemed fully resolved with a very large range in magnitudes. The outer halo was scraggly and contained some bright stars, but overall the halo was fairly symmetric.
The first of three bright stars in a string directly to the north of the core (~40" N of center) was clearly orange (red-giant) as well as the first of a string of three bright stars starting at the west edge of the core (~55" W of center) extending northwest. A few other brighter stars either appear yellow or very pale orange!
17.5" (8/17/01): viewed at 575x in excellent seeing. Very irregular appearance with strings of stars emanating from an irregular bright, partially resolved core. A prong off the west side heads northwest and includes three equally spaced similar stars along with a close triple. Another bright line of three stars heads due north with a fainter bent elbow of stars angling towards the NE. Roughly a dozen stars trail to the east with a large gap towards the edge of the halo. A fairly well defined semi-circle of stars open to the north passes directly through the core and off the SE side. The outer halo was peppered with dozens of faint stars over a dim background haze and with concentration the overall diameter increased significantly to at least 10'.
17.5" (7/5/86): the small bright core was not resolved but the halo was well resolved into 50-60 stars. A small circular detached piece is east of the core with resolved stars. Along the north side the resolved stars are brighter and arranged in lanes.
13.1" (9/29/84): fascinating view at 350x; ~25 stars resolved in the outer halo. A few stars (half dozen) are bunched together near the bright, unresolved irregular core over a fainter diffuse halo.
13.1": three star lanes are obvious on the north side. Good resolution in the halo and outer stragglers. The core appears on the verge of resolution at 288x.
8" (10/4/80): two short straight star lanes to north and NW give a unique "prong" appearance. A few faint stars are resolved southeast of the core but the core is unresolved.
Charles Messier discovered
William Herschel first observed the globular on 31 Jul 1783 using his 12-inch (small 20-foot). He recorded "Power 200; it consists of very small stars; with two rows of stars, 4 or 5 in a line." He later wrote, "It is a difficult step i.e. if we divide the transition from the Pleiades down to the Nebula in Orion into six steps, this perhaps the 4th towards the real nebulas. The stars in this seem to be of two different sizes for I perceive 3 or 4 very visible ones branching out towards the north and several more exceedingly small at the sides. Towards the south in one place the light is very intense, but has all the appearance of crowded stars; so that there remains no doubt of the whole being stars." He viewed M30 as his first target with the 18.7" on 26 Oct 1783 at 120x: "I can distinctly count 10 stars; the nebulosity also where it is most compact is mottled and undoubtedly consists of stars." A sketch was made the next night and he commented "the rows of stars [star lanes on the north side] probably do not belong to the cluster."
In PT 1814, Herschel summarized his observations of M30 as a "brilliant cluster, the stars of which are gradually more compressed in the middle. It is insulated, that is, none of the stars in the neighborhood are likely to be connected with it. Its diameter is from 2' 40" to 3' 30". Its figure is irregularly round. The stars about the centre are so much compressed as to appear to run together. Towards the north, are two rows of bright stars 4 or 5 in a line." He speculated in his 1814 publication that the "lines of bright stars, although by a drawing made at the time of observation, one of them seems to pass through the center, are probably not connected with it."
John Herschel made the following detailed observation on 23 Sep 1830: "Fine cluster; irreg R, with two projections A, B, at its northern side. (See fig. 90.) A is directed from the central brightness and consists of 3 or 4 bright stars 12 m; its position taken with microm = 350.4°; B originates in the preceding side of the centre, and is directed in a position 331.7° in a line not passing the centre; diam = 6', stars = 12m; fine object; has a * 9 m preceding it (2 or 3 diameters by diagram)." From the Cape of Good Hope, he logged "Globular, B; lE; bM; 4' l, 3' br; all resolved into st 16m, besides a few 12m. Two lines of rather larger stars run out n[orth f[ollowing]."
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21 39 06.9 +08 57 02; Peg
= *, Corwin. =* or not found, Thomson.
Guillaume Bigourdan discovered NGC 7100 = Big. 90 on 31 Aug
1886. His position in the second
Comptes Rendus list (used by Dreyer in the NGC) is poor, landing 3.7'
west-northwest of
Unfortunately, Albert Marth's discovery position for NGC
7101 (CGCG 402-012) was also poor and as a result the CGCG, RNGC and PGC
misidentified CGCG 402-012 as NGC 7100 and the RNGC and PGC misidentify PGC
67112 as
******************************
NGC 7101 = MCG +01-55-007 = CGCG 402-012 = PGC 67118
21 39 34.6 +08 52 37; Peg
V = 13.9; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5" (8/2/86): fairly faint, very small, round, broad concentration. Located 20' SSW of EE Pegasi.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7101 = m 448 on 3 Aug 1864 and
noted "F, vS, R, stell."
There is nothing near his position, but 6' due south is CGCG 402-012 =
RNGC, CGCG, PGC (and secondary sources such as Megastar)
misidentify CGCG 402-012 as NGC 7100 (see that number for the identification)
and the RNGC and PGC (as well as Megastar) misidentify
******************************
21 39 44.7 +06 17 10; Peg
V = 13.5; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 153°
24" (7/30/16): fairly faint, moderately large,
roundish, fairly low overall surface brightness, broad weak concentration. On images NGC 7102 appears to be
interacting with
24" (8/23/14): fairly faint, fairly large but diffuse, elongated 3:2 or 4:3 NNW-SSE, ~1.3'x0.9'. The halo appeared to alter its shape with averted vision (sometimes smaller) as fainter parts of the halo popped in and out of view. A mag 10.2 star lies 3.5' SSE.
PGC 214783, an extremely faint edge-on, is just 1' SW. With careful viewing I had 2 or 3 momentary "pops" at this position over a couple of minutes, too fleeting for any details.
17.5" (8/2/86): moderately large but very diffuse, gradually brightens in the middle, slightly elongated NW-SE. A mag 10 star is 3.5' SSE.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7102 = m 449 on 16 Oct 1863 and
noted "F, pL, R." His
position is 1' northwest of
Harold Corwin notes that
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21 39 51.4 -22 28 26; Cap
V = 13.8; Size 1.4'x1.2'
18" (8/9/10): brightest of 10 galaxies viewed in
cluster ACO S963 with
18" (8/11/07): largest and brightest of 6 members viewed in galaxy cluster ACO S963. At 260x appeared fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, ~30"x25", broad weak concentration. Occasionally I glimpsed a nearly stellar galaxy (2MASX J21394761-2228171) just 0.9' W. Located 45' NNW of gc M30.
17.5" (10/13/90): faint, small, round, small bright core, stellar nucleus. Brightest in cluster ACO S963 with NGC 7104 4.0' NE, IC 5122 4.2' NNW, and IC 1393 6.4' NE. Globular cluster M30 lies 45' SSE.
Frank Muller discovered NGC 7103 = LM 2-461, along with NGC 7104, in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. He noted "mag 14.0; 0.3' diam; R; gradually brighter in the middle; 1st of 2 [with NGC 7104]." His position is 1.0 minute of RA too far east. Ormond Stone measured an accurate micrometric position the following year (repeated in the IC 1 Notes).
******************************
NGC 7104 = ESO 531-018 = MCG -04-51-008 = PGC 67137
21 40 03.2 -22 25 29; Cap
V = 14.2; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 51°
18" (8/9/10): faint, small, irregularly round, 25"x20", very weak even concentration. Located in the core of ACO S963 with NGC 7103, IC 5122 and IC 1393 all within 4'.
18" (8/11/07): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, even concentration to a very small bright nucleus. Second brightest in ACO S963 with brightest member NGC 7103 4' SW. IC 1393 lies 2.7' ENE.
17.5" (10/13/90): faint, very small, round, small bright core, stellar nucleus. Second brightest of four in ACO S963 with NGC 7103 4.0' SW, IC 1393 2.7' ENE and IC 5122 4.2' WNW.
Frank Muller discovered NGC 7104 = LM 2-462, along with NGC
7103, in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick
Observatory. He noted "mag
14.3; 0.2' diam; iR; gradually brighter middle to a nucleus; 2nd of 2 [with NGC
7103]." His position is 1.0
minute of RA too far east. Ormond
Stone measured an accurate micrometric position the following year (repeated in
the IC 1 Notes). ESO/Uppsala
misidentifies
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21 41 41.3 -10 38 08; Cap
V = 13.0; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.0; PA = 135°
18" (7/30/03): at 257x appears faint, small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 0.6'x0.4', contains a small brighter core. Situated just 33" SE of a mag 10 star that detracts from viewing!
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 7105 = LM 1-242 on 12 Sep
1885 and recorded "mag 11.0; vS; E; 310°?; suddenly much brighter middle
to a nucleus; star north, PA 310°."
There is nothing near his very rough position (the RA is given to the
nearest min of time and marked as approximate). But based on Leavenworth's discovery sketch, Harold Corwin
was able to identify
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21 42 36.6 -52 41 58; Ind
V = 13.3; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 81°
25" (10/10/15 - OzSky): at 244x; moderately bright and
large, slightly elongated ~E-W, diffuse with only a weak concentration. A mag 13 star is 2' W, a mag 12 star is
1.8' N and a very faint mag 16 star is 0.6' E.. Brightest in a group with ESO
188-018 (close pair) at 4' ENE and
John Herschel discovered NGC 7106 = h3879 on 8 Jul 1834 and recorded "eF; lE; very gradually little brighter middle; 30"; makes an obtuse angled triangle, with 2 st 9 and 10m to north." His position is on the south side of the galaxy, though I'm not sure which two stars he had in mind.
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21 42 26.5 -44 47 25; Gru
V = 12.8; Size 2.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 128°
30" (10/14/15 - OzSky): at 303x; appears as a large diffuse glow, very weak central concentration, contains a very small, very slightly brighter nucleus and a subtle bar oriented NW-SE. A group of 6 mag 11-14.5 stars is immediately to the west, the closest is a mag 13 star 1.7' W of center.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7107 = h3880 on 6 Sep 1834 and recorded "vF; pL; R; very gradually little brighter middle; 2' diam." His position is accurate.
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NGC 7108 = NGC 7111 = MCG -01-55-002 = PGC 67189
21 41 53.7 -06 42 32; Aqr
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 45°
See observing notes for
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7108 = m 450 on 3 Aug 1864 and noted "vF, S, R, stell." There is nothing near his position, but 1.0 min of RA following and 3' north is NGC 7111 = MCG -01-55-002, later found by Stephan on 30 Sep 1872 and correctly placed.
The RNGC misidentifies
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21 41 58.5 -34 26 45; PsA
V = 13.4; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5" (7/28/92): very faint, small, round, low even
surface brightness. An wide evenly
matched double star (mag 13.5-14 at 36") is 4' E.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7109 = h3881 on 25 Sep 1834 and logged "eF; vS; among stars." His position is accurate.
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NGC 7110 = ESO 403-016 = MCG -06-47-012 = LGG 445-016 = PGC 67199
21 42 12.1 -34 09 44; PsA
V = 13.4; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 76°
17.5" (7/28/92): faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, broad concentration, low surface brightness. A wide double star 11.5/11.5 at 48" separation is 4' NNE.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7110 = h3882 on 23 Sep 1834 and recorded "vF; S; R; bM." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7111 = NGC 7108 = MCG -01-55-002 = PGC 67189
21 41 53.7 -06 42 32; Aqr
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 45°
17.5" (9/15/90): very faint, very small, slightly
elongated SW-NE. The nucleus
appears offset to the NW side.
Member of
Édouard Stephan found NGC 7111 = St. 4-5 on 28 Aug 1872. His uncorrected position was less than 1' to the NE. His published position in list 4 (#5) was reduced a month later on 31 Sep 1872. Albert Marth discovered this galaxy earlier on 3 Aug 1864 but his RA for Marth 450 (later NGC 7108) was 1 minute of RA too small. Was Stephan aware of Marth's discovery? So, NGC 7111 = NGC 7108.
******************************
21 42 26.6 +12 34 07; Peg
See observing notes for
Lewis Swift found NGC 7112 = Sw. 4-81 on 12 Jul 1886 and
recorded "eeF, S, R, pB * with distant companion close p; very
difficult". Swift's position
is 7 seconds of RA west and 1' north (separation of 1.8') from
The RNGC, CGCG, UGC and PGC misidentify
******************************
NGC 7113 = NGC 7112 = MCG +02-55-009 = CGCG 427-016 = PGC 67208
21 42 26.6 +12 34 07; Peg
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5" (9/2/89): faint, small, slightly elongated E-W, weak concentration, faint stellar nucleus. Located 1' E of mag 8.7 SAO 107337. A mag 13 star is 1' NW. Forms a pair with NGC 7112 5' SSW.
17.5" (7/16/88): faint, small, round.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7113 = m 451 on 3 Aug 1864 and noted "vF, S, stell." His position is 3' due north of CGCG 427-016 = PGC 67208. Lewis Swift independently discovered the galaxy on 12 Jul 1886 and it was recatalogued as NGC 7112. See notes for NGC 7112.
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21 41 44.0 +42 50 30; Cyg
= Nova Cygni 1876 = Q Cygni, Dreyer. Listed as nonexistent in RNGC.
Ralph Copeland discovered NGC 7114 on 2 Sep 1877 with a 15-inch Grubb refractor at Dunn Echt, Scotland while viewing Nova Cygni 1876 (discovered by Julius Schmidt on 24 Nov 1876). Copeland reported "through a low power eye-piece and a powerful direct vision prism, held between the eye and the eye-piece, the light of the star was found to be absolutely monochromatic." In Oct 1885, Lohse claimed the star was surrounded by a small nebulous disc (first reported in 1882). In the NGC notes and correction section, Lohse is mentioned but not Copeland. Sherburne Burnham observed the nebula in 1891 with the 36-inch refractor at Lick and noted "at times the new star did not seem to have a perfectly stellar appearance under moderately high powers, but rather to resemble an exceedingly minute nebula." This was the first of 22 objects in the NGC that was discovered by visual spectroscopy.
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21 43 39.3 -25 21 07; PsA
V = 13.7; Size 1.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 66°
17.5" (10/13/90): faint, fairly small, edge-on 4:1 WSW-ENE, 0.8'x0.2', brighter core. A very faint mag 15 star is involved at the WSW end.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 7115 = LM 1-243 on 9 Jul 1885 and recorded "vF; pS; vE 90"; like a comet with tail; 2 st inv." His rough position is 39 seconds of RA too large and the description applies. Herbert Howe made a detailed observation in 1897-98 with the 20" refractor in Denver: "The length of the nebula was estimated to be 45", and its breath 10". There is a 13 mag star at the preceding end and a condensation at the following end; three or four other condensations were suspected lying along the axis. The position angle of the elongation was estimated at 65°."
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21 42 40.2 +28 56 48; Cyg
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 105°
17.5" (7/5/86): fairly faint, thin edge-on WNW-ESE, small, weak concentration. Located 24' NW of Mu 1 Cygni (V = 4.8).
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7116 = m 452 on 9 Sep 1863 and noted "vF, pL, mE." His position is accurate (to within 30"). Édouard Stephan independently discovered it on 11 Aug 1866, though didn't measure a micrometric position or publish the observation. The UGC fails to label this galaxy as NGC 7116.
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21 45 47.0 -48 25 14; Gru
V = 12.8; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 27°
25" (10/10/15 - OzSky): at 244x and 318x; moderately
bright, elongated 4:3 SSW-NNE, 40"x30", weak concentration. Forms the northeast vertex of a
triangle with two mag 10 stars 3' SSW and 4' WSW. Fainter of a pair with
John Herschel discovered NGC 7117 = h3883, along with NGC 7118, on 30 Sep 1834 and recorded "pF; R; gradually brighter in the middle; 15"." His position (measured also the next sweep) is accurate.
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NGC 7118 = ESO 236-045 = AM 2142-483 = PGC 67318
21 46 09.7 -48 21 14; Gru
V = 12.6; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 50°
25" (10/10/15 - OzSky): at 244x and 318x; fairly bright, moderately large, slightly elongated SW-NE, ~0.9'x0.7', small bright core. Brighter of a pair with NGC 7117 5.5' SW.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7118 = h3884, along with NGC 7117, on 30 Sep 1834 and recorded "vF; R; gradually brighter in the middle; 15"." His position (measured also the next sweep) is accurate.
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21 46 16.0 -46 30 58; Gru
V = 12.9; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 130°
25" (10/10/15 - OzSky): at 318x; moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, ~30"x20", weak concentration. A mag 14.5 star is 0.8' SW. On carefully viewing NGC 7119 I noticed a "bulge" extending out slightly on the southwest side of the galaxy and occasionally there appeared to be a very faint superimposed "star" within this glow.
The contact "bulge" is identified in NED as NGC 7119B = ESO 288-001, and is probably an interacting companion (same redshift). The "star" that I noted is likely the brighter stellar nucleus of this galaxy. NGC 7119 is the brightest member of the cluster ACO S971.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7119 = h3885 on 6 Sep 1834 and
recorded "not vF; S; R; gradually brighter in the middle;
20"." His single
position is accurate. This is a
contact double system (21" separation) consisting of
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21 44 33.2 -06 31 23; Aqr
V = 14.4; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 135°
17.5" (9/15/90): very faint, small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, even surface brightness.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7120 = m 453 on 3 Aug 1864 and noted "vF, S, vlE." His position is accurate.
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21 44 52.6 -03 37 11; Aqr
V = 13.8; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 165°
17.5" (8/7/91): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S, 1.5'x0.75', weak concentration. A mag 11.5 star is 1.5' ESE of center.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 7121 = St. 4-6 on 29 Aug 1872. His position (Emmanuel Esmiol's re-reduction from 3 Sept) is accurate.
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21 45 47.8 -08 49 47; Cap
= **, Corwin.
Edward Cooper discovered NGC 7122 = Au 47 on 24 Nov 1854
with the 13.3-inch refractor at the Markree Observatory in Ireland. W hile compiling the comprehensive
Markree ecliptic catalogue, Cooper or assistant Andrew Graham noted it as a
nebulous star or possible cluster . At his position is an unequal double
oriented northwest-southeast (nearly merged on the DSS), with separation
~7". Auwers noted in his 1862
list of new nebulae that in the Heliometer it appeared as an "11th
magnitude star, surrounded by some 12-13m stars, perhaps nebulous." At Birr Castle, it was also found to be
a double star. In fact, all
objects noted as nebulous in the Markree catalogue are stars except for a
duplicate observation of
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21 50 46.4 -70 19 59; Ind
V = 12.2; Size 3.0'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 146°
18" (7/6/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at
171x, appears moderately bright and large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 2.2'x1.1',
fairly sharply concentrated with a bright core and much fainter
extensions. Located 5.2' WNW of
mag 7.8
This galaxy is an edge-on early-type spiral with a sharp,
narrow dust lane (not seen) similar to
John Herschel discovered NGC 7123 = h3886 on 24 Jul 1835 and recorded "pB; R; very gradually brighter middle; 20"; a star 9m follows, 8' dist."
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21 48 05.4 -50 33 55; Ind
V = 12.3; Size 3.0'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 143°
30" (10/9/15 - OzSky): at 303x; fairly bright, fairly
large, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, 2.0'x0.8'.
Contains a bright, elongated core that gradually increases to the center
where there is a stellar nucleus.
A knot was seen near the southeast end of the galaxy. Images reveal this is an HII complex in
one of the main spiral arms of the galaxy. A mag 15 star is 1.1' SSW of center of the galaxy. Mag 9.8
John Herschel discovered NGC 7124 = h3888 on 8 Jul 1834 and recorded "eF; lE; gradually little brighter middle; 70" l, 60" br." On 3 Oct 1834 (sweep 498) he logged "B; L; pmE; very gradually brighter middle; 2' l, 80" br." His mean position from 3 sweeps is accurate.
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21 49 15.5 -60 42 39; Ind
V = 12.4; Size 3.1'x2.1'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 110°
30" (10/9/15 - OzSky): at 303x; moderately bright,
large, slightly elongated ~E-W, ~2'x1.5', broad concentration with a slightly
brighter middle. Two spiral arms
are visible in the halo, though not detached from the general glow. One arm curves along the south side of
the halo towards the west and another curves to the east on the north
side. A mag 14-14.5 star is
superimposed on the north edge [45" from center] and several mag 13-14
stars surround the galaxy off the entire southern half. Forms a very nice pair with
John Herschel discovered NGC 7125 = h3887, along with NGC 7126, on 22 Jul 1835 and recorded "eF; pL; R; 60"; the preceding of 2." First resolved as a "spiral nebula" on a plate taken at Harvard's Arequipa station around 1900.
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NGC 7126 = ESO 145-018 = PGC 67418
21 49 18.6 -60 36 29; Ind
V = 12.2; Size 2.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 80°
30" (10/9/15 - OzSky): at 303x; fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 5:3 WSW-ENE, ~1.5'x0.9', faint outer halo, central region gradually brightens. A mag 13.5 star is 1.5' SE and a mag 16 star is very close to the northwest edge, 0.7' from center. Forms a very nice pair with NGC 7125 6' due south.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7126 = h3889, along with NGC 7125, on 22 Jul 1835 and recorded "pB; pL; lE; gradually brighter in the middle; 40" l, 35" br; the following of 2." His position is accurate.
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21 43 41 +54 37 42; Cyg
Size 3'
17.5" (7/30/92): at 220x, 15 stars mag 11-14 are
visible in a 3' diameter, appears fully resolved. The star group (likely an unrelated asterism) is course but
evenly spaced and doesn't stand out in the field. The brightest mag 11 star forms the center of fairly
striking "stick figure" with six stars or else a 5-pointed
"star". Mag 7
8" (10/31/81): compact, about 10 stars mag 10-13 but not rich. Located 10' E of a mag 7 star.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7127 = h2129 on 25 Sep 1829 and recorded "A small, poor, but neatly defined cluster of stars 10...12 m; with appendages np at some distance." The "appendages np at some distance" is probably the more scattered group in my description.
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21 43 57 +53 42 54; Cyg
V = 9.7; Size 3'
17.5" (9/7/91): 22 stars mag 11-13 in rich and compact 2.5' region. Most stars are arranged in oval ring NW-SE. A mag 11.5 star at the east edge has several very faint companions. Two mag 11 stars are on the south side. A double star mag 12/12 is on the west side as well as a few other double stars. A string of stars oriented SW-NE is just NW of the oval ring.
8" (10/31/81): 15 faint stars, small, rich, over background haze, two mag 11 stars are at the south edge.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7128 = H. VII-40 = h2130 on 14 Oct 1787 (sweep 765) and recorded "a cl of small stars of several sizes, 3 or 4' in diam, pretty rich but like a forming one." John Herschel made the single observation "a star 9-10m of a ruby red color in an oval annulus of small stars, 4' diam."
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21 42 59 +66 06 48; Cep
Size 8'x7'
17.5" (10/17/98): fairly high surface brightness
nebulosity ~3'x2', surrounding three mag 9.5-10.5 stars at 220x. At 280x, the brightest region surrounds
the southern star (
17.5" (9/23/89): fairly bright reflection nebula surrounded three bright stars. The brightest portion includes the southern star. Also a bright knot is at the north end and it does not appear to be surrounding a star (or the star is embedded).
13.1" (7/20/85): fairly bright but dims using a Daystar 300 filter. This nebulous region includes four or five stars and appears brighter around these stars. A small knot is at the north end and a second knot is at the south end.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7129 = H. IV-75 on 18 Oct 1794 (sweep 1063). He recorded "3 stars about 9m involved in nebulosity. The whole takes up a space of about 1.5' diam, 2 other stars of the same size and very near are not enclosed in the nebulosity." On 16 Sep 1798 (sweep 1079) his description reads, "3 stars about 9 to 10m involved in nebulosity; 2 south preceding stars very near them are free from that appearance. The nebulosity is of the milky kind and considerably strong. There is a small 4th stars in the nebulosity just north of the following one."
John Herschel's description is similar: "a very coarse triple star involved in a nebulous atmosphere." On a second observation he gives the relative offsets for the 3 stars (A, B and C), which match my observation. His mean position for star A (southern star) is: 21 42 59.0 +66 06 12 (2000). Both father and son clearly refered only to nebulosity surrounding a few stars at the position given here.
Guillaume Bigourdan's position and description for IC 5134 =
Big. 339, found on 15 Oct 1895, clearly applies to the nebulosity around star A
only, as he thought NGC 7129 only applied to one of the northern patches. So, IC 5134 is part of NGC 7129. IC 5132 and
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21 48 19.5 -34 57 05; PsA
V = 12.1; Size 1.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5" (8/6/97): moderately bright, moderately large,
round, ~1.5' diameter. Well
concentrated with a prominent core and much fainter halo.
17.5" (7/16/93): moderately bright, moderately large,
slightly elongated ~N-S, large bright core. Appears to have a knot or star superimposed at the north
edge. Second of three with NGC
7135 19' ENE and
13.1" (8/5/83): faint, small, round, NGC 7135 in field 19' ENE.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7130 = h3890 on 25 Sep 1834 and
recorded "pB; R; gradually little brighter middle; 20"." There is nothing near his position, but
exactly 30' south is
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21 47 36.1 -13 10 57; Cap
V = 13.7; Size 1.6'x1.0'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 115°
17.5" (9/15/90): faint, small, almost round, bright core. A mag 14.5 star is 35" SSE of center. A bright pretty double star (STF 2826 = 8.3/9.0 at 4") is located 5' NNW.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7131 = m 454 on 7 Aug 1864 and noted "vF, S, vlE, very gradually brighter middle." His position is 3' too far south (matches in RA).
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21 47 16.6 +10 14 28; Peg
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 100°
17.5" (7/16/88): very faint, very small, elongated E-W, small bright core. An extremely faint star is possibly involved. A mag 10.9 star is located 1.1' W.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 7132 = Sw. 2-89 on 18 Oct 1884 and recorded "vF; pL; lE; bet 2 stars; 5 stars west? in form of a pyramid. My memory locates the stars east of the nebula." His position is 22 seconds of RA too large but the description pins down the identification (the stars are west). Rudolph Spitaler measured an accurate position on 6 Nov 1891 with the 27" refractor in Vienna (corrected in IC 1 Notes) as well as Bigourdan on 3 Oct 1888.
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21 44 26.7 +66 10 06; Cep
= Nonexistent, Corwin.
Guillaume Bigourdan discovered NGC 7133 = Big. 91 on 18 Sep 1884 while observing the NGC 7129 complex. According to Corwin, Bigourdan's offset is 1 min 26.8 seconds east and 3' 49.7" north of BD +65 1638. He described a "pretty extended area, perhaps 2' across, in which I suspect some extremely faint nebulosity, at the extreme limit of visibility." There isn't any visible nebulosity on the DSS at this offset and Harold Corwin classifies this number as non-existent. See his identification notes.
The RNGC classification is a diffuse nebula but there is no description. The RNGC position is 4' southwest of the center of NGC 7129, and it's not clear what object or section of the nebulosity the authors are referring to. The RNGC error is mentioned in my RNGC Corrections #4 and by Gordon Bond in Deep Sky magazine.
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21 48 55.8 -12 58 28; Cap
Size 0.5'
17.5" (7/20/96): interesting asterism consisting of a very tight group of four mag 14/15 stars in a 30" arc concave to the south. Situated just 30" S of a mag 12 star. The brightest star is 25" due south of the mag 12 star and the faintest mag 15 star is at the west end of the arc. Nicely resolved at 280x and 410x. NGC 7131 lies 23' SW.
Christian Peters discovered NGC 7134 around 1860 with the 13.5-inch refractor at the Hamilton College Observatory in New York. He described it as "very small, but not very faint; nearly S of a star 11m." Herbert Howe, in his visual survey at Denver, reported "not a nebula; it simply a group of three or four stars of mag 13-14, which is about 40" south of a 10th mag star. A most careful scrutiny revealed no trace of nebulosity." The DSS confirms there are four mag 14/15 stars in an arc, just 30" south of a mag 12 star. Harold Corwin agrees with this identification. RNGC classifies this asterism as nonexistent.
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NGC 7135 = ESO 403-035 = AM 2146-350 = MCG -06-48-001 = PGC 67425 = IC 5136?
21 49 45.6 -34 52 33; PsA
V = 11.7; Size 3.0'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 47°
17.5" (8/6/97): moderately bright, moderately large, ~2' diameter, irregularly shaped bright core. The halo appears to have an uneven or mottled surface brightness. A mag 14-15 star is embedded at the west edge [34" from center]. Located just following a bright triangle of mag 9.5-10.5 stars. NGC 7130 lies 19' WSW.
17.5" (7/16/93): fairly faint, fairly small, round,
broad weak concentration, small bright core. Follows an isosceles triangle of mag 9.5-10.5 stars
including mag 9.4
17.5" (7/30/92): fairly faint, fairly small, round, broad mild concentration. Unusual location as three stars mag 9-10 just west form a right triangle. The galaxy is just east of a line connecting the two stars on the east side of the triangle.
13.1" (8/5/83): faint, small, round, similar to NGC 7130 19' WSW. A triangle of stars precedes the galaxy.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7135 = h3891 on 23 Sep 1834 and recorded "pB; R; bM; 20"; a * 14m precedes just out of neb." On the next sweep he logged "pB; L; very gradually brighter middle; has 5 st 8m in field surrounding it [the stars are 9th-11th mag]."
Lewis Swift found the galaxy again on 17 Sep 1897 at age 77
near the end of his observing career and assumed it was new. His description of Sw. 11-209 reads
"eeF; pL; R; 3 B st form a triangle; nf of 2 [with IC 5135 = NGC
7130]." Herbert Howe
reexamined the field in 1899 and realized Swift's #209 was identical to NGC
7135, so Dreyer didn't assign an IC desigation. But
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21 49 43.3 -11 47 35; Cap
= **, Corwin.
Frank Muller discovered NGC 7136 = LM 2-463 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. He noted "mag 16.0; vS; R; neb?; *9.5m PA 95°, separation 2'." There is nothing near his rough position (nearest min of RA) except stars. Herbert Howe searched for this object with the 20" at Denver and reported "this is a stellar object of mag 13, which Muller suspected to be a nebula. At times it looked slightly nebulous, and at other times distinctly stellar. Nothing is visible in the place give in the NGC." Howe's position is less than 1 min of RA east of Muller's and corresponds with a faint pair of stars (about 10" separation). A mag 11-12 star is 2' east, clinching this identification.
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21 48 13.0 +22 09 38; Peg
V = 12.4; Size 1.6'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 36°
17.5" (9/2/89): moderately bright, moderately large, oval SSW-NNE. Mottled appearance with an irregular surface brightness and an impression of knots involved.
13.1" (8/5/83): fairly faint, moderately large, round. Fairly low surface brightness.
8" (8/5/83): very faint, small, round, diffuse.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7137 = H. II-261 = h2132 on
17 Nov 1784 (sweep 319) and logged "F, irregularly round, less than 1'
dia." John Herschel made two
observations, noting on 17 Aug 1828 (sweep 166), "F; R; very gradually little
brighter middle; 30"; r."
His mean position matches
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21 49 01.1 +12 30 51; Peg
V = 14.1; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 177°
17.5" (7/16/88): very faint, very small, elongated NNW-SSE. A mag 13.5 star is at the NW end 27" from the center.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7138 = m 455 on 3 Aug 1864 and noted "vF, vS, stell." His position is 1' too far south.
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21 46 08.6 +63 47 29; Cep
V = 13.4; Size 86"x70"
24" (8/31/16): excellent contrast gain using a NPB filter at 200x. With this combination NGC 7139 is fairly bright, round, crisp-edged, 1.2' diameter. The rim is slightly brighter, particularly on the east and west sides and slightly weaker on part of the north and south rim, giving a subtle annularity. The interior is unevenly lit, and a bit darker on the north-northeast side. A mag 13.5 star is off the southeast end [0.9' from center] and a mag 15.5 star is right at the northeast edge of the rim.
18" (8/17/04): easily picked up at 115x unfiltered. At 225x appears moderately bright and large, slightly elongated ~N-S, ~1.2'x1.0'. A mag 13.5 star is just off the SE end. The rim appears to be slightly brighter, particularly along the SE side towards the mag 13.5 star.
17.5" (10/13/01): easily picked up sweeping at 100x without a filter. Appears moderately bright, round, 1.2' diameter, crisp-edged. A mag 13.5 star is off the SE edge. Excellent view at 280x without filter. The surface brightness appears irregular with a slightly brighter rim, particularly along the eastern half of the rim. An extremely faint star is intermittently visible right at the NE edge. A nice, elongated group of 6-8 stars follows the planetary in the same high power field. Central star not seen at 280x.
17.5" (8/8/91): moderately bright, fairly large, slightly elongated, 1.2' diameter. A mag 13.5 star is just off the SE edge 40" from the center. A slightly darker center is visible with an OIII filter at 140x but the annularity was subtle. No central star visible.
8" (8/28/81): extremely faint, moderately large, round,
difficult, a faint star is near the south edge. Located about 4' NW of a faint curving arc of stars and 23'
E of mag 7
William Herschel discovered NGC 7139 = H. III-696 on 5 Nov 1787 (sweep 775). He recorded "very faint, irregularly round, may be a patch of stars but I have not been out long enough, about 1' diam." Four nights later (sweep 776) he reported "very faint, small, round, little brighter middle, resolvable." On 15 Oct 1794 (sweep 1062), he noted "F, irregular figure, easily resolvable." John Herschel didn't record an observation. Bigourdan measured an accurate position on 24 July 1884.
Heber Curtis first found the spectrum to be of a planetary with a slitless spectrograph at Lick. Based on a Crossley photograph. Heber Curtis reported (1918) "the oval is 86"x67" in p.a. 20° +/-. Considerably fainter along the major axis; at the east and west edges slightly brighter streaks appear, indicating a ring or shell formation."
The declination is 8.5' too far south in the RNGC, Sky
Catalogue 2000, Strausberg-ESO Catalogue,
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21 52 15.3 -55 34 11; Ind
See observing notes for
John Herschel discovered NGC 7140 = h3892 on 4 Oct 1834 and recorded "pF; R; gradually brighter in the middle; 35"." There is nothing at his position, but exactly one degree north is NGC 7141 = h3893, which he found again the following night! Herschel suspected he made an error and noted "It is not improbably that this and the nebula immediately preceding sweep 499 are identical, one or other being mistaken 1° in PD. Still, as both observations are clearly written in MS, and, as the difference in PD even then is rather considerable (1' 28"), I have thought it necessary to enter them separately." Despite his uncertainly, NGC 7140 = NGC 7141.
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NGC 7141 = NGC 7140 = ESO 189-007 = PGC 67532
21 52 15.4 -55 34 11; Ind
V = 11.5; Size 4.2'x3.0'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 18°
30" (10/9/15 - OzSky): at 394x; very bright, fairly
large, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, 2.5'x1.0', contains a very bright elongated
core. The halo has an irregular
surface brightness suggesting parts of spiral arms. A mag 15 star
is just off the west edge, 40" from center. Located 13' NNE of mag 7.0
Forms a pair with
John Herschel found NGC 7141 = h3893 on 5 Oct 1834 and
recorded "F; L; R; first g, then pretty suddenly little brighter
middle." His position matches
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21 45 09 +65 46 30 ; Cep
V = 9.3; Size 4'
13.1" (7/20/85): fairly rich but somewhat scattered in parts, large. Includes three brighter mag 10 stars but otherwise fairly uniform and rich in mag 12.5-13.5 stars.
8": large, spread out. There is a string of stars on the east and SE edge.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7142 = H. VII-66 = h2134 on 18 Oct 1794 (sweep 1063). He recorded "a cluster of considerable compressed very small stars, intermixed with some pretty large ones. irregular figure, 8 or 9' diameter. Some of the large ones from an irregular kind of circle." On 16 Sept 1798 (sweep 1079) he logged "a cluster; considerably rich, chiefly small stars, about 12' diameter." John Herschel made a single observation and recorded "the chief star in the south following part of a large, pretty rich, loose cluster of st 12...14m; diam 10'; has more than one star 10-11m in it." His position is on the double star HJ 1696 at the east side of the cluster.
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21 48 53.9 +29 57 24; Cyg
18" (10/25/03): this is a faint, very close pair of mag 15 stars that was just resolved at 257x. At first glance at 215x, this pair appeared nebulous. Also, an easier distinctive pair of mag 14 stars is just 2' E. Located 28' SW of mag 5.1 14 Pegasi.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7143 = h2133 on 15 Sep 1828 and recorded a "strongly suspected neb, or a vF double star with nebulosity. Has a *11 np." Four negative observations were made in the 1850's using Lord Rosse's 72". At Herschel's position is a small clump of stars and 1.5' NW is a brighter mag 11 star matching his description. The RNGC calls this a double star with no nebulosity. See Corwin's identification notes.
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21 52 42.4 -48 15 14; Gru
V = 10.8; Size 3.7'x3.6'; Surf Br = 13.6
11" (8/8/04 - Haleakala Crater): moderately bright and
large, round, 1.5' diameter, increases to a very small brighter nucleus. This galaxy has a high surface
brightness. A mag 11 star lies 3'
NNE. In the same 38' field at 127x
as
Brightest in a small group along with
John Herschel discovered NGC 7144 = h3894 on 30 Sep 1834 and recorded "vB; pL; R; suddenly much brighter middle to nucleus; 45"." His position (measured on two sweeps) is accurate.
Pietro Baracchi observed this galaxy on 2 Nov 1885 with the Great Melbourne Telescope and wrote, "B, small, round, suddenly very much brighter middle to an almost star like nucleus - fades away outwards, the diameter being about 60". Very faint in every part except the nucleus, which alone justify the object to be called bright."
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NGC 7145 = ESO 237-013 = LGG 448-002 = PGC 67583
21 53 20.2 -47 52 57; Gru
V = 11.2; Size 2.5'x2.4'; Surf Br = 13.1
11" (8/8/04 - Haleakala Crater): moderately bright and
large, round, 1.2' diameter, small bright core. Bracketed by mag 13 stars just 0.8' SE and 1.3' NW of
center. A mag 11 star lies 2.4'
SSE. Forms a wide pair (same
field) with NGC 7144 23' SSW.
Located 17' ESE mag 8.5
John Herschel discovered NGC 7145 = h3895 on 2 Oct 1834 and recorded "B; R; pretty gradually brighter middle; 20" within a triangle of 3 st 13m." His single position is accurate. Observing with the 48" Melbourne Telescope on 6 Sep 1877, Joseph Turner noted it was brighter in the middle to a stellar nucleus.
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21 51 47.4 +03 01 01; Peg
V = 14.3; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 80°
17.5" (8/1/86): very faint, small, elongated ~E-W. A brighter star is at the east
end. Forms a pair with
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7146 = m 456, along with NGC 7147, on 11 Aug 1863 and noted "F, R." His position is 1' too far north.
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NGC 7147 = MCG +00-55-025 = CGCG 376-045 = PGC 67518
21 51 58.4 +03 04 18; Peg
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 5°
17.5" (8/1/86): faint, small, slightly elongated, weak concentration. Forms a pair with NGC 7146 4.3' SW. Located 14' S of NGC 7149.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7147 = m 457, along with NGC 7146, on 11 Aug 1863 and simply noted "vF". His position is accurate. Heinrich d'Arrest independently discovered this galaxy on 15 Sep 1865. He noted it as slightly elongated and that a mag 10 or 11 star preceded by 10.7 seconds of RA (and a little south).
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21 52 08.5 +03 20 29; Peg
= **, Corwin. Incorrect identification in the RNGC.
Heinrich d'Arrest discovered NGC 7148, along with
The RNGC and PGC misidentify
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NGC 7149 = UGC 11835 = MCG +00-55-026 = CGCG 376-047 = PGC 67524
21 52 11.7 +03 18 04; Peg
V = 13.2; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 25°
24" (9/22/17): at 375x; fairly faint, moderately large, sharply concentrated with a bright oval core that increases to a very small brighter nucleus. The core is slightly elongated along the major axis. The outer halo is ~0.8'x0.6' and has a very low surface brightness. A mag 12.3 star is 1.4' SSW.
IC 1407 (misidentified as NGC 7148 in RNGC and PGC) lies 14'
NNE. It appeared fairly faint,
small, round, 24" diameter, very faint stellar nucleus. This is a double system (
17.5" (8/1/86): faint, small, round, weak concentration. On a line close south are two stars; a mag 14 star 0.8' SSW and a mag 12 star 1.4' SSW of center. Brightest of three with NGC 7146 and NGC 7147 15' SSW.
Heinrich d'Arrest discovered NGC 7149, along with NGC 7148 (just a double star) on 15 Sep 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen. His position (3 measurements) is accurate.
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21 50 23.5 +49 45 20; Cyg
Size 0.7'
18" (9/26/11): this asterism was picked up at 175x as a
small knot of 4 faint stars, ~45" diameter. The stars are arranged in a slightly curving north-south
string, bowed out to the east with mags of 13.5-14.3. At 285x, a 5th star ~50" E of the string was
noticed. Collinear with two mag
10.5/11 stars situated 3' ENE.
Located 14' ENE of mag 7.0
George Bond discovered NGC 7150 = HN 1 on 10 Feb 1848 with the 15" refractor at Harvard. This was first deep sky object to be discovered in the United States! Less than 1' north of his position is a small clump of 4 stars that Harold Corwin identifies as Bond's object.
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NGC 7151 = ESO 237-015 = LGG 448-004 = PGC 67634
21 55 04 -50 39 24; Ind
V = 12.8; Size 3.0'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 75°
30" (10/9/15 - OzSky): at 394x; moderately bright and large, elongated 5:2 ~WSW-ENE, 2.0'x0.8' . There are no well defined brightness zones but the appearance is unusual; very mottled and knotty with an odd shape. It is brighter on the west side and wider, seeming to taper on the northeast end. A stellar knot [apparently an HII region, though perhaps a compact companion] is on the southeast side of the galaxy. In addition, a couple of stars are superimposed; a mag 14.5 star is at the northwest edge and a mag 16 star is place symmetrically on the south side [28" SW of center].
John Herschel discovered NGC 7151 = h3896 on 8 Jul 1834 and recorded "eF; mE; very gradually brighter middle; rather wedge-formed; ? if not binuclear." His position (measured on 3 sweeps) is fairly accurate.
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21 53 59.0 -29 17 21; PsA
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 17°
17.5" (8/27/92): very faint, small, elongated 3:2
N-S. A mag 14 star is at the SW
end 34" from center and a mag 14.5 star is just off the SE end. A pair of mag 12-13 stars lie 3.5'
N.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7152 = h3897 on 18 Aug 1835 and recorded "eeF; vS; 10"; barely perceptible; sky perfectly clear." His position is accurate, though Dreyer notes in the NGC description that "Lassell not found." Herbert Howe, observing with the 20" refractor in Denver in 1898-99, wrote (in his compilation of NGC/IC observations) "According to the NGC, Lassell did not succeed in finding this. It is a small, exceedingly faint and diffuse stain on the sky."
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NGC 7153 = ESO 466-016 = MCG -05-51-022 = PGC 67624
21 54 35.4 -29 03 49; PsA
V = 13.4; Size 1.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 68°
17.5" (7/28/92): faint, fairly small, very elongated
3:1 WSW-ENE, brighter core.
Located 10' NNW of mag 9.2
John Herschel discovered NGC 7153 = h3898 on 28 Sep 1834 and recorded "eF; S; E; or has an eF * near." His position is 1.8' too far north.
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21 55 21.0 -34 48 51; PsA
V = 12.4; Size 2.1'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 102°
24" (9/25/19): at 375x; moderately bright, fairly large, slightly elongated, ~1.5' diameter, weak concentration, fairly low - though irregular - surface brightness. A very faint mag 15-15.5 star is superimposed on the south side. A mag 14.8 star is 1.6' NW of center.
First in a large group (LGG 450) that includes
13.1" (8/5/83): very faint, elongated 3:2, low even surface brightness, diffuse, requires averted.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7154 = h3900 on 23 Sep 1834 and recorded "B; pL; gradually little brighter middle; more nebulae hereabouts." The next sweep he logged "B; pL; irreg R; gradually little brighter middle; r; 60"."
Based on photographs taken at the Helwan observatory in 1919-20, it was described as "pF, 1' x 1/2', irr shape. Appears to be two small spirals very close together."
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NGC 7155 = IC 5143 = ESO 237-016 = LGG 448-003 = PGC 67663
21 56 09.7 -49 31 19; Ind
V = 12.2; Size 2.2'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 4°
30" (10/9/15 - OzSky): at 394x; bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 N-S, ~1.6'x1.1'. Sharply concentrated with an intensely bright, roundish core and fainter extensions (bar) oriented E-W. The core/bar is encased in a much larger, low surface brightness halo. Located 14' NW of mag 7.7 HD 208360. The galaxy is collinear with two mag 11-11.5 stars 4' and 6.4' SE.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7155 = h3899 on 30 Sep 1834 and
recorded "pB; S; lE; pretty suddenly much brighter middle;
20"." His position
(measured also the next sweep) is accurate. Lewis Swift found this galaxy again on 17 Sep 1897 and logged
"eeF; pS; R; in line with 2 9m st[ars]." His position was 28' too far north, but Harold Corwin
comments that Swift's description of the two bright stars clinches this
identification. So,
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21 54 33.6 +02 56 35; Peg
V = 12.5; Size 1.6'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 105°
17.5" (8/3/89): fairly faint, fairly small, round, weak concentration, irregular surface brightness, appears mottled.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7156 = H. III-452 = h2135 on
8 Oct 1785 (sweep 461) and recorded "vF, pL, R, r." Caroline's reduced position is 2'
northwest of
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21 56 56.7 -25 21 02; PsA
V = 14.1; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 5°
17.5" (8/3/94): very faint, fairly small, round, 0.7'
diameter, low even surface brightness.
A mag 14.5 star is 1.9' N of center. Located 2.7' ENE of mag 9.3
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 7157 = LM 1-244 in 1886
and recorded "mag 14.0; vS; R; suddenly brighter in the middle to a
nucleus; B double star precedes 8 sec; env 16.0." His position is 0.7 minute of RA west
and 1.5' south of
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21 57 28.1 -11 35 33; Cap
18" (8/31/11): At 220x this triple star appears as a soft or nebulous "star" that won't focus sharply. There is a strong impression, though, of a slightly fainter companion attached on the west side. I could easily see how the merged image of this triple could be taken as a possible nebula (described as a "vF neb[ulous] star"). At 285x it appears to be a double star, though the separation is quite small and the stars were not cleanly resolved in only fair seeing.
Frank Muller discovered NGC 7158 = LM 2-464 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. Muller described a "neb*[estimated at mag 14]; *9.5 P 40° Δ2.8'." In 1898-99 Howe reported "this nebulous star is of mag 13. It may be double at 270° (west)." Howe's object is a close double star (fainter component to the west) about 30 seconds of RA east of Muller's rough position (nearest min of RA). Bigourdan also measured this same multiple star on 10 Sep 1888.
Harold Corwin also identifies NGC 7158 as this object
(calling it a triple star). A mag
10 star is 2.9' in PA 40°, clinching this identification. The RNGC misidentifies
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21 56 25.6 +13 33 45; Peg
V = 14.3; Size 0.65'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 168°
17.5" (9/19/87): very faint, very small, slightly elongated ~N-S. A mag 14.5 star at the south end interferes with viewing.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 7159 = Sw. 6-94 on 14 Nov 1886
and recorded "eeF; eS; R; pF * with vF distant companion 5' s." His position is 9 seconds of RA east of
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21 53 40 +62 36 12; Cep
V = 6.1; Size 7'
18" (8/17/04): at 160x, ~40 stars are visible in a
8'x6' group, extended SW-NE. Two
mag 7 and 8 stars (
17.5" (10/5/91): about three dozen stars in a 7' diameter. Very bright, elongated SW-NE although scattered outliers make the cluster rounder. Includes several fairly bright stars with two stars mag 7.0/7.9 at 1.0' separation NE of center which are surrounded by a semicircle of nine stars. Includes several double stars with a mag 10 star that has a very faint companion on its west side. Not rich but distinctive. Mag 6.8 SAO 19698 is 11' NW at the edge of the field.
8" (10/31/81): about two dozen stars in a bright cluster, not dense. Includes two mag 8 stars.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7160 = H. VIII-67 = h2136 on 9 Nov 1787 (sweep 776) and recorded "a coarsely scattered cluster of stars of several sizes, 6 or 7' diam, a forming one." His position is accurate. Both William and John only made a single observation.
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21 56 57.2 +02 55 39; Peg
18" (10/25/03): this is a close pair of faint mag 15
stars at 9" separation, situated nearly at the midpoint of two mag 13
stars ~2' N and 2' S. Resolved at
250x, but the faint pair appears nebulous at lower powers. Located 10' N of a distinctive
equilateral triangle of stars highlighted by mag 8.9
Heinrich d'Arrest discovered NGC 7161 on 13 Sep 1862 with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen. He made two observations on consecutive nights and mentioned a mag 11-12 stars precedes by 11 seconds of time. On the 14th, he described this object as a small group of stars (19th mag), between two (16th mag) stars. About 2' south of his position is a pair of mag 15 stars and 1' further south is a fainter and closer pair with a third extremely close pair to its south. Karl Reinmuth reported this as a "double star 15 dist 0.2', 0 deg; bet 2 st ssp/nnf." [the northernmost pair]. RNGC follows Reinmuth and Carlson and calls it a double star, though Corwin mentions the other closer pairs might have also been glimpsed.
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21 59 39.1 -43 18 22; Gru
V = 12.7; Size 2.8'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 10°
30" (10/14/15 - OzSky): at 303x; fairly bright to
bright, very large, very elongated 3:1 ~N-S, ~2.5'x0.9', broad concentration
with an elongated, brighter core.
A mag 16.2 star is at the west edge. Second brightest in a trio (similar redshifts) with
18" (10/16/09): very faint, fairly large, appears as a very hazy ill-defined glow, ~1.2'x0.8' N-S. This galaxy was surprisingly difficult for a V = 12.7 galaxy, though the low elevation affected the view. Forms a pair with brighter NGC 7166 11' SE.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7162 = h3901, along with NGC 7166, on 5 Sep 1834 and recorded "F; L; mE; very gradually brighter middle; (fog)." His position is accurate.
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21 59 20.3 -31 52 55; PsA
V = 13.4; Size 1.9'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 101°
18" (10/21/06): faint, fairly small, slightly
elongated, 40"x30, low even surface brightness. Located 34' W of
17.5" (7/28/92): very faint, fairly small, irregularly round, low surface brightness, diffuse with ill-defined edges, weakly concentrated but no core, requires averted to see well. Located 7.5' W of a mag 9.5 star. The NGC 7172-7176 group (HCG 90) lies 35'-40' E.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7163 = h3902 on 27 Sep 1834 and logged "pF; lE; gradually little brighter middle; 40"."
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21 56 23.6 +01 21 50; Aqr
V = 14.2; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 55°
17.5" (8/3/89): very faint, very small, round, low
surface brightness. Five stars mag
11-15 in a string to the NE are almost collinear with NGC 7164. Located 12' from core of the rich
cluster
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 7164 = LM 2-465 in 1886
and recorded "mag 15.7, R, 4 vF stars from 1' to 4' n." There is nothing at his rough position
(nearest min of RA), but 2.2 minutes of time west and 3.5' south is CGCG
377-006 = PGC 67673. Despite the
poor positional match, there is a string of stars extending north. This is the northernmost galaxy
discovered at the Leander McCormick Observatory. See Corwin's identification notes for
******************************
21 59 26.1 -16 30 44; Aqr
V = 13.2; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 67°
17.5" (9/15/90): fairly faint, small, round, even concentration, small bright core. Located equidistant from a mag 13 star 2.1' WNW and a mag 12.5 star 2.0' SE.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7165 = H. III-930 = h2137 on 6 Sep 1793 (sweep 1050) and noted "suspected, eF. 300 confirmed it." John Herschel noted on 5 Aug 1826 (sweep 37), "suspected, but the state of the air is most unfavourable." His position, though, is a good match. Herbert Howe, observing in 1898-99, commented "this nebula contains a condensation [nucleus] of mag 13."
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NGC 7166 = ESO 288-027 = MCG -07-45-004 = AM 2157-433 = LGG 449-003 = PGC 67817
22 00 32.9 -43 23 23; Gru
V = 11.9; Size 2.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 14°
30" (10/14/15 - OzSky): at 303x; bright, moderately large, very elongated 7:2 SSW-NNE, 1.5'x0.4', sharply concentrated with a very small intense core and quasi-stellar nucleus. CPO 628, a nice mag 11.9/13.3 double at ~5" separation lies 4.8' due east and another mag 11.5 star is 2.5' NE. Brightest in a small group with NGC 7162 11' NW and NGC 7162A 15' N. NGC 7162A, a Magellanic spiral, appeared very diffuse, large glow, circular,~2' diameter, no distinct core or zones.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7166 = h3903, along with NGC 7162, on 5 Sep 1834 and recorded "pB; S; R; pretty suddenly much brighter middle; 15"." His position is just off the east side of the galaxy.
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22 00 30.9 -24 38 00; Aqr
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 145°
17.5" (10/13/90): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 3:2 WNW-ESE, weak concentration. A mag 10.5 star is off the east end 1.3' from center.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7167 = h3905 on 29 Jul 1834 and recorded "F; R; very gradually little brighter middle; 45"; has a * 10m, 90" dist from centre, following in parallel." His position and description is a perfect match.
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22 02 07.4 -51 44 35; Ind
V = 11.9; Size 2.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 68°
18" (7/6/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at
228x, moderately bright, fairly small, round, 1' diameter, sharply concentrated
with a very small bright core. A
mag 14.5 star is close southeast, just 43" from the center. Located 27' S of brighter
John Herschel discovered NGC 7168 = h3904 on 8 Jul 1834 and recorded "pF; S; R: pretty suddenly little brighter middle; 15"." On two later sweeps he called this galaxy "pB". JH missed IC 5152.
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22 02 48.6 -47 41 52; Gru
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 78°
30" (10/9/15 - OzSky): at 394x; fairly faint to
moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 5:3 WSW-ENE, 0.55'x035', sharply
concentrated with a very bright, small core and much fainter halo. A mag 13 star is 1.4' NE and a mag 15.5
star is just off the northeast end, 0.5' from center. Situated 3.2' ESE of mag 8.8
John Herschel discovered NGC 7169 = h3906 on 30 Sep 1834 and recorded "eF; S; R; difficult to distinguish from a * 15m; has a * 8m, distance 4' np, nearly in parallel, and another 11m, 60" nf." His position is 45 seconds of RA too far west, but the detailed description clinches this identification. The error in RA is noted in the ESO and SGC.
******************************
22 01 26.3 -05 25 58; Aqr
V = 13.8; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 158°
17.5" (8/8/91): faint, small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, broad concentration. A nice double star is 5' W consisting of a mag 12/13 duo at 9" separation.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 7170 = LM 1-245 in 1886
and recorded "mag 13.0; pS; iR; brighter middle to a nucleus; double star
p 36 seconds." His rough
position (nearest min of RA) is 40 seconds of RA west of
******************************
22 01 02.0 -13 16 11; Aqr
V = 12.2; Size 2.6'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 120°
24" (9/22/17): at 200x and 375x; moderately or fairly bright, fairly large, elongated ~5:3 NW-SE, ~1.6'x0.9', irregular halo and surface brightness, broadly concentrated, occasionally seemed to have brighter elongated sections (arcs of spiral arms?) and darker regions (probably dust). A mag 14.7 star is at the southeast end.
13.1" (9/3/83): faint, very diffuse, moderately large, weakly concentrated but no nucleus, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE. Appears fainter than the V magnitude suggests.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7171 = H. III-692 = h2138 on 12 Aug 1787 (his only discovery on sweep 750). His description reads, "extremely faint, elongated from north preceding to south following, about 2' long and 1' broad." Wolfgang Steinicke notes that Neptune was discovered on 23 Sep 1846 just 36' NE of this galaxy. John Herschel made three observations and recorded on 9 Sep 1825 (sweep 9): "very faint; round; very gradually brighter middle, resolvable; 90" diameter."
******************************
NGC 7172 = HCG 90A = ESO 466-038 = MCG -05-52-007 = LGG 450-006 = PGC 67874
22 02 01.7 -31 52 18; PsA
V = 11.9; Size 2.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 100°
24" (8/23/14): at 375x; moderately bright, fairly
large, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, ~1.5'x0.6', increases in size with averted. Contains a brighter, elongated core
that bulges slightly and the halo has a sharper edge along with south
edge.
18" (10/21/06): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated ~2:1 E-W, ~1.8'x1.0', broad concentration. A mag 10.6 star lies 2.5' SE and two mag 13 stars 1.5' SW and 3' SW are collinear with the galaxy.
18" (9/3/05): moderately bright, fairly large,
elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, 1.4'x0.6', contains a brighter bulging core. A mag 10.5 star lies 2.5' SE. Located ~7' N of the main grouping (NGC
7173,
13.1" (7/27/84): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated, fairly diffuse. Brightest of four in HCG 90. The compact trio consisting of NGC 7173, NGC 7174, NGC 7176 is roughly 7' S.
8" (7/24/82): very faint, fairly small, elongated E-W.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7172 = h3908 on 23 Sep 1834 and logged "pB; R; 40"." His position (measured on 4 sweeps) is accurate. The dark rift was first noted by Knox-Shaw in 1912, based on a photograph taken in 1909-11 with the 30" Reynolds reflector at the Helwan Observatory.
******************************
NGC 7173 = HCG 90C = ESO 466-039 = MCG -05-52-008 = UGCA 422 = VV 698 = LGG 450-007 = KTS 66A = PGC 67878
22 02 03.4 -31 58 27; PsA
V = 12.0; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 143°
24" (8/23/14): bright, moderately large, round, 45" diameter. Contains a relatively large, very bright core that gradually increases to the center. NGC 7174/7176 (contact pair) is less than 1.5' southeast. NGC 7172 lies 6' north. The quartet forms HCG 90 and the close triplet is KTS 66.
18" (10/21/06): fairly bright, fairly small, round, well concentrated with a very bright 30" core that increases to the center. The core is surrounded by a much fainter halo perhaps 45" diameter. In a trio with the contact pair NGC 7174/7176 1.4' SE.
18" (9/3/05): moderately bright, fairly small, round, evenly concentrated to a brighter core and quasi-stellar nucleus. Located 1.5' NW of the NGC 7176/7174 pair in HCG 90 and just slightly fainter and smaller than NGC 7174.
13.1" (7/27/84): faint, small, round. Similar in size and brightness to NGC 7176 1.5' SE in a compact trio with NGC 7174 1.3' SE. Member of the HCG 90 = NGC 7173 group = Klemola 34.
8" (7/24/82): faint, small.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7173 = h3909 on 25 Sep 1834 and
recorded "B; vS; R; suddenly brighter in the middle to a star." His position (measured on 4 sweeps) and
sketch (plate IV, fig 11) matches
RNGC reverses the identifications of NGC 7173 and NGC 7174, making NGC 7173 and NGC 7176 the contact pair instead of NGC 7174 and NGC 7176, as described by Herschel. Sherburne Burnham measured accurate positions (Publications of Lick Observatory, II) and the galaxies were correctly identified. The identifications are also sorted out in my RNGC Corrections #1.
******************************
NGC 7174 = HCG 90D = ESO 466-040 = MCG -05-52-010 = VV 698 = LGG 450-004 = KTS 66B = PGC 67881
22 02 06.8 -31 59 37; PsA
V = 13.3; Size 2.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 88°
24" (8/23/14): at 375x, NGC 7174 was elongated perhaps 3:1 E-W, 0.9'x0.3'. The surface brightness is irregular with no core region. The galaxy appears to taper and brighten at the west end with a bend or short kink angling northwest. The east end merges into the halo of NGC 7176 on the its southwest end!
18" (10/21/06): this is the western component of an interacting system with NGC 7176 attached to the east side. At 225x appears fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 E-W, 1.0'x0.4, very weak concentration, no noticeable core.
18" (9/3/05): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 E-W, 0.9'x0.3'. This member of the HCG 90 quartet is attached at the west edge of NGC 7176 and extends due west. The identifications of NGC 7173 and NGC 7174 are reversed in the RNGC.
13.1" (7/27/84): fairly faint, small. Virtually in contact with NGC 7176 on the NE edge 26" separation. In a compact trio with NGC 7173 1.3' NW in the NGC 7172 group. The identifications of NGC 7173 and NGC 7174 are reversed in the RNGC.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7174 = h3910 on 28 Sep 1834 and
recorded "in sweep 493 this was taken for a vF star, but I now perceive it
plainly to a small faint round nebula." His position and sketch matches
The RNGC reverses the identifications of NGC 7173 and 7174, making NGC 7173 and 7176 the contact pair. This misidentification is listed in my RNGC Corrections #1.
******************************
21 58 51.5 +54 49 01; Cyg
24" (10/17/20): at 200x (30' field): very scattered
field of ~80 stars in a 15' region.
Many of the stars seemed for form curving chains; one 3' chain on the
south side passes through mag 9.6
About 20' to the south is a brighter and more distinctive
group of stars cataloged in SIMBAD as cluster [KPR2005] 116. The main part that stands out is an
elongated 13'x3' group of brighter stars oriented SW-NE. At the SW end is mag 8.9
17.5" (10/25/97): at 100x there is no noticeable clustering at the John Herschel's position centered on a mag 9 star at 21 58 51.5 +54 49 01. Visually, this appears to be a rich Milky Way field over unresolved haze.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7175 = h2141 on 25 Sep 1829 and
recorded "The chief * 9m of a vL, loose clustering group which fills two
fields and is pretty rich of large stars." His position corresponds with mag 9.1
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NGC 7176 = HCG 90B = ESO 466-041 = MCG -05-52-011 = UGCA 423 = VV 698 = LGG 450-008 = KTS 66C = PGC 67883
22 02 08.4 -31 59 30; PsA
V = 11.4; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 11.0
24" (8/23/14): at 375x appeared very bright, moderately
large, round, 1.0' diameter, intense core that increases to the center, which
contains a bright, stellar nucleus. NGC 7174, with an elongated, irregular shape,
is merged with NGC 7176 on the southwest side, and the combination forms a
striking triple with NGC 7173 1.5' northwest.
18" (10/21/06): slightly brighter than NGC 7173. Appears bright, moderately large, round, 1.1' diameter. Sharply concentrated with a very bright 30" core that increases to a stellar nucleus. Forms an interacting double system (merged) with NGC 7174 (elliptical/spiral pair) attached to the SW side.
18" (9/3/05): fairly bright, moderately large, 1' diameter, well concentrated with a bright, very small nucleus. This is the most obvious (along with NGC 7172) in a quartet comprising HCG 90. NGC 7174 is attached at the west edge.
13.1" (7/27/84): faint, small, round, similar to NGC 7173 1.5' NW. Forms a contact pair with NGC 7174 at the SW edge in the NGC 7172 group = HCG 90.
8" (7/24/82): faint, small. Component of an unresolved pair with NGC 7174.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7176 = h3911 on 23 Sep 1834
(sweep 492) and recorded "B; R; pretty gradually brighter middle;
40"." Two nights later (sweep 493) he logged "vB; pL; suddenly
brighter in the middle to a star; has a very faint star south
preceding." His position
(measured on 6 sweeps and sketched on plate IV, fig 11) matches
******************************
22 00 41.2 +17 44 17; Peg
V = 11.2; Size 3.1'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 90°
17.5" (8/5/91): very bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 E-W, 2'x1'. Unusual appearance as the very bright core is elongated at nearly a 45° angle (SW-NE) to the major axis and contains a stellar nucleus. There is a hint of an irregular surface brightness in the outer halo.
13.1": moderately bright, brighter core, elongated WSW-ENE.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7177 = H. II-247 = h2139 on 15 Oct 1784 (sweep 290) and recorded "pB, nearly R, bM, r, about 1' dia." On 11 Oct 1825 (sweep 12), John Herschel reported "pB; R; gradually brighter in the middle; 60"-90" diameter." R.J. Mitchell, Lord Rosse's assistant, sketched the galaxy on 31 Aug 1854 (Plate XXX, Fig. 38 in the 1861 publication). A total of 19 observations were made at Birr Castle.
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22 02 25.2 -35 47 26; PsA
V = 14.0; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 172°
17.5" (9/23/95): extremely faint, small, round,
30" diameter. Appears as a
difficult low surface brightness patch with no concentration. Located 2.6' N of mag 8.1 SAO
213493. NGC 7178 was much more
difficult to view than
John Herschel discovered NGC 7178 = h3912 on 31 Aug 1834 and recorded "eF; S; R; 2' n of a *8m; a double star 10/10 m follows nearly on the parallel of the nebula, and pointing directly to it. A sure observation; but except in the finest nights this neb will not be seen."
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22 04 49.5 -64 02 49; Ind
V = 12.8; Size 2.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 48°
18" (7/6/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): first
in a group of 5 galaxies with brightest member
John Herschel discovered NGC 7179 = h3907 on 22 Jun 1835 and recorded "F; R or lE; very gradually brighter middle; 40"." His mean position (2 sweeps) is very accurate.
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22 02 18.4 -20 32 53; Aqr
V = 12.6; Size 1.6'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 68°
18" (10/21/06): fairly faint, small, elongated 4:3
WSW-ENE, 40"x30", very small bright core, occasional stellar nucleus.
Located 16' NNW of
18" (8/2/05): moderately bright, fairly small, very elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE, 1.0'x0.35'. Well concentrated with a relatively large bright core and much fainter extensions. Member of the NGC 7184 group of 4 NGC galaxies.
17.5" (10/12/85): fairly faint, very small, small bulging bright core, surrounded by oval halo. Located 16' NNW of NGC 7184 in a group. NGC 7185 lies 10' NE.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7180 = h2140 on 23 Sep 1830 and recorded "vF; S; R; little brighter middle; the first of 2 [with NGC 7185]." His position is just 1' too far west. Due to a mix-up, William was credited (H. III-693) with the discovery in the Slough Catalogue, General Catalogue and NGC, but H. III-693 applies to NGC 7185. See notes on that number.
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22 01 43.5 -01 57 38; Aqr
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 95°
17.5" (8/31/86): fairly faint, small, slightly
elongated, small bright core. A
mag 14.5 star is just 0.6' SE of center.
Forms a pair with
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7181 = m 458 on 31 Jul 1864 and noted "eF, vS, stellar." His position is just off the east side of the galaxy.
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NGC 7182 = MCG +00-56-006 = CGCG 377-015 = PGC 67864
22 01 51.6 -02 11 48; Aqr
V = 14.3; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 110°
17.5" (8/31/86): faint, very small, round, easy with averted, small bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 7181 14' N. Located 21' W of Omicron Aquarii (V = 4.7).
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7182 = m 459 on 31 Jul 1864 and noted "eF, vS, stellar." Édouard Stephan probably made an observation on 19 Sep 1876, though his position was poor.
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22 02 21.6 -18 54 59; Aqr
V = 11.9; Size 3.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 77°
17.5" (10/13/90): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE, gradually increases to a small bright core. Located at the center of four stars mag 11-13; the closest of the four is a mag 12 star 1.9' NW.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7183 = H. II-595 = h2142 on 23 Sep 1786 (sweep 601) and recorded "faint, considerably large, irregularly elongated." This was first discovery after starting to experiment with the front-view mode (no secondary) again with the 18.7". He observed II-595 again of 13 Nov 1786 (sweep 634) and noted "eF, S, lE nearly in the parallel, little brighter in the middle."
On 21 Sep 1830 (sweep 297), John Herschel logged "vF; pL; R; pglbM; 50" diameter."
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NGC 7184 = ESO 601-009 = MCG -04-52-009 = UGCA 425 = PGC 67904
22 02 39.8 -20 48 46; Aqr
V = 10.8; Size 6.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 61°
18" (10/21/06): bright, large, very elongated 4:1 WSW-ENE, 4.5'x1.1'. The halo extends to a mag 11.5 star at the tip of the ENE arm. The core is fairly sharply concentrated, round, ~20" in diameter with a stellar nucleus. The extensions have a grainy appearance. Two wide pairs of mag 12 stars (~1' separation) lie 2' W and 7' NW. Brightest and largest in a group of three NGC galaxies (NGC 7180, NGC 7185, NGC 7188).
18" (8/2/05): fairly bright, large, nearly edge-on 4:1 SW-NE, ~4'x1'. Well concentrated with a brighter 30" roundish core. The extensions fade at the tips and increase in size with averted vision. A mag 11.5 star is off the NE extension in the same direction as the major axis and a wide pair of stars is near the southwest end. Brightest in a group with NGC 7180, NGC 7185 and NGC 7188.
17.5" (10/12/85): bright, large, very elongated WSW-ENE with long faint extensions 5'-6' length, small bright core. A mag 12 star is off the NE edge. In a group with NGC 7180, NGC 7185 and NGC 7188.
8" (8/28/81): faint, fairly large, edge-on, narrow.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7184 = H. II-1 = h2143 on 28 Oct 1783, in a trial (horizontal) sweep. He recorded it as internal discovery #1 and made a sketch that is shown in Wolfgang Steinicke's book on Herschel. Another observation was made on sweep 609 (13 Oct 1786, starting again using the front-view): "faint, much extended, easily resolvable, making an angle with two pairs of stars, which are situated in a line from np to sf. The nebula is also followed by a small star, which continues the angle the nebula makes with the two pairs of stars."
John Herschel made the single observation on 23 Sep 1830, "pB; pL; vmE; position = 64.3°; pretty suddenly very little brighter middle; 2' long." Bir Castle assistant George Stone observed NGC 7184 on 7 Sep 1850 and reported seeing 4 knots or faint stars in the nebula.
Photographs taken with the 30-inch reflector at the Helwan observatory in Egypt in 1919-20 revealed "spiral with rather compact but well defined whorls [spiral arms] and a B sharp stellar nucleus surrounded by a rather brighter patch of nebulosity. Ther are signs of absorption in the northwest portion."
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NGC 7185 = ESO 601-010 = MCG -04-52-011 = PGC 67919
22 02 56.7 -20 28 17; Aqr
V = 12.6; Size 2.3'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 15°
18" (10/21/06): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:3 SSW-NNE, 0.5'x0.35', contains a small bright core, perhaps 5" diameter. There is an extremely faint star superimposed on the southwest side [20" SW of center]. Member of the NGC 7184 group with NGC 7180 10' WSW and NGC 7188 12' NE.
18" (8/2/05): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE. Contains a relatively large, bright core and possibly a stellar nucleus. The surface brightness seems irregular, though this may be due to a very faint star that is superimposed.
17.5" (10/12/85): fairly faint, elongated ~N-S, bright core, stellar nucleus, surrounded by faint extensions. Located within the NGC 7184 group. Appears slightly fainter than NGC 7180 10' WSW.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7185 = H. III-693 = h2144 on
11 Sep 1787 (sweep 754) and noted "eF, vS. 360x confirmed it, but may consist of but a few
stars." His position is 33
seconds of RA east and 2' north of
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22 01 05.1 +35 04 41; Peg
= 4*, WH. = 7 faint stars, Reinmuth.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7186 = H. III-165 on 13 Sep 1784 (sweep 269) and recorded "Five or six stars forming a parallelogram and mixed with very faint nebulosity. 240 confirmed it." Although an elongated group of about 8 faint stars matching his description is about 4' southwest of his offsets, there is no involved nebulosity. Herschel used this object as an example of a "small patches consisting of stars mixed with nebulosity" in his 1814 PT paper. Bigourdan's corrected position from 24 Aug 1884 in the IC 2 notes is accurate. Reinmuth describes "7 F st; neb not found" (repeated by Carlson). See Corwin's notes.
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22 02 44.3 -32 48 11; PsA
V = 12.5; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5" (7/22/87): fairly faint, fairly small, round,
bright core, stellar nucleus.
Located 39' S of mag 6.7
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 7187 = LM 1-246 in 1886
and recorded "pF; pS; R; little brighter in the middle." His rough position (nearest min of RA)
is less than 1 min of time east of
******************************
NGC 7188 = ESO 601-011 = MCG -04-52-012 = PGC 67943
22 03 29.0 -20 19 05; Aqr
V = 13.2; Size 1.6'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 44°
18" (10/21/06): faintest of 4 NGC galaxies in the NGC
7184 group. Appears faint, fairly
small, slightly elongated, 45"x35", low even surface brightness. Located 14' WNW of mag 8.2
18" (8/2/05): faintest of four in the NGC 7184 group. At 225x appeared fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 1.0'x0.5'. Fairly low surface brightness with just a weak concentration. A mag 13.5 star is off the NE end 1.7' from center.
17.5" (10/12/85): very faint, small, slightly elongated, weak concentration, very diffuse. Located 10' NNE of NGC 7185 and a member of the NGC 7184 group.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 7188 = LM 1-247 on 9 Oct
1885 and reported "eF; pS; E; little brighter in the middle." His rough position (nearest min of RA)
is 25 seconds west and 1' south of
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22 03 16.0 +00 34 16; Aqr
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 115°
17.5" (8/31/86): fairly faint, small, elongated NW-SE, small bright core, stellar nucleus or faint star superimposed. Located 33' E of 28 Aquarii (V = 5.8).
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7189 = m 460 on 12 Oct 1863 and noted "F, S, lE." His position is accurate.
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22 03 06.7 +11 11 57; Peg
V = 13.8; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 66°
17.5" (9/19/87): faint, small, round, small bright
core. Located in field 10' S of 21
Pegasi (V = 5.8).
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 7190 = St. 2-28 = St. 4-7 on 28 Sep 1869 and recorded a rough, unpublished position 4' too far NNW. Another observation was made on 29 Aug 1872, though apparently he didn't realize it was previously seen. He measured micrometric positions on 23 Jul 1870 (list 2, #28) and on 5 Sep 1872 (list 4, #7). His second position was a bit off, but close enough it's surprising he didn't realize the equivalence. Dreyer assigned two GC Supplelment numbers but queried "are these identical?"
UGC and PGC reverse the identifications of NGC 7190 = UGC
11885 and IC 5160 = UGC 11884 located 17' S. See Harold Corwin's notes on the identification of
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22 06 51.3 -64 38 03; Ind
V = 13.1; Size 1.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 136°
18" (7/6/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at
228x, fairly faint, moderately large, elongated nearly 3:1 NW-SE, 1.4'x0.5',
weak concentration. Located 19'
due south of NGC 7192 and second of 5 in a group.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7191 = h3913, and NGC 7199, on 22 Jun 1835 and recorded "vF; S; lE; very gradually brighter middle; 20"." His single position is just off the south side of the galaxy.
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NGC 7192 = ESO 108-012 = LGG 452-002 = PGC 68057
22 06 50.2 -64 18 57; Ind
V = 11.2; Size 2.0'x1.9'; Surf Br = 12.7
18" (7/6/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly
bright, round, 1.5' diameter, well concentrated with a very small bright
core. A mag 10.5 star lies 5.7'
E. Brightest in a group with 5
members including NGC 7179, NGC 7191, NGC 7199 and
John Herschel discovered NGC 7192 = h3914 on 22 Jun 1835 and recorded "pB; S; R; gradually pretty much brighter middle; 20"." His position (measured on two sweeps) is accurate.
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22 03 03.8 +10 48 06; Peg
Size 8'
18" (8/8/10): I noticed this asterism, while observing IC 5160, located in the same field 7' to the north. The group is a distinctive asterism of about a dozen mag 11-12 stars that is elongated NW to SE and extends 6'x1' or nearly twice this length if you include some scattered stars extending NW. The group stands out well at low power and is a good impostor of a scattered cluster.
17.5" (9/23/95): this asterism consists of almost two dozen scattered stars mostly mag 10 and 11 in an elongated 10'x2' group oriented WNW-ESE. The stars are spread out but well detached in the field and immediately catch the eye at low power. A faint galaxy IC 5160 lies 7' N of the center of the group.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7193 = h2145 on 13 Oct 1825 and recorded "A coarse straggling cl, stars 9...10m." His position falls on a blank piece of sky, but 30 seconds of RA preceding is a distinctive string of mag 10 and fainter stars elongated E-W. Based on Heidelberg plate, Karl Reinmuth reported this object as a "Cl, E, pP, st sc, st 9...15; IC 5160 [galaxy] n." RNGC misclassifies the number as nonexistent, although the group of stars may be an asterism. A 2016 preprint titled "Investigation of Galactic open cluster remnants: the case of NGC 7193", concludes "that NGC 7193 is a 2.5 Gyr OCR [open cluster remnant] composed by 15 confirmed members and 19 probable members and located at about 500 pc away from the Sun."
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22 03 30.9 +12 38 12; Peg
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 20°
17.5" (9/19/87): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly
elongated, weak concentration.
Forms a close pair with
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 7194 = Sw. 2-90, along with NGC 7195, on 9 Nov 1884 and recorded "vF; S; R; little brighter middle; s of 2 [with NGC 7195]." His position is 8 tsec of RA too far east and 1.8' too far north (similar offset as NGC 7195). CGCG fails to label this galaxy NGC 7194.
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NGC 7195 = MCG +02-56-009 = CGCG 428-022 = PGC 67940
22 03 30.3 +12 39 39; Peg
V = 14.6; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5" (9/19/87): very faint, very small, round. Located 1.5' N of NGC 7194.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 7195 = Sw. 2-91, along with NGC 7194, on 9 Nov 1884 and recorded "eeF; R; v diff; n of 2 [with NGC 7194]." His position is 8 tsec of RA too far east and 1.3' too far north (similar offset as NGC 7195).
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22 05 55.1 -50 07 11; Ind
V = 11.5; Size 2.5'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 53°
30" (10/9/15 - OzSky): at 394x; bright, moderately large, very sharply concentrated with the core increasing to a very bright stellar nucleus. The halo extends 4:3 SW-NE, ~1.2'x0.9'. A mag 13.5 star is just off the east edge, 0.6' from center. A curving chain of stars passes just north of the galaxy and continues to the northeast. NGC 7200 lies 14' NE and the pair is part of the same physical group.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7196 = h3915 on 2 Oct 1834 and recorded "pB; R; pretty suddenly little brighter middle; 20"; position of a * 14m from neb = 101.7°." His position (measured on 4 sweeps) is accurate.
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22 02 58.0 +41 03 32; Lac
V = 12.8; Size 1.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 112°
17.5" (8/5/91): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated
2:1 WNW-ESE, very bright core.
Located 4.1' WNW of mag 8.2
William Herschel discovered NGC 7197 = H. II-599 = h2146 on 17 Oct 1786 (sweep 612) and noted "F, pS, E." John Herschel made a single observation, "vF; lE; S; very gradually little brighter middle; 15"."
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22 05 14.2 -00 38 54; Aqr
V = 13.3; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 5°
17.5" (8/31/86): faint, small, slightly elongated, sharp stellar nucleus. A mag 13 star is 0.7' SE of center. Located 21' SSW of Alpha Aquarii (V = 3.0).
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7198 = m 461 on 31 Jul 1864 and noted "eF, vS, stellar." His position is accurate.
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NGC 7199 = ESO 108-014 = PGC 68124
22 08 29.9 -64 42 23; Ind
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 30°
18" (7/6/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x appeared fairly faint, fairly small, irregularly round, 0.8'x0.7', brighter core. A mag 11 star lies 2.7' W. Fourth of five in a group with NGC 7191 11' WNW.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7199 = h3916, and NGC 7191, on 22 Jun 1835 and recorded "vF; vS; R; pretty suddenly little brighter middle; follows a * 11m, 3'." His position (measured on two sweeps) is accurate.
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22 07 09.5 -49 59 44; Ind
V = 12.9; Size 1.6'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 33°
30" (10/9/15 - OzSky): at 394x; bright, fairly small, sharply concentrated with an intense core that increases to an even brighter nucleus. The halo is slightly extended SW-NE and perhaps 0.6'x0.45'. NGC 7196 lies 14' SW.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7200 = h3917 on 30 Sep 1834 and recorded "pF; S; R; suddenly much brighter middle; 15"." His position is accurate.
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22 06 31.9 -31 15 47; PsA
V = 12.8; Size 1.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 128°
24" (8/16/12): moderately to fairly bright, moderately
large, elongated 5:2 or 3:1 NW-SE, ~45"x16", small bright core,
brightens to the center. Forms a
very nice trio with
18" (10/25/08): fairly faint, fairly small, very
elongated 3:1 NW-SE, 0.6'x0.2', small bright core. First and furthest south in a linear trio with NGC 7203 6.6'
NNE and
17.5" (7/22/87): fairly faint, fairly small, round, bright core. First of three on a line in field with NGC 7203 6.5' NNE and NGC 7204 13.5' NNE.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7201 = h3918, along with NGC 7203 and 7204, on 27 Sep 1834 and recorded "pF; R; gradually brighter in the middle.
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22 06 43.3 -31 13 06; PsA
18" (10/25/08): this is a single mag 14.5 star located just east of the midpoint of a line connecting NGC 7201 and NGC 7203. Does not have a nebulous appearance at 280x.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7202 = h3920 on 15 Aug 1835 and recorded "eF; S; star like; [italics] the second of a group of 3." He later added the note, "It precedes the 3rds 2 beats of the chronom = 1 second. The RA here set down, it must be noticed, is comparable only with that single value of the RA of the others, which results from sweep 619]." At his offset from NGC 7203 (3rd in the sweep) is a single star (mag 14.6 in the GSC). Pietro Baracchi searched for this object carefully in Dec 1887 with the Great Melbourne Telescope and also found a single star at Herschel's position. ESO equates NGC 7202 with this star. See Harold Corwin's notes.
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NGC 7203 = ESO 467-007 = MCG -05-52-027 = PGC 68053
22 06 43.9 -31 09 45; PsA
V = 12.6; Size 1.6'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 72°
24" (8/16/12): moderately bright, fairly small to moderately large, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, bright roundish core, 40"x20".
18" (10/25/08): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 WSW-ENE, 0.65'x0.4', gradually brightens to a large, brighter core. Middle of linear trio of elongated galaxies with NGC 7201 to the SSE and NGC 7204 to the NNE. A mag 11 star lies 2.9' ENE.
17.5" (7/22/87): fairly faint, fairly small, round, bright core. Slightly brighter than NGC 7201 6.5' SSW. Second of three on line with NGC 7204 7.0' NNE.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7203 = h3921, along with NGC 7201 and 7204, on 27 Sep 1834 and recorded "pF; R; gradually brighter in the middle." He made a total of 3 observations.
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NGC 7204 = ESO 467-008 = MCG -05-52-028 = MCG -05-52-029 = AM 2204-311 = VV 685 = PGC 68060 = PGC 68061
22 06 54.0 -31 02 59; PsA
V = 13.5; Size 1.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7
24" (8/16/12): this strongly interacting double system
appeared fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 E-W, irregular,
~1.0'x0.7'. At 280x it resolved
into two galaxies. According to my
notes the NW component (
18" (10/25/08): this interacting double system is the furthest NNE is an equally spaced trio with NGC 7203 6.9' SSW and NGC 7201 13.5' SSW. At 174x it appeared faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 E-W, fairly low surface brightness with no concentration. At 283x, it appeared brighter on the western side (due to the small companion galaxy just off the NW end), but the duo was not cleanly resolved.
17.5" (7/22/87): faint, fairly small, round,
diffuse. Faintest and last of
three with NGC 7201 13.5' SSW and NGC 7203 7.0' SSW. Mag 8.2
John Herschel discovered NGC 7204 = h3922 on 27 Sep 1834 and recorded "pB; L; lE; gradually brighter in the middle; 80"." Although described as single, this is a double system with two entries in MCG (-05-52-028 and -05-52-029) although the MCG declination is 4' too far south.
NGC 7204 was first recognized as a close pair in a Helwan Observatory photograph taken in 1914-16 with the 30" reflector and reported in the 1921 observations table: "a curious double nebula. The north portion is F, S, E30°, but not an ordinary spindle. The south-following portion is a slightly curved line; concave to the north, moderately bright at each end and E85°. The west end of this line is south-following the north portion by 20"."
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22 08 34.4 -57 26 33; Tuc
V = 10.9; Size 4.1'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 73°
18" (7/6/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 228x, this galaxy was surprisingly bright and large, elongated 2:1 WSW-ENE, 3.5'x1.8', increases to a small bright core. The outer halo on the west-southwest end seems to be more extensive but has a noticeably lower surface brightness. A single spiral arm appears to emerge from the core on the north side and wrap around clockwise towards the east! Situated between mag 8.9 SAO 247319 4' SW and a mag 10 star 4' NE. This galaxy straddles the border of Tucana and Indus and is close to the southwest corner of Grus.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7205 = h3919 on 10 Jul 1834 and
recorded "pB; lE; gradually little brighter middle; 2 1/2' l, 1 1/2'
br." Member of the Pavo-Indus
Cloud along with
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22 05 40.9 +16 47 07; Peg
V = 13.3; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5" (8/20/88): faint, small, round, sharp
concentration with a very small core.
Pair with
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7206 = m 462, along with NGC 7207, on 7 Aug 1864 and noted "F, S, lE, bM." His position is accurate.
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NGC 7207 = CGCG 451-007 = PGC 68017
22 05 45.7 +16 46 04; Peg
V = 14.4; Size 0.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 93°
17.5" (8/20/88): very faint, very small, round, weak concentration. Forms a close pair with NGC 7206 1.6' NW. Forms an equilateral triangle with two mag 14.5 stars 1' E. Not identified as NGC 7207 in UGC or CGCG.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7207 = m 463, along with NGC 7206, on 7 Aug 1864 and noted "vF, S." His position is accurate (to within 1'). CGCG and UGC (notes for NGC 7206) fail to label this galaxy as NGC 7207. Malcolm Thomson mentioned this omission in his unpublished "CGCG Corrections".
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22 08 24.4 -29 03 04; PsA
V = 12.8; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 142°
17.5" (8/10/91): fairly faint, fairly small, round, broad concentration but no nucleus. On a line between a mag 11.5 star 1.8' WSW and a mag 11 star 3.3' ENE.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7208 = h3923 on 28 Sep 1834 and
recorded "vF; vS; R; almost uniformly bright." There is nothing near his single
position, but exactly 1.0 minute of RA east is
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22 05 07 +46 29 00; Lac
V = 6.7; Size 25'
15x50 IS binoculars (6/19/09): while observing Barnard 168,
the fairly prominent, long dark lane that begins near M39 and heads east in the
direction of the Cocoon Nebula (IC 5146), I picked up this fairly faint, round,
diffuse patch that was easily visible in binoculars. NGC 7209 is perhaps two degrees further ESE and collinear
with the
17.5" (10/12/85): 100-125 stars are resolved, bright, large. Located in a very rich field so does not stand out conspicuously.
13.1" (9/22/84): about 75 stars, bright, fairly scattered.
8": fairly large, spread out, similar magnitudes. Framed by an 8th magnitude star.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7209 = H. VII-53 = h2147 on 19 Oct 1788 (sweep 868) and recorded "a large cluster of pretty compressed considerable large stars, above 15' diameter." John Herschel made two observations, first recording on sweep 209, "place of a * 10m near the middle of a fine L p rich cluster; 50 stars from 10m to 13m counted. It fills field. Moon full."
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23 06 50.5 +28 10 45; Peg
V = 13.5; Size 1.8'x1.7'
See observing notes for
John Herschel discovered NGC 7210 = h2148 on 17 Nov 1827 and recorded "eF; R; bM; ill-defined; a vF double star 45° north-preceding 4' dist points just to it." Both his RA and Dec are marked as very uncertain (::) and there is nothing fitting his description near the position. There were three unsuccessful attempts to find this object at Birr Castle (twice with passing clouds) and Karl Reinmuth reported it was not found on a Heidelberg plate. But JH made two transcription errors contributing to the erroneous NGC position. His position in the General Catalogue (GC) and repeated in the NGC is 1 degree too far south. Furthermore Harold Corwin found (April 2016), that he made a transcription error in copying the RA from his logbook to the Slough Catalogue, so the RA (marked as uncertain) is 1 hour too small. Correcting both of these errors, the position of NGC 7210 = h2148 (as well as the description) matches NGC 7487, later discovered by Lewis Swift. None of the modern online sources (NED, HyperLEDA, SIMBAD) connect NGC 7210 with NGC 7487.
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22 06 21.9 -08 05 24; Aqr
V = 14.1; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 90°
17.5" (9/15/90): very faint, extremely small, round, small bright core, stellar nucleus.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7211 = m 464 on 3 Aug 1864 and
noted "eF, S, stellar."
There is nothing at his position but exactly 1.0 minute of RA west is
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22 07 02.0 +10 14 00; Peg
V = 14.2; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 33°
24" (8/25/19 and 8/29/19): at 375x; fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, ~0.5'x0.4', contains a very small bright core and an easy stellar nucleus. A mag 15.5 star is off the south side [33" S of center]. A 20" pair of mag 14.5/15 stars is 1.3' NW and another 20" pair of 15th mag stars (nearly collinear with the galaxy) is 2' N.
A challenging companion is attached on the NE side [15" between centers] and it occasionally popped at 260x as a slightly brighter "knot", perhaps 12" diameter, involved on the north end of the halo.
24" (7/30/16): at 260x; faint to fairly faint, oval 3:2 SW-NE, 0.6'x0.4', very small bright core (round) stands out, occasional stellar nucleus. A mag 15.5 star is off the south edge [35" S of center]. The seeing was too soft to confidently see the attached companion at the northeast end.
17.5" (9/19/87): extremely faint, small, diffuse. A mag 15 star is involved at the southwest end. Located 16' NE of STF 2857 = 7.2/9.0 at 20". NGC 7212 is an interacting, overlapping pair with tidal plumes, but only a single glow was seen.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 7212 = Sw. 5-93 on 2 Oct 1886 and
recorded "vF; pS; lE."
His position matches
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NGC 7213 = ESO 288-043 = AM 2206-472 = PGC 68165
22 09 16.3 -47 10 00; Gru
V = 10.1; Size 3.1'x2.8'; Surf Br = 12.3
18" (11/22/08): fairly bright [even from northern California!], moderately large, round, 1.5' diameter. Contains a bright 30" core that gradually increases to the center and a much fainter outer halo.
18" (7/5/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): bright, moderately large, round, 1.8' diameter. Well concentrated with a small bright core that increases to a very bright stellar nucleus. Forms the western vertex of an acute isosceles triangle with two equal mag 10.5 stars 6' E and 6' SE. Located 16' SE of mag 1.7 Alpha Gruis (Al Nair).
11" (8/8/04 - Haleakala Crater, Hawaii): fairly bright, moderately large, round, 1.5' diameter, increases to a small bright core. Very symmetrical appearance. Easy to locate 16' SE of mag 1.7 Alpha Gruis. Forms the western vertex of an isosceles triangle with two mag 10.5 stars ~6' E and SE.
13.1" (7/20/85): fairly faint, small, bright core.
13.1" (9/11/82): faint, small, round. Located 16' SE of Alpha Gruis (V = 1.7). This is farthest southern galaxy I've observed from northern California.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7213 = h3924 on 30 Sep 1834 and
recorded "vB; R; gradually brighter in the middle; 45"." His single position is accurate. NGC 7213 is the brightest in a group
that includes NGCs 7232 and 7233,
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22 09 07.6 -27 48 34; PsA
V = 12.7; Size 2.2'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.8
24" (9/6/18 and 8/1/19): NGC 7214 is the dominant
member of the
18" (9/3/05): brightest and largest of four in the HCG
91 group = AM 2206-280 = Klemola 40.
At 225x NGC 7214 appeared fairly faint, fairly small, irregularly round
or a ragged edge to the outer halo.
Diameter ~0.8', though grows slightly with averted vision. Contains a small, bright, round core. Two mag 13 stars aligned E-W are close
south and southwest. MCG
-05-52-035 = HCG 91D is attached at the north end and appears as a very faint,
extremely small knot, ~10" diameter.
17.5" (10/13/90): fairly faint, very small, slightly
elongated, very small very bright core, a mag 13 star is just off the SW end,
1.1' from center. This galaxy is
the brightest of four in HCG 91.
An almost stellar companion,
John Herschel discovered NGC 7214 = h3926 on 30 Jul 1834 and recorded "a vS cluster or resolvable nebula; irreg R; little brighter middle; 2' diam; has 2 or 3 stars larger than the rest." His position is accurate. Herbert Howe, observing with the 20" refractor in Denver in 1898-99, remarked "h calls this a globular cluster. To me it appeared to be a nebula having a nuclear condensation of mag 12; the surrounding nebulosity was indefinite in extent."I
In 1915 Knox-Shaw reported it was a not a globular cluster, but an open spiral, based on a photograph taken between 1912-13 the Helwan Observatory with the Reynolds reflector. Based on imges taken 1914-16 it was described as "spiral with two arms, lE 90°, vB stellar nucleus with faint star following 15"."
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22 08 34.5 +00 30 42; Aqr
V = 13.9; Size 1.0'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 88°
17.5" (8/31/86): faint, small, elongated E-W, a small
knot is possibly at the east end.
Located 10.4' N of mag 8
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7215 = m 465 on 11 Aug 1864 and
noted "vF, S, E." His
position is less than 1' south of
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22 12 35.8 -68 39 43; Ind
V = 12.6; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 133°
30" (10/12/15 - OzSky): at 394x; fairly bright, sharply concentrated with a very bright core, the halo is extended 3:2 NW-SE, ~40"x25". Mag 8.8 HD 210473 lies 4.8' SE and a distinctive 1.3' string of three mag 10-12.5 stars is 6' WSW.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7216 = h3925 on 29 Jun 1835 and recorded "pF; R; gradually brighter in the middle; 25"." His position is good.
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22 07 52.4 +31 21 33; Peg
V = 10.1; Size 3.9'x3.2'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 95°
17.5" (9/2/89): very bright, fairly large, round, dominated by small very bright core, surrounded by larger halo. A mag 10.5 star is 3.2' SE of center.
8": fairly bright, round, moderately large, bright core.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7217 = H. II-207 = h2149 on 7 Sep 1784 (sweep 259) and recorded "R, mbM, cL, easily resolvable, the brightness diminishing gradually." John Herschel made the single observation "B; R; 30"; gradually brighter in the middle." and measured an accurate position. The Birr Castle observers also felt this object was resolvable -- and there are several faint stars involved or at the periphery. On 16 Sep 1854, R.J. Mitchell logged "there can hardly be a doubt that this neb is a Cl; some stars near centre seen by Lord R. with one-inch single lens [power 650] and filaments of stars at times suspected running out from the nucleus."
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22 10 11.7 -16 39 36; Aqr
V = 12.0; Size 2.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 20°
17.5" (9/15/90): moderately bright, fairly large, oval 2:1 SW-NE, 2.0'x1.0', broadly concentrated halo. Two mag 12.5/13.5 are just following; the brighter star is 1.0' E of center and the fainter star is at the NE tip.
8" (7/24/82): faint, moderately large, elongated SW-NE, brighter core.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7218 = H. II-897 = h2150 on 6 Sep 1793 (sweep 1050) and recorded "pB, lE, r, about 1 1/2' long, 1 1/4' br." His position is fairly accurate.
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NGC 7219 = ESO 108-019 = LGG 452-004 = PGC 68312
22 13 09.5 -64 50 49; Tuc
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 27°
18" (7/6/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): last of 5 NGC galaxies in the NGC 7192 group. At 228x it appeared fairly faint, small, round, 40" diameter. The brighter core is perhaps 15" and with averted vision the faint halo increased to ~1' diameter. A mag 13 star is less than 2' W.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7219 = h3927 on 22 Jun 1835 and recorded "pB; R; pretty suddenly brighter middle; near 2 stars." His mean position (2 sweeps) is accurate.
NGC 7219 was first photographed by DeLisle Stewart at Harvard's Arequipa Station between 1898 and 1901 and noted as a "Ellipse of uniform nebulosity, B stellar nucleus, E at 55°."
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22 11 31.0 -22 57 10; Aqr
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 3°
24" (10/2/21): at 260x and 375x; fairly faint, small,
slightly elongated, 30"x25", very small brighter nucleus. A mag 14.8 star is 1' NNW and two mag
12.5 stars are 3' N and 2' NE. IC
5178 lies 14' E.
17.5" (8/8/91): very faint, very small, irregularly round, gradually weak concentration. A mag 15 star is 1' N and a mag 12 star lies 3.0' N.
Frank Muller discovered NGC 7220 = LM 2-466 in 1886 with the
26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. He reported "mag 15.5, 0.2' dia,
vlE, gradually brighter in the middle, *10 precedes 3.2' in PA 5° (NNE). There is nothing at his position, but
1.0 min of RA east and 2' north is
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22 11 15.2 -30 33 47; PsA
V = 12.1; Size 2.0'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 10°
17.5" (10/5/91): faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 N-S, gradually brightens. A mag 13.5 star is just off the NE edge 1.3' from center.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7221 = h3928 on 27 Sep 1834 and recorded "F; R; gradually brighter in the middle; has 2 stars 14m near; one almost involved." His mean position (measured on 4 sweeps) is good.
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22 10 51.7 +02 06 21; Aqr
V = 13.8; Size 1.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 5°
24" (9/10/15): at 260x; fairly faint, small, round, very small brighter nucleus, fairly low surface brightness halo ~24" diameter. A mag 12 star lies 2' S and a mag 13.5 star 1.6' NW. Viewed in fairly poor transparency.
17.5" (8/31/86): faint, fairly small, diffuse, broadly concentrated. Located between a mag 12 star 1.9' S and mag 13 star 1.5' NW. A mag 11 star is 4.9' WNW. Relatively large for such a faint galaxy.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7222 = m 466 on 11 Aug 1864 and noted "vF, S." His position is accurate.
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22 10 09.1 +41 01 02; Lac
V = 12.2; Size 1.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5" (8/1/86): moderately bright, fairly diffuse, slightly elongated ~N-S. There are two stars to the south including one at the south edge.
Forms a close, physical pair with
13.1" (8/17/85): fairly faint, moderately large, diffuse, elongated N-S. Extends from a star on the south end in a fan-shape. A faint star is off the north end. A knot was suspected just west of the star at the north end (probably an anonymous companion).
William Herschel discovered NGC 7223 = H. III-862 = h2151 on 8 Nov 1790 (sweep 977) and recorded "eF, pL, irregularly round, r. 300 showed it very plainly." John Herschel's description reads, "eF; S; E; among 3 stars, with which however it seems not connected."
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22 11 35.4 +25 51 52; Peg
V = 13.2; Size 1.6'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 110°
17.5" (9/2/89): faint, small, irregularly round, weak concentration.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7224 = m 467 = St. 2-29 on 6 Sep 1863 and noted "F, S, R." His position is accurate. Édouard Stephan rediscovered the galaxy on 26 Sep 1869 (perhaps aware from Marth's catalog) and measured an accurate micrometric position on 25 Jul 1870. He reported it as new in his second discovery list (#29) with description "very faint, small, round, diffuse." Dreyer credited both Marth and Stephan in the NGC.
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22 13 08.4 -26 08 54; PsA
V = 12.2; Size 2.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 147°
48" (11/4/21): at 488x; bright, fairly large, oval ~2:1
NW-SE, ~2'x1', contains a bright elongated central region with a much fanter
halo. The galaxy has a sharp light
cut-off due to a dust lane along the western flank. The section of the halo cut off by a thin gap glows much
fainter and is less wide. Situated
11' NNE of mag 6.2
17.5" (10/13/90): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, gradually increases to a small bright core. Located 12' NNE of mag 6.2 SAO 190967. The strong dust lane on the DSS was not seen.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7225 = h3929 on 30 Jul 1834 and recorded "pF; S; lE; bM; 15" l, 12" br." His single position is accurate.
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22 10 26.9 +55 23 54; Cep
V = 9.6; Size 2'
18" (8/17/04): at 225x, this is a small, faint group with 25-30 stars resolved in a 2'-2.5' region. The star at the northeast edge is a nice, mag 12/13 double. The remaining stars are generally 14th-15th magnitude and some pop in and out of view.
17.5" (11/2/91): 15 stars resolved at 220x within a compact 2' diameter. The brightest mag 11 star is at the WNW edge and a close double star mag 12/13 at 11" is at the NE edge. The remaining dozen very faint stars are 14th and 15th mag and located along the south side. Situated in a rich star field over unresolved background haze.
Edward Holden discovered NGC 7226 on 20 Jun 1881 with the 15.6" Clark refractor at the Washburn Observatory. He described a "pretty bright nebula connected with a small cluster of stars which radiate in two streams from the f[ollowing] to p[receding] side. Diam of Neb 5', of Cl. 15'. North-preceding in p[osition angle] 315° is a small knot which may be nebulous." His position is just off the east side of this small cluster.
******************************
22 11 31.3 +38 43 17; Lac
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 8°
17.5" (8/27/92): faint, small, elongated 3:2 N-S, weak
concentration, low surface brightness.
View hindered by a mag 10 star at the SW end 34" from the
center! Pair with
On two occasions, I have picked up nearby galaxies instead
of NGC 7227/7228 from the Sierra Buttes!
These include IC 5180/MCG
+06-48-014 (for the pair) and
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 7227 = St. 4-8, along with NGC 7228, on 28 Aug 1872. He measured an accurate position on 1 Sep 1872 (List IV, #8) and observed the pair again on 19 Sep 1873.
******************************
NGC 7228 = UGC 11945 = MCG +06-48-016 = CGCG 513-013 = PGC 68254
22 11 48.6 +38 41 57; Lac
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 150°
17.5" (8/27/92): faint, small, round, broad concentration, no sharp core. Close pair with NGC 7228 3.6' WNW and UGC 11950 also in field 8' E.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 7228 = St. 4-9, along with NGC 7227, on 28 Aug 1872. His published position (list 4, #9) was reduced a couple of days later (1 Sep.) He made a late observation on 1 Sep 1886 (one of his last of nights). I'm surprised he missed UGC 11950!
******************************
22 14 03.2 -29 22 58; PsA
V = 12.5; Size 1.8'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 157°
17.5" (10/5/91): very faint, fairly small, round, low
surface brightness, averted only.
Located between two mag 14.5 stars 1.7' E and 1.2' SW. Forms the north vertex of a flat
isosceles triangle with mag 9
John Herschel discovered NGC 7229 = h3930 on 27 Sep 1834 and recorded "pF; L; R; gradually little brighter middle; r." His mean position (4 nights) is accurate.
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22 14 13.0 -17 04 27; Aqr
V = 14.1; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5" (10/13/90): faint, small, round, broad concentration with no well-defined core.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7230 = H. III-931 = h2152 on 6 Sep 1793 (sweep 1050) and noted "eF, S, iR." His position is accurate. John Herschel made a single observation on 5 Aug 1826 and called it "vF; R; bM; 20"."
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22 12 30.1 +45 19 42; Lac
V = 13.0; Size 1.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 88°
17.5" (8/8/91): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 E-W,
unconcentrated glow. Two mag 14
stars are off the south edge.
Located 15' SW of mag 5.5
William Herschel discovered NGC 7231 = H. II-606 = h2153 on 24 Oct 1786 (sweep 620). He recorded "Faint, small, easily resolvable or rather a patch." The galactic latitude of this galaxy is only -9°. Earlier in the sweep he commented that the fields were "extremely rich, in stars of all sizes." A second observation was made on 19 Oct 1788 (sweep 868), though he just noted "eF, resolvable."
John Herschel made the single observation "a most eF nebulous appearance, which is probably a few minute stars. No other near."
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22 15 38.0 -45 51 00; Gru
V = 12.0; Size 2.6'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 99°
18" (7/5/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia):
moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 ~E-W, ~1.5'x0.6'. Well concentrated with a bright
30" core. Forms the western
vertex of an isosceles triangle with two bright stars – mag 8.8
13.1" (8/17/85): at 166x; faint, elongated WNW-ESE,
brighter core. Located just 3.0'
SW of mag 8.5
John Herschel discovered NGC 7232 = h3931, along with NGC 7233, on 6 Sep 1834 and recorded "pB; vS; pmE; pretty suddenly brighter middle; 15" l, 8" br. The preceding of 2."
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NGC 7233 = ESO 289-008 = KTS 67B = LGG 455-004 = PGC 68441
22 15 49.0 -45 50 47; Gru
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 133°
18" (7/5/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): faint,
small, round, ~30" diameter, increases gradually to the center. The halo increases a bit with averted
vision to 0.6' diameter. This
unassuming galaxy is in a pretty striking arrangement, sandwiched between
brighter NGC 7232 1.9' W and mag 8.9 HD 211121 1.5' following.
13.1" (8/17/85): not seen from northern California (very low elevation).
John Herschel discovered NGC 7233 = h3932, along with NGC 7232, on 6 Sep 1834 and recorded "F; vS; R; 10". The following of 2 [with NGC 7232]." A star 8m follows nearly on the parallel, and another to the north."
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22 12 25.0 +57 16 16; Cep
V = 7.7; Size 4'
See observing notes for
William Herschel discovered NGC 7234 = H. VIII-63 on 16 Oct 1787 (sweep 768). He recorded "A small cl of stars, the stars pretty large but not many of them." Caroline's reduction was off the west side of the cluster, though Auwers' 1862 reduction falls closer to the center. John Herschel observed the cluster twice (first on 16 Dec 1830) and correctly equated his father's VIII-63 with h2154 in the Slough Catalogue in 1833. But he made an error in compiling the GC in 1863 and created two entries for the cluster with H. VIII-63 = GC 4771 placed ~18' too far south. Dreyer repeated this error in the position of NGC 7234.
Because of the poor NGC position, Reinmuth looked in the wrong place and concluded "no distinct cluster" (repeated by Dorothy Carlson and the RNGC). But NGC 7234 = NGC 7235, with discovery credit to William Herschel.
******************************
NGC 7235 = NGC 7234 = Cr 447 = Lund 1008 = OCL-229
22 12 25.0 +57 16 16; Cep
V = 7.7; Size 4'
18" (8/17/04): at 225x, nearly three dozen stars are resolved in a 4'x3' group, slightly extended E-W. The brightest mag 9 star is at the east end. A rich stream of faint stars over haze is the north side and angling WSW towards a mag 10.5 star on the west end.
17.5" (11/2/91): two dozen stars mag 9-15 in a 4' diameter at 220x. This moderately concentrated group is elongated WNW-ESE and includes several fairly bright stars. A mag 9 star is at the east end and there are eight other mag 10-11 stars. Just west of the mag 9 star is a 1.5' circular hole with no stars. A mag 10 star at the extreme west edge has 6 faint stars mag 13/14 close following.
A compact group of faint stars 13' S appears as a small, partially resolved nebulous glow at 100x. At 220x, 7 stars are resolved from mag 14-15.5 within a 1.5' diameter. I had taken this as NGC 7234 but Corwin's re-reduced position from William Herschel indicates that NGC 7234 is identical to NGC 7235.
John Herschel observed NGC 7235 = h2154 on 16 Dec 1830 and recorded "a * 10m, the chief of a p compact cluster of 15 or 20 stars 10...17m. One, 11m, is of a ruby colour." His mean position (measured on two sweeps) is accurate. He correctly equated the cluster with his father's H. VIII-63 (= NGC 7234) in the Slough Catalogue, but later assigned two numbers in the GC with an inccorect position for his father's discovery. Dreyer followed the GC in compiling the NGC, so the position of NGC 7234 is ~18' too far south. So, NGC 7235 = NGC 7234, with discovery credit to William.
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22 14 45.0 +13 50 48; Peg
V = 13.6; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6
24" (9/27/14): first and brightest in a linear trio
(
NGC 7236 is the brightest member of the poor cluster WBL 678
with
17.5" (8/20/88): first and brightest of three with NGC
7237 35" SE of center and
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7236 = m 468, along with NGC 7237, on 25 Aug 1864 and noted "vF, S, stellar."
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NGC 7237 = Arp 169 NED2 = UGC 11958 NED2 = MCG +02-56-024 =
22 14 46.9 +13 50 27; Peg
V = 13.5; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 143°
24" (9/27/14): At 375x; faint, very small, round,
fairly low even surface brightness, 18" diameter. NGC 7237 is the middle of three
collinear galaxies (and second brightest) in the compact Arp 169 triplet. Sightly brighter NGC 7236 is 0.6' NW
and very compact LEDA 200377 just 0.6' SE ("very faint, extremely small,
round, only ~5" diameter.").
This triplet is very similar to
17.5" (8/20/88): fainter member of a double system with
NGC 7236 35" NW of center.
Very faint, extremely small, round. In a common halo with NGC 7236.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7237 = m 469, along with NGC 7236, on 25 Aug 1864 and noted "vF, S, stellar." Dreyer questioned if this object was possibly only a faint star while an assistant at Birr Castle on 29 Oct 1877. See NGC 7236 for comments on the identifications.
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22 15 18 +22 30; Peg
= Not found, Corwin and RNGC.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 7238 = Sw. 4-82 on 1 Sep 1886 and recorded "pF; S; R; mbM; 4 sts in form of a square nr p." His position is 7' following a mag 6.6 star (which likely Swift would have mentioned) and there is no nearby non-stellar object. Bigourdan was unable to recover NGC 7238 and Harold Corwin was unable to find a candidate. RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent. See Corwin's notes.
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22 15 01.3 -05 03 12; Aqr
V = 14.0; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 75°
17.5" (8/10/91): very faint, very small, round, bright core. Three star mag 14-15 stars on a line are close south including a mag 14 star 1.4' S and a faint mag 15 star 2.2' S.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7239 = m 470 on 1 Oct 1864 and
noted "eF, vS." There is
nothing at his position but 1 minute of RA west is
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22 15 22.5 +37 16 50; Lac
V = 14.2; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5" (7/28/92 and 7/15/93): faint, very small,
elongated 3:2 NW-SE, weak concentration.
Situated between a mag 11 star 3.0' NW and three mag 13 stars about 3'
SE. Fourth in the compact
13.1" (9/3/83): very faint, very small, near visual threshold. Located 3.5' W of NGC 7242 in a compact group.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 7240 = St. 5-6 on either 16
or 24 Sep 1873 and recorded "eF, eS, in contact in the north with a very
small star." His position
matches
MCG fails to label this galaxy as NGC 7240. RNGC and Dorothy Carlson (in her 1940
list of NGC correction) incorrectly equate NGC 7240 with
******************************
22 15 49.9 +19 13 56; Peg
V = 12.6; Size 3.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 20°
17.5" (9/2/89): moderately bright, fairly large, very elongated or edge-on SSW-NNE. Asymmetric appearance as the galaxy appears brighter on the SSW end and very faint at the NNE end. A mag 11.5 star is just following the south end 0.8' from center and a mag 13 star is at the NW end. A mag 10 star lies 3.4' SW.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 7241 = St. 4-10 on 28 Aug 1872 and measured an initial position 2.5' NE of center. His published position, measured on 3 Sep and given in his 4th discovery list (#10), was 16 seconds of RA too large. His description reads "Faint, irregular, Elongated N-S (1' x 0.3'). Mag 10 star in contact to the south." Bigourdan measured an accurate position in 1887, which Dreyer published in the IC 2 Notes. Emmanuel Esmiol's re-reduced position (published in 1916) corrected Stephan's error.
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NGC 7242 = UGC 11969 = MCG +06-48-025 = CGCG 513-023 = CGCG 514-003 = Holm 789a = WBL 679-004 = PGC 68434
22 15 39.4 +37 17 56; Lac
V = 12.9; Size 2.1'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 33°
24" (8/13/15): brightest in a group of 8 galaxies. At 375x appeared fairly bright, moderately large, oval 3:2 SW-NE, ~0.9'x0.6', large bright core ~30" diameter.
17.5" (7/15/93): brightest in a group of 7
galaxies. Fairly faint, fairly
small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, bright core.
A mag 13.5 star is at the south edge of halo 40" S of center. Two mag 14 stars are 1.1' WSW and 1.5'
ENE from the center.
17.5" (7/28/92): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1 SW-NE. A mag 13 star is off the SE side of nucleus. A group of 10 faint stars to the east appears like a faint open cluster. Brightest of four galaxies in tight group including NGC 7240 3.5' WSW, IC 1441 4' W, IC 5191 7' W.
13.1" (9/3/83): brightest in a group. Faint, moderately large, slightly elongated, NGC 7240 3.5' W, IC 5191 7' W. Located 30' S of a mag 4 star.
Auguste Voigt discovered NGC 7242 = Voigt 10 = St. 5-7 on 18 Jul 1865 with the 31-inch silver-on-glass reflector at Marseilles. His unpublished notebook position is on the NE end of the halo. He apparently missed the fainter members of the group, including NGC 7240. Édouard Stephan observed the galaxy on 16 Sep 1873 (perhaps aware of it from Voigt's logbook) and measured an accurate position with description, "F; vS; diffuse; slbM; a faint star projecting." At the same time Stephan discovered fainter NGC 7240. Stephan received discovery credit in the NGC. The RNGC photographic description "ALMSTEL" is incorrect.
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22 15 08 +49 53 54; Lac
V = 6.4; Size 21'
17.5" (10/12/85): at 83x, 150-200 stars are visible in a 20' field. This is a striking cluster at low power and includes a number of fairly bright stars. On the east side is the nice pair STF 2890 = 9.3/9.6 at 9". The cluster is irregularly distributed into subgroups.
13.1" (9/22/84): about 80 stars resolved, rich, fairly large, excellent low power field, includes double star STF 2890.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7243 = H. VIII-75 = h2155 on 26 Sep 1788 (sweep 863) and recorded "an extended cluster of coarsely scattered vL stars, in the direction of the parallel nearly; about 16' long." John Herschel made the single observation "a double star in a very loose straggling cl, which more than fills the field."
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22 16 26.8 +16 28 17; Peg
V = 13.8; Size 0.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.0
17.5" (8/20/88): faint, small, round, weak concentration.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 7244 = St. 4-11 on 28 Aug 1872 and measured an initial position 2' too far NE. His published position in discovery list 4 #11, was measured on 6 Sep and quite accurate.
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22 15 16 +54 20 12; Lac
V = 9.2; Size 5'
18" (8/27/05): small, rich group at 323x with at least
three dozen stars resolved within the borders of an isosceles triangle (long
sides ~4') formed by a mag 8.9 star (
King 9 is close northeast. At 323x, this rich, distant cluster appeared as a very small, faint knot of stars is just south of a mag 13.5-14 stars. Perhaps a half-dozen stars were resolved, though these may be superimposed field stars as the brightest cluster members are ~16.5.
17.5" (8/5/94): about two dozen stars in a 2.5'
diameter bordered by a mag 11 star on the west edge, a mag 10 star on the SSE
edge and a mag 9 star (
13.1" (9/9/83): about 20 fainter stars mostly in a string. Other rich enhancements are near in this Milky Way field.
8": 15 faint stars elongated N-S with a double star at the north edge. Includes three brighter stars mag 8-10 around the edges but the rest of the stars are mag 13 or fainter.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7245 = H. VI-29 = h2157 on 14 Oct 1787 (sweep 765) and noted "a compressed cluster of extremely small stars." John Herschel made the single observation "a Milky Way cluster. Stars 14...15m. It is more crowded than the Milky Way, so as to run up to a condensed but faint mass of light." His position is accurate.
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22 17 42.7 -15 34 17; Aqr
V = 12.8; Size 1.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 162°
17.5" (9/15/90): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, weak concentration, faint stellar nucleus. A mag 12.5 star is involved at the north end 1.0' NNE of center.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7246 = H. III-932 = h2156 on 6 Sep 1793 (sweep 1050) and recorded "eF, S, lE. Just south of a small star, to which it seemed almost to be attached, but is free from it. The star is the first of 3 making a small triangle. His position and description is a perfect match with
Malcolm Thomson found that Bigourdan's
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22 17 41.2 -23 43 52; Aqr
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 2°
17.5" (7/2/89): fairly faint, slightly elongated N-S, weak concentration. A pretty double star h5324 = 9.1/10.5 at 10" is 2.5' NW!
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 7247 = LM 1-248 in 1886 and recorded "pF, vS, R, B double star p 13 seconds, F double star follows 5 seconds." His rough position (nearest min of RA) as 27 seconds too large, with the bright double star h5324 to the NW by 2.6' and an extremely faint double that follows by 5 seconds. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1898-99 as well as Jermain Porter in 1906 at the Cincinnati Observatory.
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22 16 52.6 +40 30 16; Lac
V = 12.6; Size 1.7'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 133°
24" (9/2/16): at 375x; fairly bright, moderately large,
elongated 5:2 NW-SE, 1.25'x0.5'.
Strong concentration with a very bright slightly elongated core that
increases to the center. The
outer extensions have a low surface brightness. Sitated in a rich star field between two doubles; a 12"
pair is 2' E and a 8" pair is 2.7' W.
24" (8/7/13): at 375x appeared fairly bright, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 0.9'x0.5', sharply concentrated with a bright oval core that increases to the center and a moderately large halo. A 12" pair of mag 13.5-14 stars lies 2' E, a 7" pair of mag 12-12.5 stars is 2.7' W, and finally a 10" pair of mag 14 stars lies 3' WNW. Not surprisingly, this galaxy is located in a Milky Way field. NGC 7250 is 17' ENE.
13.1" (8/54/84): fairly faint, small, very elongated 5:2 NW-SE, small bright nucleus. Two faint double stars are near including a mag 13/14 pair at 12" located 2' E. NGC 7250 lies 17' ENE.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7248 = H. III-863, along with NGC 7250, on 8 Nov 1790 (sweep 977) and recorded "vF; vS; mbM." His position (Caroline's reduction) is off by 7 seconds of RA east and 1' north.
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22 20 31.0 -55 07 29; Gru
V = 13.4; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 136°
25" (10/10/15 - OzSky): at 318x; fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.4' diameter, weak concentration.
Forms a pair with
John Herschel discovered NGC 7249 = h3933 on 4 Oct 1834 and
recorded "eeF; R; rather a doubtful object." Despite his doubts, his
position is within 1' of
******************************
NGC 7250 = UGC 11980 = MCG +07-45-024 = CGCG 530-022 = Mrk 907 = PGC 68535
22 18 17.8 +40 33 45; Lac
V = 12.6; Size 1.7'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 157°
24" (9/2/16): at 200x; this disrupted galaxy or interacting pair appeared moderately bright, elongated 5:2 N-S, 0.7'x0.3', bright core. A small, very faint knot or extension (HII complex) is at the north end. A mag 10.9 star is 0.9' SE of center. At 375x; the "knot" attached on the west side of north end of the galaxy extends ~20"x10" NNW-SSE (slightly different PA than the main galaxy), increasing the total size of the merged glow to nearly 1.0'x0.3'. NGC 7248 is 17' WSW.
24" (8/7/13): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 5:2 N-S, 0.75'x0.3', sharply concentrated with a very small brighter nucleus. A mag 11 star is just off the SSE edge. The structure at the north end was masked by Type-Ia supernova 2013dy at mag 13-13.5, which was discovered on July 10th, a couple of weeks before maximum. The supernova was 2" W and 25" N of the nucleus of NGC 7250.
18" (10/19/06): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated NNW-SSE, 0.6'x0.2', very small bright core. A mag 11 star is just off the SSE end. The galaxy fades at the tips, so the full extent was difficult to determine but appears to extend to 1.0'x0.25'. A very faint knot (PGC 214816) is occasionally visible at the NNW end. This nearly stellar "knot" is often noted as an interacting companion, though it's likely a bright HII complex in the galaxy. NGC 7250 is classified as a starburst galaxy.
13.1" (8/25/84): fairly faint, very elongated streak NNW-SSE, small bright core. A mag 11 star is off the SSE tip 0.9' from center. Pair with NGC 7248 17' WSW. This galaxy may be an interacting double system but it was not resolved.
HyperLeda catalogues the knot at the north end as a galaxy
(
William Herschel discovered NGC 7250 = H. III-864, along with NGC 7248, on 8 Nov 1790 (sweep 977) and recorded "vF; S; mE; 300 showed it very plainly. The extension from about 75° np to sf; bM." His position is 12 seconds of RA too large (typical error).
******************************
22 20 27.2 -15 46 21; Aqr
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 0°
24" (9/29/16): at 225x; fairly faint to moderately
bright, fairly small, round, 45" diameter, broad concentration except for
a very small brighter nucleus with direct vision.
17.5" (9/15/90): faint, small, round, broad concentration.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7251 = H. III-933 = h2158 on 6 Sep 1793 (sweep 1050) and recorded "vF, S, R, bM." John Herschel made three observations. On 27 Jul 1830, he logged "pF; lE; gradually pretty much brighter middle; 20"." and measured an accurate position.
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22 20 44.8 -24 40 43; Aqr
V = 12.1; Size 1.9'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 118°
13.1" (9/9/83): fairly faint, very small, round, compact, weak concentration. Located 40' WNW of 49 Aquarii (V = 5.5).
William Herschel discovered NGC 7252 = H. III-458 = h3934 on 26 Oct 1785 (sweep 465) and recorded "vF, S, er. 240 confirmed it with difficulty." His position is at the north edge of the galaxy. John Herschel made the single observation "Not vF; S; R: bM; 30"."
The nickname "Atoms for Peace" galaxy originated with a 1953 speech by Eisenhower launching the "Atoms for Peace" program. The subsequent 1955 conference in Geneva used a logo consisting of an atomic nucleus surrounded by loops representing orbiting electrons.
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22 19 28.6 +29 23 32; Peg
V = 13.2; Size 2.1'x1.4'
24" (7/24/14): NGC 7253 = Arp 278, a disrupted,
interacting double system, was observed at 260x.
17.5" (9/2/89): NGC 7253A was very faint, small,
elongated WNW-ESE. Forms a double
system (
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7253 = m 471 on 9 Sep 1863 and noted "vF, pE." His position is accurate though apparently he did not resolved this close pair.
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22 22 36.2 -21 44 14; Aqr
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 122°
See observing notes for
Frank Muller found NGC 7254 = LM 2-467 in 1886 and recorded "mag 13.0, 0.4' dia, R, *11 at 4.5' separation in PA 280° [WNW]. His rough position (nearest min of RA) is 0.6 minutes west of NGC 7256 (discovered by Marth on 27 Sep 1864, though placed 10' too far south). Furthermore, a mag 13 star is 4.7' west, matching his description. Herbert Howe was the first to equate the two numbers when he observed the field in 1897-98 and found only a single galaxy.
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22 23 08.0 -15 32 29; Aqr
V = 14.2; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 130°
17.5" (7/27/95): very faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, 1.0'x0.4', even surface brightness.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 7255 = LM 1-249 on 1 Oct
1886 and recorded "mag 16.0, 2.5'x0.5', vE 30°, suddenly brighter in the
middle to a nucleus." His
rough position (nearest minute of RA) is 1.2 minutes west of
The RNGC classifies NGC 7255 as nonexistent and the galaxy was not plotted on the first edition of the Uranometria 2000.0 atlas.
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NGC 7256 = NGC 7254 = ESO 602-013 = MCG -04-52-042 = PGC 68686
22 22 36.2 -21 44 14; Aqr
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 122°
17.5" (7/2/89): faint, fairly small, elongated WNW-ESE. A mag 15 star is involved at the NE end. Located 16' SE of mag 41 Aquarii (5.6/6.7 pair at 5").
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7256 = m 472 on 27 Sep 1864 and noted " 3 stars involved in F nebulosity." There is nothing at his position by 10' north is ESO 602-013. There are only two stars involved, though a third "star" is probably the nucleus. Frank Muller found the galaxy again in 1886 at the Leander McCormick observatory and reported it in the Leander McCormick Observatory's second list, #467 (later NGC 7254).
In 1898 Herbert Howe reported "These are identical. The place of NGC 7254 is wrong in right ascension, and the place of 7256 is 10' wrong in declination. I could find only one nebular object in this vicinity. Two of the three stars involved, and mentioned by Marth were seen; the third was suspected. The northernmost one was brightest and was of mag 14."
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22 22 36.4 -04 07 15; Aqr
See observing notes for
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7257 = m 473, along with NGC
7266, on 1 Oct 1864 and noted "F, vS, lE." There is nothing at his position but 24 seconds of RA east
and 5.5' south is NGC 7260. The
same offset identifies
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22 22 58.1 -28 20 43; PsA
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 141°
17.5" (8/27/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, weak concentration.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7258 = h3935 on 30 Jul 1834 and recorded "vF; S; R or E, as if it had a feeble neb south preceding; gradually little brighter middle; 15"." His position is good.
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22 23 05.5 -28 57 17; PsA
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 49°
18" (10/25/08): faint, fairly small, round, diffuse, 40"x30",
diffuse with only a weak concentration.
17.5" (10/30/99): very faint, moderately large, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, ~1.2'x0.9', weak concentration. The nearby edge-on ESO 467-051 was not seen.
17.5" (8/27/92): faint, fairly small, round, 50" diameter, low even surface brightness. Collinear with two mag 12 stars 3.3' NE and 6.4' NE.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7259 = h3936 on 28 Sep 1834 and recorded "eF; pL; R; very gradually little brighter middle; 40"." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7260 = NGC 7257 = MCG -01-57-003 = PGC 68691
22 22 36.4 -04 07 15; Aqr
V = 12.9; Size 2.0'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 155°
17.5" (10/5/91): fairly faint, fairly small round halo although it noticeably increases in size with averted vision. Weak broad concentration, edges fade into background.
Édouard Stephan found NGC 7260 = St. 8a-13 = Sw. 4-83 on 19 Sep 1876. Albert Marth first discovered this galaxy on 1 Oct 1864, but his position for m 473 (later NGC 7257) was poor (see that number). Perhaps Stephan was searching for Marth's object. In any case, NGC 7260 = NGC 7257.
Lewis Swift also found this galaxy on 1 Sep 1886 and reported it as new in his 4th list (#83). His description "vF; pL; R; 4 stars near sf point to it" clinches this identification. He later noted the equivalence with GC 6040 (later NGC 7260) in the errata comments to his 6th discovery list.
******************************
22 20 12 +58 05; Cep
V = 8.4; Size 6'
18" (8/17/04): at 225x, ~30 stars are resolved in an
7'x3.5' group, elongated N-S. A
couple of scattered groups of stars are to the south, but are apparently
detached. 7 stars on the south
side form the outline of a perfect rectangle with the eastern vertex the
brightest star in the cluster (mag 9.5
17.5" (10/5/91): about 30 stars in a 7'x3' region elongated N-S. Set over a background of some unresolved haze on the north side of cluster. Includes six brighter stars with a mag 9 star on the SE side. Fairly rich in faint stars on the north side although not rich in other sections.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7261 = h2159 on 5 Oct 1829 and
recorded "The chief star of a coarse p rich cluster which fills the
field. Stars 10...15m." His position matches mag 9.6
******************************
22 23 28.5 -32 21 52; PsA
V = 13.8; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5" (7/20/96): very faint, small, roundish, 35" diameter, low even surface brightness. Forms a near equilateral triangle with two mag 13 stars ~4' NE and 4' SE.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7262 = h3937 on 27 Sep 1834 and recorded "eF; S; R; little brighter in the middle." His position is fairly accurate.
******************************
22 21 45.2 +36 21 00; Lac
V = 14.5; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 60°
24" (9/14/12): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated
SW-NE, slightly brighter core, 0.4'x0.3'.
A mag 14.4 star is attached at the northeast end [13" from the
center]. Located 6' WSW of NGC
7264 and 12' NW of
17.5" (8/12/88): faint, very small, round. A mag 15 star is at the NE end. In a group with
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7263 = m 474 on 9 Sep 1863 and noted "F, S, R." His position is accurate. Marth discovered NGC 7264 just a week later, so he must have revisited the field.
******************************
NGC 7264 = UGC 12001 = MCG +06-49-005 = CGCG 514-014 = PGC 68658
22 22 13.8 +36 23 13; Lac
V = 13.8; Size 2.2'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 57°
24" (9/14/12): fairly faint but excellent thin edge-on 6:1 SW-NE, ~1.2'x0.2', slightly brighter core, very thin extensions. Two mag 11.6/13.3 stars parallel the galaxy off the north side. NGC 7263 is 6.1' WSW and NGC 7265 (brightest in a small quartet) is 11' SSE.
17.5" (8/12/88): faint, fairly small, very elongated SW-NE. A wide double star mag 12/13 at 34" separation is less than 1' N. Pair with NGC 7263 6.1' WSW.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7264 = m 475 on 17 Sep 1863 and noted "vF, pS, mE." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7265 = UGC 12004 = MCG +06-49-006 = CGCG 514-015 = PGC 68668
22 22 27.5 +36 12 35; Lac
V = 12.2; Size 2.4'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 170°
24" (9/14/12): at 325x, fairly bright, moderately large, slightly elongated N-S, 1.2'x1.0', well concentrated with a small bright core. A mag 12 star lies 1.4' SSE, a mag 12.5 star 1.5' SE (12" pair), a mag 12 star is 2.4' ESE and a mag 10 star is 3' ESE.
NGC 7265 is the brightest in a group of at least 9 galaxies
(several likely in the foreground or background), which were all viewed (USGC
U813). In the eyepiece, it's part
of a small quartet with
UGC 12007 is faint to fairly faint, moderately large, roundish, roughly 45" diameter. The view hampered by a mag 10 star superimposed just NE of center. In addition a mag 12 star is just off the NW side, though the halo has a very low surface brightness and fades into the glare from the stars. Contains a very small weakly brighter core just SW of the mag 10 star.
UGC 12013 is fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, 0.6'x0.2'. A mag 13.2 star is just east of the ESE tip.
17.5" (10/13/01): moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated. Contains a bright, 30" core embedded in a fainter halo extended NNW-SSE, 1.0'x0.8'. The core increases to a faint, stellar nucleus. Brightest in a group and forms a pair with UGC 12007 2.8' ESE. Located 1.3' NNW of a mag 11.5 star.
17.5" (8/12/88): moderately bright, fairly small,
round, bright core, stellar nucleus.
A mag 11.5 star is 1.3' SSE.
Brightest in a group including NGC 7263, NGC 7264, NGC 7273,
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 7265 = St 8a-14 on 12 Sep
1876 with a follow up observation on the 19th. Stephan's reduction is a perfect match with
******************************
NGC 7266 = MCG -01-57-006 = Mrk 910 = PGC 68758
22 23 58.9 -04 04 24; Aqr
V = 13.4; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 85°
17.5" (8/7/91): fairly faint, fairly small, round,
broad concentration, faint stellar nucleus. Located 5.4' SW of mag 9.5
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7266 = m 476 on 1 Oct 1864, along with NGC 7257 = NGC 7260, and noted "F, vS, R, alm stellar." There is nothing at his position though this galaxy is 25 seconds of RA east and 5.7' south. Harold Corwin notes that despite the poor positional match, the same offset helps to identify NGC 7257, found the same night. Bigourdan measured an accurate position on 5 Nov 1887 and the correction was given in the IC 2 Notes.
******************************
22 24 21.8 -33 41 39; PsA
V = 12.2; Size 1.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 6°
17.5" (10/5/91): moderately bright, fairly small,
elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, prominent bright core. Located 3.6' NE of Mag 8.4
John Herschel discovered NGC 7267 = h3938 on 23 Sep 1834 and recorded "pB; R; pretty gradually brighter middle; 40"; a large triple * sp."
******************************
22 25 41.4 -31 12 02; PsA
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 66°
24" (9/6/18): at 375x; NGC 7268 is a merged double
system at 20" separation between centers, with NGC 7268 NED1, the brighter
and larger component, on the west end and NGC 7268 NED1 on the east end. Initially the combined glow appeared
fairly faint, fairly small, elongated ~3:2 E-W, ~0.6'x0.4', slightly brighter
nucleus. With careful viewing, the
fainter and smaller eastern member occasionally resolved as a distinct glow;
faint, very small, round, 12"-15" diameter. The halos of the two
components appeared merged with no gap.
17.5" (10/5/91): very faint, very small, round. A wide double star mag 14/15 is 1' NE. Slightly brighter of a pair with NGC 7277 7.2' ENE.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7268 = h3939 on 28 Sep 1834 and
recorded "vF, S, R." He
added the comment "The preceding of 2 [with NGC 7277]." At his position (mean of two
observations) is the double galaxy
The RNGC clearly misidentifies NGC 7268 (the position is 3'
south of
The 2 components of this merged double system are identified
as
******************************
22 25 46.6 -13 09 59; Aqr
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 140°
17.5" (9/15/90): very faint, small, almost round, even surface brightness.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 7269 = LM 1-250 in 1886
and recorded "eF, pS, R, gradually little brighter middle." His rough position (nearest min of RA)
is 0.9 minutes too far west and 4' south of
******************************
22 23 47.5 +32 24 11; Peg
V = 14.0; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 90°
17.5" (9/2/89): fairly faint, small, oval E-W, small
bright core, stellar nucleus.
Collinear with a mag 11.5 star 1.0' WNW and mag 12.5 star 2.4' WNW. In a group (WBL 680) with
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7270 = m 477, along with NGC 7271 and 7275, on 9 Sep 1863 and noted "vF, S, E." His declination is off by 2' too far north (same offset as NGC 7275).
******************************
NGC 7271 = MCG +05-52-016 = CGCG 494-022 = WBL 680-002 = PGC 68753
22 23 57.6 +32 22 01; Peg
V = 14.8; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 118°
17.5" (9/2/89): extremely faint and small, round. A mag 14 star is 0.9' W. Located 4' SE of NGC 7270 in a group (WBL 680). NGC 7275 is 6.4' NE.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7271 = m 478, along with NGC 7270 and 7275, on 9 Sep 1863 and noted "vF, S, vlE." His positions are all off by 1' - 2' too far north.
******************************
22 24 31.7 +16 35 17; Peg
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 39°
24" (8/14/15): at 375x; fairly faint, fairly small,
slightly elongated 4:3 or 5:4 SW-NE, 30"x24", small bright core. A mag 12.5 star lies 1.3' WSW, a mag 13.6
star is the same distance NE and a mag 15.5 star is 40" NW. Brightest in a small triplet with PGC
1511999 just 52" SSW of center and
17.5" (8/20/88): very faint, small, round, even surface brightness. Located between two mag 13 stars and a mag 15 star is 30" NW. Neither of the faint companions were noticed.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7272 = m 479 on 7 Aug 1864 and noted "vF, S, irr R." His position is accurate.
******************************
NGC 7273 = MCG +06-49-012 = CGCG 514-024 = WBL 681-001 = PGC 68768
22 24 09.2 +36 12 00; Lac
V = 13.7; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 8°
17.5" (8/12/88): faint, small, slightly elongated,
small bright core. This is the
northern galaxy of three on a line with NGC 7274 4.5' S and
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 7273 = St. 8a-15, along with NGC 7274 and 7276, on 12 Sep 1876 with a follow up observation a week later. His micrometric position was accurate.
******************************
NGC 7274 = UGC 12026 = MCG +06-49-013 = CGCG 514-026 = WBL 681-003 = PGC 68770
22 24 11.1 +36 07 33; Lac
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5" (8/12/88): fairly faint, fairly small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. Largest and brightest of three with NGC 7273 4.5' N and NGC 7276 2.4' SSE.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 7274 = St 8b-16, along with NGC 7273 and 7276, on 12 Sep 1876 with a second observation a week later. His micrometric position was accurate.
******************************
NGC 7275 = UGC 12025 = MCG +05-52-019 = CGCG 494-025 = PGC 68774
22 24 17.2 +32 26 47; Peg
V = 14.2; Size 0.9'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 37°
17.5" (9/2/89): extremely faint, small, edge-on 4:1 SW-NE, very small brighter core. A pretty mag 13/13 double star is 2' W. Located 6.8' ENE of NGC 7270 in a group.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7275 = m 48, along with NGC 7270 and 7271, on 9 Sep 1863 and noted "eF, S, mE." His declination is off by nearly 2' too far north (same offset as NGC 7270).
******************************
NGC 7276 = MCG +06-49-014 = CGCG 514-025 = WBL 681-002 = PGC 68773
22 24 14.4 +36 05 15; Lac
V = 13.9; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.8
17.5" (8/12/88): faint, very small, round, faint stellar nucleus. A mag 14 star is 26" SE of center. This galaxy is the furthest south of three on a line with NGC 7274 2.4' N and NGC 7273 6.8' NNW.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 7276 = St 8b-17, along with NGC 7273 and 7274, on 12 Sep 1876 with a follow up observation a week later. His micrometric position was accurate.
******************************
NGC 7277 = ESO 467-059 = MCG -05-53-004 = PGC 68861
22 26 10.9 -31 08 43; PsA
V = 13.3; Size 1.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 125°
24" (9/6/18): at 375x; fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, brighter core. The major axis is collinear with a mag 13.3 star 3.5' SE. NGC 7268, a close double system, lies 7' WSW. The sky contrast was poor (hazy), viewing at a low elevation.
17.5" (10/5/91): very faint, small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE. Pair with NGC 7268 7.2' WSW.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7277 = h3940 on 27 Sep 1834 and recorded "pF; pL; lE; gradually little brighter middle." He later noted "[The following of 2]", when NGC 7268 was seen the following night.
******************************
22 28 22.4 -60 10 11; Tuc
V = 14.4; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 23°
25" (10/10/15 - OzSky): at 318x; faint, very small,
round, 20" diameter, no internal details. A mag 12 star is 1.1' SE and another is 4.7' ENE. Located 8.2' SSW of mag 7
John Herschel discovered NGC 7278 = h3941 on 11 Aug 1836 and recorded "eeF; lE; very gradually very little brighter middle; very difficult, but a certain observation. It is north preceding the first of 3 stars 10-11m." His position and description matches this faint galaxy.
******************************
22 27 12.6 -35 08 25; PsA
V = 13.8; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 68°
17.5" (7/20/96): extremely faint, round, 20". Appears to have a nearly stellar nucleus. A faint double lies 4.5' NW (GSC 14.2/14.9 at 23").
John Herschel discovered NGC 7279 = h3942 on 23 Sep 1834 and recorded "vF; S; R; gradually brighter in the middle; 15" diameter." On a later sweep he noted "vF; pL; R; very gradually very little brighter middle; 30" diameter." His mean position is accurate.
******************************
22 26 27.6 +16 08 53; Peg
V = 12.1; Size 2.2'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 78°
17.5" (8/20/88): moderately bright, small bright core, faint halo, stellar nucleus, slightly elongated WSW-ENE. Two mag 12 and 13 stars are roughly 2.5' N and 2' NE and a 10" pair of mag 13.5/14 stars are 1' NNW.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7280 = H. II-248 = h2160 on 15 Oct 1784 (sweep 290) and recorded "F, pS, makes a small quartile with 3 small stars. The north and preceding whereof is double." He made a second observation the next night (sweep 294) and logged "vF, S. The south and preceding corner of a small quartile of very small stars. (See 290 sweep)." John Herschel made two observations and measured an accurate RA.
******************************
22 25 12 +57 49; Cep
Size 12'
17.5" (8/10/91): about 20 stars in a 4' diameter. A string of three mag 9-9.5 stars is on the north side aligned E-W (separation 1' between pairs) and a pair of mag 12 stars just east aligned N-S (separation 0.9'). Includes two very faint double stars. Neither rich nor distinctive. Located in a rich field so extent difficult to determine and outliers greatly increases diameter and total number of stars. The classification of this group as a true cluster is doubtful.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7281 = h2161 on 5 Oct 1829 and recorded "Large, coarse, not extremely poor, the stars scattered and 10...16m." His position is on a 10th magnitude star at the west end of the group. Sky Catalogue 2000.0 calls it a possible asterism. Although this field is not distinctive visually, Herschel's position and description fits.
******************************
22 25 53.8 +40 18 53; Lac
V = 13.7; Size 2.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 14.6; PA = 0°
17.5" (8/8/91): very faint, small, elongated 3:2 N-S, low even surface brightness. A mag 15 star is at the NE edge [39" from center].
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 7282 = St. 9-29 on 28 Sep 1869 and logged a rough unpublished position 8' too far E. On 2 Oct 1878 he measured an accurate micrometric position with description "extremely faint and diffuse, fairly large, between 3 stars."
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22 28 32.7 +17 28 13; Peg
V = 14.4; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 9°
17.5" (8/20/88): extremely faint, very small, round,
weak concentration. Located 2.7' E
of a mag 10 star and 19' NNE of
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7283 = m 481 on 7 Aug 1864 and
noted "vF, vS, R." There
is nothing at his position but 1 minute of RA east and 2' north is
******************************
22 28 35.9 -24 50 39; Aqr
V = 12.1; Size 2.1'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 133°
48" (11/4/21): at 488x; NGC 7284 is the SW component of
the double system
24" (8/23/14): at 375x; bright, small, round, high surface brightness, ~0.4' diameter. The core of NGC 7285 is cleanly resolved [33" between center], though very close northeast. The twin nuclei are encased in a very low surface brightness halo.
17.5" (10/13/90): fairly faint, very small, very compact, almost round, high surface brightness, very small very bright core, stellar nucleus. Forms a contact pair with NGC 7285 at the ENE edge with a separation of 30" between centers.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7284 = H. II-469 = h3943 on 26 Oct 1785 (sweep 465) and recorded "F, er [easily resolvable] or some of the stars visible; pS, lE." Perhaps one the "stars" was the second nucleus (NGC 7285). From the Cape of Good Hope, John Herschel logged (sweep 474) "F; E; bM; r; binuclear pos 62.3°. Rather an equivocal object, whether nebulous or a group, but I incline to regard it as a nebula." On a later sweep (14 Sep 1835), he wrote "pB; irr R; 25"; involves a double star (13m + 14m)." So, he clearly resolved the two nuclei.
Herbert Howe reported NGC 7284 and 7285 as follows: "The description of 7284 in the NGC is "cF, cS, lE, r, D * inv." The description of 7285, discovered by Lassell [Marth], is "Nebs. * 1' dist from 7284." I judge 7285 to be simply one of the components of 7284. Both seem to be nebulous stars. The brighter one is of mag 12.5 The other is of mag 13, and lies at P.A. 60°, distant about 40". Neither of the stars appeared to be double. I could not see any nebulosity uniting them, but the sky was rather dull."
******************************
NGC 7285 = Arp 93 NED2 = VV 74a = ESO 533-032 = MCG -04-53-005 = LGG 457-003 = PGC 68953
22 28 38.0 -24 50 27; Aqr
V = 11.9; Size 2.3'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 65°
48" (11/4/21): at 488x; NGC 7285 is the NE member of the double system VV 74 = Arp 93. It was bright, slightly elongated E-W, sharply concentrated with a bright grainy core. In a common envelope with slightly brighter NGC 7284 [center 35" SW]. Careful viewing revealed subtle spiral structure in the halo with a spiral arm on the south side (attached to the east end) and hints of an arm to the N.
24" (8/23/14): at 375x; fairly bright, small, elongated 3:2 E-W, 30"x20", high surface brightness. Forms a very close pair with slightly brighter NGC 7284 [just 33" between centers]. The twin nuclei are encased in a very low surface brightness halo
17.5" (10/13/90): this is the NE member of a double system with NGC 7284. Fairly faint, very small, slightly elongated, small bright core, stellar nucleus. Slightly fainter than NGC 7284 just 30" WSW of center. Situated very close to the Aquarius-Pisces Austrinus border.
William Lassell discovered NGC 7285 in Oct 1862 using his
48-inch at Malta. For some reason
it wasn't included in Marth's catalogue, although
******************************
22 27 50.5 +29 05 45; Peg
V = 12.5; Size 1.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 98°
17.5" (9/2/89): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated WNW-ESE, weak concentration.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7286 = h2162 on 15 Sep 1828 and recorded "vF; R; 12"...15"; among stars." His position is exactly 30 seconds of time too small (digit error). Bigourdan measured an accurate position on 1Aug 1884.
******************************
22 27 17.0 -22 07 00; Aqr
18" (8/31/11): this close pair of stars (seems to be a
trio of stars on the DSS) was barely resolved at 220x and initially could have
easily passed for a small, nebulous object, elongated NW-SE. The separation is just a few arc
seconds. Located 21' WSW of
7.4-magnitude
The NGC position happens to fall closer to
Frank Muller discovered NGC 7287 = LM 2-468 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. He described it as "mag 15.0, 0.1' dia, E 330° [NNW-SSE]" with a note "slightly nebulous **." There are several faint galaxies near his position, but since the Leander McCormick are often 1 or 2 minutes off in time, Corwin suggests NGC 7287 may be a triple star at 22 27 17 -22 07 00 (2000). This pair is roughly 1 min 15 sec west of Muller's position and the orientation of the stars is northwest-southeast
As far as nearby galaxies, just 16 seconds east and 4' south
is
******************************
22 28 15.0 -02 53 04; Aqr
V = 13.0; Size 2.3'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 92°
17.5" (8/7/91): fairly faint, small, well-defined small bright core, bright stellar nucleus, faint halo slightly elongated E-W.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7288 = m 482 = Sf. 84 on 1 Oct
1864 and noted "vF, eS, stellar." His position is an exact match with
******************************
22 29 20.0 -35 28 15; PsA
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 165°
17.5" (7/20/96): faint, fairly small, round, 40" diameter, brighter core. Halo grows to 1.0' with averted vision. Brightest in a group with an anonymous galaxy 5.2' SSE and 2.3' SW (star + galaxy?).
John Herschel discovered NGC 7289 = h3944 on 25 Sep 1834 and
recorded "vF; R: gradually little brighter middle; 20"." His position is just off the northwest
side of
******************************
NGC 7290 = UGC 12045 = MCG +03-57-009 = PGC 68942
22 28 26.4 +17 08 51; Peg
V = 13.3; Size 1.6'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 161°
17.5" (8/20/88): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated NNW-SSE, even surface brightness. Located 7.7' SSE of ∑2908 = 7.7/9.4 at 9", a nice yellow-blue pair.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7290 = m 483 on 7 Aug 1864 and
noted "pB, S, pmE." Édouard Stephan made an observation of NGC 7290,
along with
******************************
NGC 7291 = UGC 12047 = MCG +03-57-008 = CGCG 452-015 = PGC 68944
22 28 29.5 +16 46 59; Peg
V = 13.1; Size 1.8'x1.7'; Surf Br = 14.2
17.5" (8/20/88): faint, small, almost round, small bright core. A mag 13 star is 0.9' ENE of center. Located 22'S of NGC 7290.
Truman Safford discovered NGC 7291 = Sf. 56 = St. 8a-18 on 1 Oct 1866 and recorded "pF, pS, neb middle to a nucleus." His position is accurate. Édouard Stephan observed the galaxy on 15 Sep 1876 (perhaps aware of Safford's discovery) and listed it as new in his discovery list 8a (#18). Stephan was credited in the GC Supplement and NGC due to the late publication of Safford's list. This was the case with ~20 out of 64 discoveries by Safford.
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22 28 25.8 +30 17 33; Peg
V = 12.5; Size 2.1'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.8
48" (10/29/16): at 813x; bright, fairly large, very irregular appearance. A faint star is superimposed just south of a very small brighter nucleus or knot. A bright "bar" extends through the nucleus WNW-ESE, (length ~50"), ending at a fairly bright knot at its WNW end. The knot (HII complex/OB assocation?) appears ~10"x7" SW-NE. A low surface brightness halo on the north and south side of the bar is roughly oval 3:2 and increases the overall size to ~1.5'x1.0'. Situated in a fairly busy star field.
17.5" (9/2/89): fairly faint, moderately large, oval WNW-ESE, broad concentration. A group of mag 13.5-14 stars are off the NW end including a two mag 13.5 stars 1.2' NW and 1.8' NW.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 7292 = St. 4-12 on 29 Aug 1872 and measured an initial position 3' too far W. His published position (list 4, #12) was measured a week later on 5 Sep 1872 and quite accurate.
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22 29 38.4 -20 50 13; Aqr
V = 7.6; Size 970"x735"
18" (11/13/07): superb view at 115x and OIII filter, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, ~14'x12' including a faint extension or filament on the west side. The bright rim is relatively thick and brightest along the north to NE side within the interior of the annulus (not at the very edge). A star is embedded at the west edge of this large, enhanced arc (due east of the mag 10.5 star just off the NW edge). The opposite SW rim is also enhanced in brightness and thicker. The rim is weakest and thinnest at the WNW end, but with averted vision this end bulges out due to a faint extension or large filament (second ring) that begins just south of the western side of the rim and extends north towards the mag 10.5 at the NW edge of the halo.
17.5" (10/2/99): gorgeous view at 100x and OIII filter. This huge, annular PN is 15'x12' in size and slightly elongated E-W due to an extension on the west side. The thick annulus is mottled and irregular with brighter regions along the N, NE and SW edge. The west side is slightly weaker but very faint extensions from the north and south side towards the west cause the rim to bulge on this side (part of a second ring). The west edge of the halo more gradually blends into the background near a mag 11 star off the west side. At 220x without a filter about a dozen stars are superimposed. The mag 13.5 central star is easy along with a similar star a couple of arc minutes following.
13.1" (8/16/82): the "Helix" nebula is extremely large, about 15' diameter, clearly annular. Significant contrast gain with OIII filter permits observation even from the Bay Area. The fairly bright rim is non-uniform appearing brighter along the north side. About 7 stars are superimposed including the mag 13.5 central star. Appears best at low power due to size and relative low surface brightness. Easy in the 80mm finder.
8" (10/4/80): huge annular planetary is fairly bright at low power using a Daystar 300 filter. The rim has an irregular surface brightness.
15x50 IS binoculars (8/27/11): easily visible in binoculars using a pair of narrowband filters.
Karl Ludwig Harding discovered NGC 7293 = Au 48 in 1823 at Gottingen University Observatory, probably using an 8.5-inch reflector built by William Herschel. According to Wolfgang Steinicke, Harding published a list of 8 new nebulae in Astronomisches Jahrbuch, although the Helix Nebula is the only object he actually discovered, the others being observations of previously discovered nebulae. Harding's list wasn't checked until 1857 by Winnecke and not generally known by others. Ernesto Capocci independently discovered this huge planetary in late 1824 at Capodimonte Observatory in Naples, but his position was over a degree too far west. In 1856, Christian Peters reported another discovery while he was at Capodimonte Observatory around 1850 (AJ 2, p16). As late as 1884 Jermaine Porter also reported a discovery, although at that point it was already in John Herschel's General Catalogue. NGC 7293 was apparently just the second deep sky object discovered after William Herschel last sweep #1112 on 30 Sep 1802 (a gap of 20+ years).
Based on a September 1912 photograph (4 hour explosure) taken with the Crossley reflector at Lick, Heber Curtis wrote "I would suggest that this interesting object be referred to as "The Helical Nebula in Aquarius" [to distinguish it from the the Helical Nebula in Draco, NGC 6543]. In 1917, Robert Innes, at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg, noted it was "seen in both the 3-inch and 9-inch telescopes. Large, but no detail." and probably based on Curtis' comment, he referred to it as the "Helical nebula in Aquarius." The Heix was photographed several times with the 30" reflector at the Helwan Observatory near Cairo and the 1921 bulletin reported "A recent plate shows an additional much fainter loop in the north-following portion, which extends 15' from the centre of the nebula."
******************************
22 32 08.1 -25 23 52; PsA
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 47°
24" (7/29/16): at 200x; fairly faint, moderately large, elongated ~3:2 SW-NE, ~60"x40", contains a brighter core that gradually increases to a small brighter nucleus. The core itself sometimes appears noticeably elongated SW-NE.
17.5" (10/13/90): faint, small, round, bright core.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 7294 = LM 1-251 in 1886
and recorded "vF, vS, R."
His rough position (nearest min of RA) is 2 minutes of time preceding
******************************
22 27 54 +52 49; Lac
17.5" (10/21/95): this asterism consists of ~10 stars
including a mag 10 star at the east end and eight mag 12-13 star in an E-W
string about 3' length. Located 6'
SW of mag 7.6
John Herschel discovered NGC 7295 = h2163 on 8 Nov 1831 and recorded "A Milky Way straggler, a poorish cluster of stars 12...13m." His position corresponds with a mag 9 star accompanied by a small clump of stars close southwest. Karl Reinmuth called this a "a few st 11...13 in a dense region." RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent ("No cluster"). But Harold Corwin suggests that if his declination is 30' too far north, then NGC 7295 is a duplicate of NGC 7296. As evidence, Herschel listed H. VII-41 as a synonym (with a question mark), so he was uncertain. The object described in my notes is the asterism at his position.
******************************
NGC 7296 = Cr 451 = Lund 1016 = OCL-228
22 28 02 +52 17 18; Lac
Size 4'
17.5" (10/5/91): compact group of roughly 30 stars in a 3'x2' area elongated N-S. A mag 9 star is at the NW edge. Most stars are arranged in a curved arc roughly N-S. A string of four perfectly collinear stars trail from this arc to the NE. Not particularly distinctive as located in a rich star field. Contains about ten faint stars mag 14-14.5. Located 40' E of Beta Lacertae (V = 4.4).
8" (11/8/80): 15 stars extended N-S between two mag 8 and 9 stars. Appears faint and small with an unresolved background haze.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7296 = H. VII-41 on 14 Oct 1787 (sweep 765) and noted "a small cluster of stars, not very rich; like a forming one." His RA was 40 seconds too large.
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22 31 10.3 -37 49 35; Gru
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 130°
17.5" (7/20/96): very faint, fairly small, irregularly
round, ~40" diameter. Located
2.7' WSW of a mag 13 star. Pair
with
John Herschel discovered NGC 7297 = h3945, along with NGC 7299, on 1 Sep 1834 and recorded "eF; S; R. The preceding of 2 [with NGC 7299]." His position is less than 1' southwest of ESO 405-023 = PGC 68980.
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22 30 50.6 -14 11 18; Aqr
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 5°
24" (9/25/19): at 375x faint, fairly small, slightly
elongated N-S, ~45" diameter, irregular halo with an indistinct shape
(face-on spiral), very weak concentration. In a group (LGG 458) with
17.5" (9/15/90): extremely faint, fairly small, very low even surface brightness, diffuse. Forms a pair with NGC 7300 11.3' NNE. Located 22' NNE of 56 Aquarii (V = 6.4).
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7298 = m 484 on 7 Aug 1864 and noted "vF, pL, iR." His position is fairly accurate.
******************************
NGC 7299 = ESO 345-019 = MCG -06-49-008 = AM 2228-380 = PGC 69060
22 31 33.1 -37 48 34; Gru
V = 13.9; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5" (7/20/96): threshold object only glimpsed with concentration for moments, ~30" diameter. No details seen. Located 1.9' E of a mag 13 star and 4.6' ENE of slightly brighter NGC 7297.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7299 = h3946, along with NGC 7297, on 1 Sep 1834 and recorded "eF; S; R. The following of 2 [with NGC 7297]." His position is fairly good.
******************************
NGC 7300 = IC 5204? = MCG -02-57-011 = LGG 458-003 = PGC 69040
22 30 59.9 -14 00 13; Aqr
V = 12.8; Size 2.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 160°
24" (9/25/19): at 375x; moderately bright and large, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, 1.2'x0.4', broad concentration with a brighter elongated core. In a group (LGG 458) with NGC 7302 22' SE and NGC 7298 11' SSW.
13.1" (9/3/83): very faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, low surface brightness. Forms a pair with NGC 7298 11.3' SSW. NGC 7302 lies 24' ESE.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7300 = h2164 on 26 Jul 1830 and
recorded "F; pL; a strong suspicion; almost sure." The next night he logged "vF; R;
very gradually little brighter middle; 20"; twilight
commencing." His position is
just off the south side of
Harold Corwin suggests Lewis Swift's list XI, #212 (later IC
5204) found on 8 Aug 1896, is probably a duplicate of NGC 7300 despite a very
poor position. Swift's description
reads "vF; eE; a ray; p of 2 [with
******************************
22 30 34.7 -17 34 26; Aqr
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 1°
17.5" (10/13/90): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S, weak concentration.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 7301 = LM 1-252 in 1886 at the Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "vF; pS; lE 0°; little brighter in the middle." His rough position (nearest min of RA) is 1.3 min of RA too large, but his position angle (N-S) clinches this identification. Bigourdan was unable to find this galaxy.
******************************
NGC 7302 = IC 5228 = MCG -02-57-013 = PGC 69094
22 32 23.8 -14 07 14; Aqr
V = 12.3; Size 1.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 97°
24" (9/25/19): at 375x; fairly bright, moderately large, oval 2:1 WNW-ESE, at least 1.0'x0.5', sharply concentrated with an intense, round core. Mag 9.2 HD 213549 lies 3' S.
Forms a pair with
13.1" (9/3/83): faint, very small, slightly elongated
E-W, small bright core. Located 3'
N of mag 9
William Herschel discovered NGC 7302 = H. IV-31 = h2165 on 3
Oct 1785 (sweep 450) and recorded "F, S, stellar, 3 or 4' north of a pB
star. The chevelure pretty
large." John Herschel made 4
observations, reporting on 26 Jul 1830, "F; pL; R; very suddenly brighter
in the middle to a S, F, R nucleus; diam = 2'; has a * sf in pos 352.5° by
micrometer; dist 3'." Lewis
Swift found this galaxy again on 8 Aug 1896 and reported Sw. 11-215 as
"pB, pS, R; B * nr s; f of 2 [with
******************************
22 31 32.8 +30 57 22; Peg
V = 12.6; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 125°
17.5" (9/2/89): fairly faint, moderately large, diffuse, almost even surface brightness, slightly elongated NW-SE.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7303 = h2166 on 15 Sep 1828 and
recorded "vF; R; very little brighter middle; 20"." Harold Corwin points out that
******************************
22 31 30 +30 58; Peg
= Not found, Corwin and RNGC. =NGC 7303, UGC.
Heinrich d'Arrest discovered NGC 7304 on 20 Aug 1862 while observing NGC 7303. He claimed it was 137" away and his offset (+2 seconds in RA and +1.2' in dec, implies it lies northeast. But there is nothing at this position. On a later observation (5 Oct 1864) of NGC 7303, he searched carefully but could not find the object again. Dreyer also searched unsuccessfully for NGC 7304 on 29 Sep 1875 at Birr Castle. A double star is 2' southwest of NGC 7303 (opposite direction). Perhaps d'Arrest reversed the orientation and this pair is NGC 7304. In any case, NGC 7304 is not a duplicate of NGC 7303.
******************************
22 32 13.9 +11 42 44; Peg
V = 13.6; Size 0.7'x0.7'
24" (12/1/16): at 260x; fairly faint, fairly small, roundish, ~24" diameter, small bright core, diffuse halo. A mag 15.7 star is 40" N of center.
The blazar CTA 102, located 5.6' ENE, was near the maximum of a historic outburst. It appeared marginally brighter than a mag 12.9 star on the AAVSO chart, so perhaps mag 12.7 or 12.8. This is 4.5 magnitudes brighter than its normal quiescent state. At z = 1.037, the light-travel time is ~8 billion years. This is certainly the most distant object in recorded times to be visible in a 6" scope.
17.5" (8/20/88): very faint, very small, round, small bright core. A mag 15 star is 30" N. Located between two stars mag 13.5 1.6' NW and 2.1' E.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 7305 = Sw. 4-84 on 1 Sep 1886 and recorded "eF; S; R; in center of 4 F stars in form of a rhombus." His position is fairly accurate.
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22 33 16.5 -27 14 48; PsA
V = 12.7; Size 1.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 60°
17.5" (10/13/90): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 2:1 SW-NE, brighter core. A mag 12 star is 2.0' WNW. Pair with MCG -05-53-015 6' E.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7306 = h3948 on 30 Jul 1834 and recorded "vF; S; lE; follows a star 11m in the parallel." His position is accurate. Howe noted in 1900 that "The * 11m p" appears to be of mag 10 and precedes 8 seconds, 0.7' north. The nebula seems brighter near its preceding end."
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22 33 52.5 -40 55 58; Gru
V = 12.6; Size 3.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 9°
17.5" (8/26/00): very faint, moderately large, elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, ~2.5'x0.8', broad concentration, fades at tips. A mag 13.5-14 star is close west of the SW tip. This galaxy was difficult to view due to its very low elevation. Located ~40' SW of a wide mag 6 pair (Sigma-1 and 2 Gruis).
John Herschel discovered NGC 7307 = h3947 on 4 Oct 1836 and recorded "F; pL; pmE; about pos of 75° with parallel; 2 1/2' long. His RA is 6 seconds too small, and the description is a perfect match.
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22 34 32.1 -12 56 02; Aqr
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 145°
24" (9/29/16): at 260x; fairly faint, fairly small, 25"-30" diameter, slightly elongated, reasonably high surface brightness. Gradually increases to a very small brighter nucleus. Resides in a barren star field.
NGC 7308 forms a pair with
17.5" (9/15/90): faint, small, round, bright core.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 7308 = LM 1-253 in 1886
and reported "pB; vS; R, no star in field." His very rough position (nearest minute of RA) is 40 seconds
west and 3' south of
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22 34 20.6 -10 21 25; Aqr
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.7
24" (8/14/15): moderately bright and large, irregular shape, slightly elongated, ~1.0'x0.8', contains a small bright core. A fairly thin spiral arm juts out to the west on the north end. On the DSS, this spiral has a second strong arm off the south end, extending east, though this arm was difficult to distinguish.
13.1" (9/3/83): faint, moderately large, very diffuse, slightly elongated ~E-W, even surface brightness.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7309 = H. II-476 = h2167 on 28 Nov 1785 (sweep 479) and recorded "F, pL, irregularly round, little brighter in the middle." John Herschel made 5 observations, first reporting it on 9 Sep 1825 (sweep 9) as "F; R; very gradually brighter middle; r; 2'." R.J. Mitchell, observing at Birr Castle on 2 Oct 1856, reported "has a * near center and I suspect a * or knot in np edge [spiral arm at this end]."
Heber Curtis described the photograhic appearance in 1913 based on Crossley plates at Lick as "a small nebula about 1.5' in size, of very unusual form. Has faint stellar nucleus; ther are three fainter nuclei from which spring short whorls [spiral arms]; these are not arranged as in an ordinary spiral, but overlap." At the Helwan observatory in Egypt, it was described (1921) as a "3 branched spiral with sharp stellar nucleus. The north branch starts from a faint almost stellar condensation just n.f. the nucleus. The branch just south of the nucleus forms an oval around it, much brighter on the south side. The third branch is also south and curiously broken in the middle."
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22 34 36.9 -22 29 06; Aqr
V = 13.9; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 36°
17.5" (7/2/89): very faint, fairly small, elongated SSW-NNE, very low even surface brightness.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 7310 = LM 1-254 on 20 Jul
1885 and reported "mag 15.0; pS; R; brighter middle to a
nucleus." His rough position
(nearest min of RA is marked as uncertain) is 25 seconds east and 2' south of
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22 34 06.7 +05 34 12; Peg
V = 12.5; Size 1.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 10°
17.5" (11/1/86): moderately bright, small, very
elongated ~N-S, small bright core, sharp bright stellar nucleus. This striking
galaxy forms a wide pair with
William Herschel discovered NGC 7311 = H. II-428 = h2168 on 30 Aug 1785 (sweep 427) and recorded "F, pS, R, little brighter in the middle." On 25 Oct 1785 (sweep 464) he noted "pB, S, irr R, r."
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NGC 7312 = UGC 12083 = MCG +01-57-010 = CGCG 404-023 = PGC 69198
22 34 34.8 +05 49 02; Peg
V = 13.4; Size 1.4'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 83°
17.5" (11/1/86): fairly faint, fairly small, diffuse, very small brighter core, slightly elongated ~E-W. Located 16.4' NNE of NGC 7311.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7312 = m 485 on 30 Oct 1863 and noted "F, S." His position is accurate.
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22 35 32.6 -26 06 06; PsA
V = 14.2; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 170°
24" (9/25/19): at 375x; faint, fairly small, slightly
elongated NNW-SSE, ~24"x20", low even surface brightness. Located 4.5' SW of much brighter and
larger
17.5" (10/13/90): extremely faint, small, elongated ~N-S. Pair with NGC 7314 4.4' NE.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7313 = m 486 on 24 Sep 1864 and
noted "eF, E." His
position is within 1' of
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NGC 7314 = Arp 14 = ESO 533-053 = MCG -04-53-018 = AM 2233-261 = PGC 69253
22 35 45.9 -26 03 01; PsA
V = 11.0; Size 4.6'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 3°
24" (9/25/19): at 200x and 375x; bright, large, elongated 5:2 N-S, ~2.5'x1.0'. Subtle spiral structure was seen. A bright linear arm extended ~N-S along the SW flank. A 15th mag star is close off the E side, 0.9' from center and a 12th mag star is 2' WNW of center. Pair with NGC 7313 4.5' SW.
17.5" (10/13/90): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 3:1 N-S, 2.7'x0.9', broad concentration. A mag 15 star is just off the east side. A brighter mag 12 star lies 2.0' W of center. Forms a pair with NGC 7313 4.4' SW.
8" (8/28/81): faint, moderately large, elongated, diffuse.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7314 = h3949 on 29 Jul 1834 and recorded "pB; L; mE in meridian; very little brighter middle; 4' l, 2' br; moonlight." His position (also measured the next sweep) is accurate.
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22 35 31.7 +34 48 12; Peg
V = 12.8; Size 1.6'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5" (8/12/88): fairly faint, fairly small, round, bright core. A mag 15 star is 0.7' W of center. Located 30' NW of NGC 7331.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 7315 = St. 4-13 on 29 Aug 1872 and measured an initial position 3' too far W. His published position (list 4, #13) was reduced two weeks later on 11 Sep 1872.
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22 35 56.3 +20 19 20; Peg
V = 13.0; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 60°
17.5" (9/2/89): faint, small, elongated SW-NE,
irregular surface brightness. A
mag 14 star is 50" SSW of center. An extremely faint star is possibly
involved at the east end. Located
3.2' NNE of mag 6.7
William Herschel discovered NGC 7316 = H. III-180 = h2169 on 18 Sep 1784 (sweep 277) and noted "eF, vS, north of a star about 9m." His time is about 8 seconds too small, but the identification is certain.
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22 35 51.8 +33 56 42; Peg
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.8
18" (6/25/04): faint, very small, round, ~20"
diameter. A mag 13 star just off
the NW side detracts from viewing.
This star is collinear with two mag 13.5 stars 0.7' NE and 1.7' SE with
a mag 14.5 star just off this line.
These and a few additional faint stars near or attached to galaxies in
the group (
17.5" (9/14/85): fourth brightest of five in Stephan's
quintet. At 222x; fairly faint,
small, round, brighter core, easy with direct vision. A mag 13 star is at the NW edge just 16" from the
center which confuses the observation.
The interacting pair
13.1" (9/29/84): very faint, small, round. A star is at the NW edge. Second faintest in Stephan's quintet.
13.1" (8/23/84): very faint, small, round, visible without averted vision.
13.1" (8/5/83): extremely faint, very small, round, close following a star, requires averted vision.
8" (7/24/82); suspected at 100x attached to a faint star.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 7317 = St. 8a-19, along with the other members of the group, on 27 Sep 1873. His accurate published position (list 81, #19) was reduced on 23 Sep 1876.
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22 35 56.7 +33 57 56; Peg
V = 13.4; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0
18" (6/25/04): The brighter western component (NGC 7318A) appeared fairly faint, slightly elongated E-W, sharply concentrated with a bright stellar or quasi-stellar nucleus. The eastern component (NGC 7318B) is fairly faint, slightly elongated ~E-W, sharply concentrated with a stellar nucleus (not as prominent as NGC 7318A). The two galaxies are encased in a common halo.
17.5" (9/14/85): at 222x; the western member of this
double galaxy in Stephan's quintet is moderately bright, elongated ~E-W. The eastern member is moderately
bright, elongated ~E-W. This
double system appears as two stellar nuclei within a common elongated
halo. The three other members are
NGC 7317 1.6' SW, NGC 7320 1.9' SE and
13.1" (8/5/83 and 9/29/84): faint, elongated, two stellar nuclei are resolved in good seeing.
8" (6/27/81 and 8/28/81): extremely faint, small. This double galaxy appears as a single object.
6" (6/25/04): extremely faint, glimpsed intermittently at 105x and 140x, along with NGC 7320 using a 6" mask. This double system was unresolved.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 7318 = St 8a-20, along with the other members, 27 Sep 1873. He reduced the position on 23 Sep 1876 and included it in his discovery list 8a (#20). He didn't resolve the NGC 7318 pair, so the two components are often called NGC 7318A and 7318B. Harold Corwin carefully re-reduced his offsets and found that Stephan measured the brighter western component, although his position is just off the nucleus of the eastern component.
Shapley and Ames mentioned NGC 7318 is "bi-nuclear and probably represents two interpenetrating system" in 1930BHarO.878....6S.
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NGC 7319 = HCG 92C = Arp 319 NED5 = VV 288b = UGC 12102 =
22 36 03.5 +33 58 33; Peg
V = 13.1; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.8
18" (7/20/04): at 323x appears a very faint low surface brightness glow, small, elongated 3:2 or 2:1 NW-SE, ~40"x25", very weak concentration. Three mag 15-16 stars are very near. This galaxy is the faintest in Stephan's Quintet.
18" (6/25/04): very faint, small, round, low surface brightness, slightly elongated, ~25"x20", very small slightly brighter core. Faintest in Stephan's quintet.
17.5" (9/14/85): faintest in Stephan's quintet. At 222x; faint, fairly small, elongated NW-SE, very low surface brightness with only a very weak concentration. Located 1.7' N of NGC 7320 and 1.5' NE of the double system NGC 7318A/B.
13.1" (7/27/84): extremely faint, fairly small, requires averted.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 7319 = St. 8a-21, along with others in the group, on 27 Sep 1873. His reduced position, published in list 8a (#21) was reduced on 23 Sep 1876.
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NGC 7320 = HCG 92A = Arp 319 NED4 = VV 288a = UGC 12101 =
22 36 03.4 +33 56 53; Peg
V = 12.6; Size 2.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 132°
18" (6/25/04): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, ~50"x30". A mag 14 star is embedded on the SE portion of the halo, just 15" from the center. The brightness of NGC 7320 is comparable to the combined glow of NGC 7318A/B. The Quintet was viewed at 257x and 300x. This galaxy has a very low redshift compared to the other group members, so has been a subject of controversy but is likely a foreground object.
17.5" (9/14/85): brightest in Stephan's quintet
consisting of five galaxies within a 4' diameter circle. At 222x; moderately bright, moderately
large, brighter core, elongated 5:2 NW-SE. A mag 14.5 star is at the SE side 15" from the
center. NGC 7317 lies 2.5' W, NGC
7318 pair is 1.7' NW and NGC 7319 1.7' N.
Located 30' SSW of
13.1": faint, elongated NW-SE.
8" (6/27/81 and 8/28/81): extremely faint, small.
6" (6/25/04): marginal but definitely glimpsed at moments with a 6" mask at 115x and 140x.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 7320 = St. 8a-22, probably along with the other members of the group, on 27 Sep 1873. His published position (list 8a, #22) was reduced on 23 Sep 1876.
NGC 7320 lies in the foreground of the other galaxies. See S&T November 2004 and my observing piece in the article.
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22 36 28.0 +21 37 19; Peg
V = 12.9; Size 1.6'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 12°
17.5" (9/2/89): faint, small, elongated SW-NE, no
concentration. A mag 15 star is
attached at the NE end, 24" from center. Four bright stars are within the 20' field; mag 9
William Herschel discovered NGC 7321 = H. III-237 = h2170 on 17 Nov 1784 (sweep 319) and logged "eF, vS." His position is 2.5' north of UGC 12103. John Herschel recorded "pF; irreg R; very gradually very little brighter middle; 15...20"." and measured an accurate position.
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22 37 51.5 -37 13 52; Gru
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 114°
17.5" (10/30/99): extremely faint, very small, round,
20" diameter. It required
averted vision in poor seeing.
Located just west of the midpoint of a mag 10 (
John Herschel discovered NGC 7322 = h3950 on 30 Aug 1834 and
recorded pF; R; gradually brighter in the middle; 20". Two nights later he called this galaxy
"eF; S; vlE." His
position matches
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22 36 53.7 +19 08 38; Peg
V = 12.9; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 170°
17.5" (9/2/89): faint, small, slightly elongated, broad
mild concentration. Forms a pair
with
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7323 = m 487, along with NGC 7324, on 13 Sep 1863 and noted "pF, pL, irr R." His position is accurate.
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NGC 7324 = MCG +03-57-026 = Holm 794b = PGC 69321
22 37 00.9 +19 08 46; Peg
V = 14.1; Size 0.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 168°
17.5" (9/2/89): very faint, extremely small, round. A mag 11.5 star is 0.6' SE of center. Close pair with NGC 7323 1.8' W.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7324 = m 488, along with NGC
7323, on 13 Sep 1863 and noted "vF, vS neb. *." His position is less than 1' north of
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22 36 48.4 +34 22 02; Peg
Size 15"
17.5" (10/17/98): this is a very faint double star 4.5'
SW of the core of NGC 7331. At
220x only the brighter mag 14 component was evident but at 280x and 380x a
fainter mag 15 companion at 15" S was visible. A wide pair of mag 12/13 stars that are collinear with the
core of the galaxy lie 1.5' NW.
RNGC misidentifies NGC 7325 with
Herman Schultz discovered NGC 7325 = Nova VIII on 20 Sep 1865 while observing NGC 7331 with the 9.6-inch refractor at Uppsala Observatory. His micrometric position matches a mag 14/15 double star at 15" separation with the northern component an extremely close double. This pair is situated 4.5' southwest of the center of NGC 7331. Dreyer also found this object and measured an accurate offset at Birr Castle on 8 Sep 1875 using NGC 7331 as the reference. It's shown unlabeled on the constructed sketch of the companions to NGC 7331 in the 1880 publication. Karl Reinmuth reported this object as a "? Neb *14.8" based on a Heidelberg plate.
RNGC misidentifies
******************************
22 36 52.0 +34 25 22; Peg
17.5" (10/17/98): NGC 7326 refers to a faint, close
double star just 2.5' preceding the nucleus of NGC 7331. It was not seen with certainty at 220x,
but was clearly visible at 280x and 380x as a mag 15.5 star (not
resolved). The RNGC misidentifies
Lawrence Parsons, the 4th Earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 7326 on 7 Oct 1874. His micrometric offset (also measured in 1875) from NGC 7331 (153" in PA 278°) points to a close double star 2.5' preceding the nucleus of NGC 7331. It's also shown unlabeled on the constructed sketch in the 1880 publication. Dorothy Carlson also equated this number with the double star based on Mount Wilson and Lick Observatory plates.
RNGC misidentifies CGCG 514-066 as NGC 7326. This galaxy is located 12' northwest of NGC 7331. This error was mentioned in my article on NGC 7331 and its companions in Deep Sky magazine for Fall 1986, as well as in RNGC Corrections #1.
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22 36 57.3 +34 28 02; Peg
17.5" (10/17/98): this number refers to one of the several nonexistent NGC entries in the NGC 7331 vicinity. A possible candidate suggested by Harold Corwin is a mag 13 star near the tip of the northern extension of NGC 7331. This single star appeared stellar, although it seems plausible that it might look slightly nebulous due to the faint background haze of the galaxy. Other fainter nearby stars may instead apply to NGC 7327.
Wilhelm Tempel discovered NGC 7327, along with
Harold Corwin suggests the mag 13 star at 22 36 57.3 +34 28 02 (2000) as a reasonable candidate. Another possibility is the compact galaxy PGC 69261, which has a bright star superimposed (the RNGC misidentifies this galaxy as NGC 7325). Unfortunately, Tempel didn't leave any additional clues as to the identification of NGC 7327, so any assignment is really a guess. The identifications in the NGC 7331 group are discussed in my Deep Sky magazine article for Fall 1986.
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22 37 29.3 +10 31 54; Peg
V = 13.1; Size 2.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 88°
17.5" (9/19/87): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 5:2 ~E-W, broad weak concentration, faint outer halo.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7328 = h2171 on 12 Oct 1825 and recorded "eF; elongated in parallel [E-W]; 60" l, 40" br." His position (measured on 4 sweeps) is accurate.
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22 40 24.2 -66 28 44; Tuc
V = 11.3; Size 3.9'x2.6'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 107°
30" (10/14/15 - OzSky): at 303x; bright, very large,
oval 5:3 ~E-W, at least 2.5'x1.5', sharply concentrated with a bright,
elongated core (bar E-W). The halo
is only slightly concentrated but shows weak spiral structure. A mag 12.5 is 3' NW and a pair of mag
14.5/15 stars is off the southwest side and collinear with the nucleus.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7329 = h3951 on 20 Jul 1835 and recorded "pB; mE in parallel; gradually brighter in the middle; 50" l, 20" br."
NGC 7329 was first photographed by DeLisle Stewart at Harvard's Arequipa Station between 1898 and 1901 and noted as "!! Ellip. and spiral form"
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22 36 56.2 +38 32 53; Lac
V = 12.2; Size 1.8'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5" (6/15/91): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE, weak concentration, faint stellar nucleus. A mag 13 star is 1.2' NW of center.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 7330 = St. 2-30 on 27 Sep 1869 and logged a rough unpublished position 2' too far E. On 26 Jul 1870 he measured an accurate micrometric position with description "moderately bright, small, little brighter middle, oval."
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NGC 7331 = UGC 12113 = MCG +06-49-045 = CGCG 514-068 = Holm 795a = LGG 459-003 = PGC 69327 = Deer Lick Group
22 37 04.1 +34 24 56; Peg
V = 9.5; Size 10.5'x3.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 171°
48" (10/24/14): at 488x, the long dust lane along the west side (running N-S) was very evident as the galaxy is sharply cut off at the bright edge of a thin inner spiral arm (the arm itself was not resolved). A clearly visible outer spiral arm curves sharply counterclockwise around the south side of the halo and shoots directly north. It continues or merges into a fairly narrow arm just west of the dust lane and extends north of the central region on the west side.
24" (7/21/12): at 322x this showpiece galaxy appeared very bright, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, ~9'x3'. Contains a very bright, elongated core that is sharply concentrated with an intense stellar nucleus. The galaxy exhibits subtle spiral structure in the outer halo and the brighter edge of the inner western arm is sharply defined as it shoots north. Just west of this arm the light drops off sharply due to a long dust lane and the dim glow of the outer halo is clearly visible west of the lane. Arm structure is also evident at the north and south ends of the central region. The four background companions to the east fit snugly in the field.
18" (8/1/08): The sharp light cut-off (dust lane) was evident, running along the west side of the galaxy, and the outer halo had subtle structure and variations in brightness that suggested spiral structure.
13.1" (many dates 7/16/82 to 7/27/84): very bright,
very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, 9'x2.5', very bright elongated core, substellar
nucleus. The west side has a
sharper edge due to dust. Four
(background) companions are close following with the brightest three
8" (8/28/81): very bright, large, nucleus bulge, very elongated. Two extremely faint companions to the east are just visible.
80mm (9/29/84): faint streak at 16x in the finder.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7331 = H. I-53 = h2172 on 6 Sep 1784 (sweep 258). With the "moon pretty bright" and the skies "hazy", he logged it as "pB, cL, E, little brighter in the middle." On 13 Sep 1784 (sweep 269), he recorded "very bright, considerably large, much elongated, much brighter in the middle, resolvable." At the same time, the brightest companion NGC 7335 was discovered, although Wolfgang Steinicke states that Stephan's quintet was just below the southern limit of the sweep and was missed (both Herschels).
John Herschel made his first of two observation in Nov 1827 (sweep 105): "vB; pL; suddenly much brighter middle; E 70° np to sf; 90" l, 30" br. If I. 53, the working list [based on his father's position] is 9' out in polar distance." He was correct regarding about the polar distance.
George Johnstone Stoney, Lord Rosse's assistant on 17 Aug 1849, logged "the preceding edge is well defined [dust lane] and Nucl near it. I strongly suspected an eF branch [spiral arm] from south end round following and north and then preceding of preceding edge." A month later he confirmed "appendage preceding certain, following branch suspected, 4 knots [companions] following, one preceding seen by Lord R to consist of 4 or 5 stars [wrong]." R.J. Mitchell's sketch on 16 Sep 1854 (Plate XXX, fig 39 in 1861 Monograph), clearly shows the dust lane along the major axis.
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22 37 24.5 +23 47 54; Peg
V = 11.1; Size 4.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 155°
17.5" (9/2/89): bright, fairly large, edge-on 4:1
NNW-SSE, well-defined very bright core, stellar nucleus. A mag 11 star is 2.4' SSE of center,
collinear with the major axis.
Forms a striking pair of edge-on systems with
8" (7/24/82): fairly bright, small bright nucleus, edge-on NNW-SSE. Forms a pair with NGC 7339 5' E.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7332 = H. II-233 = h2173, along with NGC 7339, on 19 Sep 1784 (sweep 278). He recorded "pretty bright, extended, easily resolvable. I can distinguish one or two stars." On 20 Oct 1784 (sweep 302) he described NGC 7332 as "bright, little elongated, the direction nearly in the meridian [N-S]."
John Herschel's first observation on 17 Aug 1828 (sweep 166) reads, "Bright; small; much extended in pos = 163° by micrometer; very small much brighter midde to a * 11m."
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22 37 11.6 +34 26 14; Peg
17.5" (10/17/98): extremely close double star just 2.0' NE of the center of NGC 7331. At 220x it appeared as a single mag 15 star 40" following a mag 13.5-14 star. This star is on a line between NGC 7335 and the core of NGC 7331.
Herman Schultz discovered NGC 7333 = Nova IX on 20 Sep 1865 while observing NGC 7331 with the 9.6-inch refractor at Uppsala Observatory. His micrometric position matches an extremely close double star (less than 2" separation) situated 2' northeast of the center of NGC 7331. The components are just distinguishable on the SDSS. Karl Reinmuth reported this object as a "nebulous *15, *14 p 0.7'.", based on a Heidelberg plate. Dorothy Carlson classified it as a double star (misinterpreting Reinmuth's description) in her 1940 paper on NGC errata. I discussed NGC 7333 in my article on the identifications in the NGC 7331 group in Deep Sky magazine.
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NGC 7334 = NGC 7322 = ESO 405-033 = MCG -06-49-010 = PGC 69365
22 37 51.5 -37 13 52; Gru
See observing notes for NGC 7322.
John Herschel found NGC 7334 = h3950 on 23 Oct 1835 and recorded "eeF; barely, but certainly seen." A note was added "the observation makes the RA 29 min 6.5 sec [instead of 28 min], and as the PD fails of a perfect agreement [with his previously two observations of h3950 = NGC 7322], it is not impossible that this may be a different nebula." In the Cape catalogue, all three observations of this galaxy were listed under the single entry h3950, but he included a second entry in the GC at the wrong position, which became NGC 7334. So, NGC 7322 = NGC 7334, with a 1 minute error in RA.
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NGC 7335 = UGC 12116 = MCG +06-49-047 = CGCG 514-069 = Holm 795c = PGC 69338
22 37 19.4 +34 26 52; Peg
V = 13.3; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 151°
48" (10/24/14): at 488x; fairly bright, moderately large, elongated nearly 5:2 NNW-SSE, 0.9'x0.35'. Contains a very bright core.
24" (7/21/12): at 322x was moderately bright and large, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, ~50"x20", relatively large bright oval core that gradually increases to the center. This is the brightest of the four "companions" to NGC 7331 with the faintest galaxy, NGC 7336, situated 2.1' NNE. The quartet is actually far in the background (8x the redshift) of NGC 7331, at a similar redshift as Stephan's Quintet with the exception for NGC 7320, which has a similar redshift as NGC 7331.
18" (8/1/08): at 280x appeared fairly faint or moderately bright, very elongated nearly 3:1 NNW-SSE, well concentrated with a small, bright elongated core. With averted vision increases in size to 1.2'x0.35'. This is easily the brightest of four companions on the east side of NGC 7331.
18" (7/20/04): at 225x appears fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, contains a bright core which increases to a faint stellar nucleus, ~0.8'x0.35', though increases in size with averted vision to 1.0'x0.4'. Brightest of four companions on the following side of NGC 7331.
17.5" (8/27/87): fairly faint, bright core, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, small bright core. This is the brightest and largest of the four following companions of NGC 7331 located 3.5' ENE of center. A mag 14 star is 1.3' NE. Extremely faint NGC 7336 is 2.1' NNE.
17.5" (9/14/85): fairly faint, bright core, very elongated NNW-SSE.
13.1" (9/29/84): easily the brightest and largest of the companions to NGC 7331. Fairly faint but easily visible with direct vision at 220x, gradually increases to center, elongated NNW-SSE.
13.1" (7/27/84): fairly faint, elongated NNW-SSE, broad concentration. Located 3.6' E of the center of NGC 7331. Extremely faint NGC 7336 is 2' NNE.
8" (8/28/81): extremely faint, very small, requires averted.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7335 = H. III-166 = h2174 on 13 Sep 1784 (sweep 269) he recorded "eF, vS, E, between 4 & 5' distant from the former [NGC 7331] and north following it." John Herschel reported this galaxy as "eF; it is nf from I. 53 [NGC 7331]; pos by micrometer = 61.8°; Delta RA = 14.5 seconds."
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NGC 7336 = MCG +06-49-049 = Holm 795j = PGC 69337
22 37 21.9 +34 28 54; Peg
V = 14.8; Size 0.5'x0.4'
48" (10/29/16): at 375x; moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, very small brighter core. Faintest of the four galaxies to the east of NGC 7331.
48" (10/24/14): at 488x; fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 0.6'x0.3', contains a small bright core. Located 2' N of NGC 7335.
24" (7/21/12): at 322x the faintest of the four "companions" to NGC 7331 appeared faint, small, oval 3:2 NW-SE, 20"x14", small brighter core. Situated 2.1' NNE of NGC 7335 (brightest of the quartet). A mag 13.5 star is 1' S, between the two galaxies.
18" (8/1/08): at 283x appeared very faint but visible steadily with averted vision, very small, slightly elongated, 20"x15" in size.
18" (7/20/04): at 225x appears extremely faint, very small, roundish. At times only a 10" core was visible but with concentrated viewing an extended halo was visible increasing the size to 20"x10". Located 2' NNE of NGC 7335 and faintest of the quartet.
17.5" (8/12/88): very faint, very small, elongated, visible steadily. Located 1' NNW of a mag 14 star.
17.5" (8/27/87): Can just be held continuously with averted vision, elongated ~N-S. Faintest of the 4 galaxies on the east side of NGC 7331.
17.5" (9/14/85): very faint, very small, slightly elongated. Just visible with constant direct vision at 200x (10mm Clave). A mag 14 star is 1.0' SSE of center. This is the faintest of four companions of NGC 7331 and is located 2.1' NNE of NGC 7335.
George Johnstone Stoney discovered NGC 7336, along with NGC
7337 and 7340, on 10 Sep 1849 and noted "4 knots [including
******************************
NGC 7337 = UGC 12120 = MCG +06-49-050 = CGCG 514-071 = Holm 795b = PGC 69344
22 37 26.6 +34 22 27; Peg
V = 14.4; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 14.3
48" (10/24/14 and 10/27/19): moderately bright, fairly small, roundish, ~0.5'x0.4'. It was difficult to estimate the size of halo due to the superimposed star (just 8" SE of center!) and the low surface brightness outer halo faded into the background. Contains a very small bright core and stellar nucleus within a fairly low contrast "bar" extending N-S.
24" (7/21/12): fairly faint, fairly small, round, though a mag 14 star on the east side of the core of the galaxy distracts from a clean view. Sharply concentrated with a very small bright core ~10" diameter and a much fainter halo ~25" diameter.
18" (8/1/08): faint or fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 N-S, 0.4'x0.25'. A mag 14.5 star on the east side confuses the view. Located 5' SE of NGC 7331.
18" (7/20/04): at 322x appears faint, very small, round, ~20" diameter. The observation is confused by a mag 14 star that is attached on the southeast side and the galaxy appears to bulge out from the star towards the NW.
17.5" (8/27/87): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated. A mag 14-14.5 star attached at the SE end just 9" from the center confuses the observation as the galaxy appears like a close double. Located 5.2' SE of the center of NGC 7331 in a group of four faint companions.
17.5" (9/14/85): faint, very small, round, star attached at SE end.
13.1" (9/29/84): very faint, very small, round. A mag 14 star is superimposed at the SE side. This is the third faintest of the four companions to NGC 7331 and is located 5' SE of the center of NGC 7331. NGC 7340 is 4' NE.
George Johnstone Stoney discovered NGC 7337, along with NGC 7336 and 7340, on 10 Sep 1849 and noted "4 knots following [NGC 7331]." A diagram was made 2 nights later and NGC 7337 was labeled "E". Despite an accurate position, NGC 7337 was reported in the 1908 Catalogue of new nebulae and clusters found on plates taken with the Crossley reflector, generally of bright nearby galaxies [NGC 7331 in this case]. The plates were taken by Keeler in 1898-00 and this galaxy was recorded as #716 out of 744.
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22 37 31.7 +34 24 51; Peg
17.5" (10/17/98): at 220x, a single mag 14 star was clearly visible at this position. A fainter companion ~12" preceding was not seen at 280x or 380x.
Wilhelm Tempel discovered NGC 7338, along with NGC 7327, in 1882 with the 11" refractor near Florence and reported in the narrative portion of his fifth paper (AN 2439). No position was given but NGC 7338 was noted as located "between the four brighter companions following [NGC 7331], closer to the southern two [NGC 7337 and 7340]." There are no additional galaxies he might have seen, so this number probably refers to a single or double star. Harold Corwin suggest NGC 7338 is probably the faint double star about 3' southeast of NGC 7335, which forms an isosceles triangle with NGC 7337 and 7340. The identifications in the NGC 7331 group are discussed in my Deep Sky magazine article for Fall 1986.
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NGC 7339 = UGC 12122 = MCG +04-53-009 = CGCG 474-013 = Holm 796b = PGC 69364
22 37 46.9 +23 47 12; Peg
V = 12.2; Size 3.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 93°
24" (6/14/15): bright, fairly large, edge-on 5:1 E-W, 2.2'x0.4', large bright core, slightly mottled appearance. The north edge of the central region had a sharper light cut-off (apparently due to dust) and a very low surface brightness glow was visible just beyond this edge. A mag 14.6 star is 1.6' WSW and a mag 15.4 star is 1.4' NW of center.
17.5" (9/2/89): moderately bright, thin edge-on 5:1 E-W, brighter core but no sharp nucleus. Forms a striking pair with edge-on NGC 7332 5.2' W.
8" (7/24/82): faint, very elongated ~E-W. Aligned nearly perpendicular to NGC 7332 5' WNW and has a similar size.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7339 = H. II-234 = h2175, along with NGC 7332, on 19 Sep 1784 (sweep 278). His description reads, "faint, extended, resolvable, the direction of the extent different from that of the foregoing [NGC 7332]." On 20 Oct 1784 (sweep 302) he reported "extended of the size of the foregoing [NGC 7332], and the extension in a different direction, almost at rectangles to the former; the direction nearly in the parallel, about 1 1/2' in length."
On 13 Sep 1830 (sweep 290), John Herschel recorded "vF; mE in parallel; 60" l; the following of two [with NGC 7332] and a third suspected." There is no other nearby third object, so perhaps he glimpsed a very faint star.
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NGC 7340 = MCG +06-49-052 = CGCG 514-075 = Holm 795e = PGC 69362
22 37 44.2 +34 24 36; Peg
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 170°
48" (10/24/14): at 488x; fairly bright, fairly small, slightly elongated, 35"x25", sharply concentrated with a bright core and sharp stellar nucleus.
24" (7/21/12): moderately bright at 322x, fairly small, slightly elongated ~N-S, 0.5'x0.4', sharply concentrated with a very small bright core that increases to the center. Second brightest of the four "companions" to NGC 7331. Collinear with a mag 11 star 1.8' NNW and a mag 10.3 star 3.6' NNW.
18" (8/1/08): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 0.6'x0.5', very faint stellar nucleus. Collinear with two bright stars 1.8' NNW and 3.6' NNW.
18" (7/20/04): at 322x appears fairly faint, small, round, 25"-30" diameter, broad concentration to a brighter core. This is the second most prominent galaxy of the quartet following NGC 7331.
17.5" (8/27/87): fairly faint, small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus. This is the last of four galaxies following NGC 7331 and lies 8.1' E of center. Nearby are NGC 7337 4.2' SW and NGC 7335 5.6' NW. Collinear with two 10 stars 1.8' NNW and 3.6' NNW.
17.5" (9/14/85): fairly faint, small, round, bright core.
13.1" (9/29/84): faint, small, round, bright core. Second brightest of four faint companions of NGC 7331.
8" (8/28/81): extremely faint, very small, requires averted.
George Johnstone Stoney discovered NGC 7340, along with NGC 7336 and 7337, on 10 Sep 1849 and noted "4 knots following [NGC 7331]." A diagram was made 2 nights later and NGC 7340 was labeled "D".
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22 39 05.1 -22 39 55; Aqr
V = 12.4; Size 2.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 94°
17.5" (7/2/89): faint, very small, slightly elongated
E-W, weak concentration. Located
just 2' SSW mag 8.3
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 7341 = LM 1-255 on 20 Jul
1885 and recorded "pF; pS; E; little brighter in the middle." His rough position (the nearest min of
RA is marked as uncertain) is coincidentally just 2' south of
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22 38 13.1 +35 29 56; Peg
V = 13.9; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.3
18" (6/25/04): faint, fairly small, round, 40"
diameter, weak concentration to a small slightly brighter core. Overall, the surface brightness is
pretty low. A mag 14 star is
attached at the west side. Located
10.7' NNW of
17.5" (8/12/88): faint, small, round, weak concentration, very faint stellar nucleus. A mag 14 star is at the west edge 25" from the center. Member of the UGC 12127 group with NGC 7345 6.9' ENE.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 7342 = St. 4-14 on 28 Aug 1872 and measured an initial position 2.5' too far WNW. Apparently he missed or didn't note NGC 7345 on that date. His published position (list 4, #14) was measured two weeks later on 11 Sep 1872 and quite accurate.
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22 38 37.9 +34 04 17; Peg
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 160°
18" (8/1/08): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3, 0.6'x0.45', weak concentration. Located 28' SE of NGC 7331.
17.5" (8/12/88): faint, small, round, weak concentration.
Truman Safford discovered NGC 7343 = Sf. 53 = St 8a-23 on 14 Sep 1866. Safford's position was 5' too far south and 7 sec of RA too large. His discovery wasn't published until 1887 (just a position with no description), too late to be credited in the NGC. Édouard Stephan first observed NGC 7343 on 27 Sep 1873 and measured an accurate position on 26 Sep 1876. Stephen was credited with the discovery in the GC Supplement (6072) and NGC. But Stephan may already have been aware (he reported 19 Safford discoveries as new).
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22 39 36.2 -37 16 32; Aqr
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 160°
17.5" (8/10/91): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated 4:3 ~N-S, almost even surface brightness. Either a faint knot is at the north edge or an extremely faint star is superimposed.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7344 = m 489 on 1 Oct 1864 and noted "pF, vS, R." His position is accurate.
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NGC 7345 = UGC 12130 = MCG +06-49-064 = CGCG 514-083 = WBL 685-005 = PGC 69401
22 38 44.8 +35 32 26; Peg
V = 14.3; Size 1.2'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 39°
24" (8/31/16): moderately bright and large, edge-on 6:1
SW-NE, 1.0'x0.15', relatively large bright core, the extensions taper at the
tips. A mag 9.6 star is 1.8'
S. Furthest north in the UGC 12127
Group (WBL 685) with NGC 7342 7' SW and
18" (6/25/04): faint, fairly small, thin edge-on 5:1 SW-NE, 0.8'x0.15', very small brighter core. Situated just north of a small group of stars highlighted by a mag 9.6 star 1.7' S. NGC 7342 lies 7' WSW and CGCG 514-087 is 7' SSE.
CGCG 514-087 is very faint, very small, round, 0.3' diameter. Contains a slightly brighter 5" core and faint stellar nucleus with direct vision at 300x. Located just south of a line connecting two mag 12.5/15 stars oriented E-W and 9' NE of UGC 12127.
17.5" (8/12/88): faint, fairly small, very elongated SSW-NNE, bright core. A mag 10.5 star is 2' S. Located 6.9' ENE of NGC 7342 in the UGC 12127 group.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 7345 = St. 4-15, along with NGC 7342, on 11 Sep 1872. His micrometric position is very accurate.
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22 39 35.4 +11 05 00; Peg
V = 14.3; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 52°
17.5" (9/19/87): very faint, very small, round, small
bright core. Pair with
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7346 = m 490 on 7 Aug 1864 and noted "eF, vS, stellar." His position is accurate (to within 30").
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NGC 7347 = UGC 12136 = MCG +02-57-009 = CGCG 429-019 = PGC 69443
22 39 56.2 +11 01 39; Peg
V = 13.6; Size 1.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 133°
17.5" (9/19/87): faint, fairly small, very elongated NW-SE, weak concentration. Pair with NGC 7346 6.1' NW.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7347 = h2176 on 9 Oct 1830 and
recorded "eF; pL; 60" l, 30" br; a certain
observation." His position
and description is a good match with
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22 40 36.3 +11 54 22; Peg
V = 13.8; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 12°
17.5" (9/19/87): very faint, small, elongated, very diffuse, low surface brightness. Appears fainter than V = 13.8.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7348 = m 491, along with NGC
7350 and 7353, on 7 Aug 1864 and noted "vF, pL, irr R." His position is accurate, though NGC
7350 and
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22 41 14.8 -21 47 48; Aqr
V = 14.3; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 166°
17.5" (10/30/99): this was a marginal object from Pacheco State Park and appeared extremely faint, small, elongated 2:1 N-S. Required averted vision and could hold for more than a few seconds at a time at 220x and 280x. Forms the southern vertex of a small triangle with two mag 13 stars 1.7' NE and 2.3' NW. Located 5' N of a mag 10.5 star.
17.5" (10/25/97): not found at 220x and 280x although examined exact position using GSC chart. The seeing was fairly poor and observed early in evening before mirror had reached thermal equilibrium.
Frank Muller discovered NGC 7349 = LM 2-469 in 1886 with the
26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. He recorded "mag 15.0 (nucleus),
0.3'x0.1' in position angle 175°, binuclear; double." There is nothing at his position but
one degree north is
The RNGC misidentifies
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22 40 48.5 +12 00 23; Peg
= **?, Corwin (or triple star).
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7350 = m 492, along with NGC 7348 and 7353, on 7 Aug 1864 and simply noted "vF". There is nothing near his position, despite the fact that NGC 7348 was accurately placed. Dorothy Carlson equates this number with a star (repeated in the RNGC). Harold Corwin tentatively identifies this number as a double or triple star at this position. DSS shows a close pair with a much wider third component. See his notes for further investigation of this number.
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22 41 26.9 -04 26 41; Aqr
V = 12.3; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 0°
17.5" (8/10/91): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE. This galaxy has a high surface brightness with a large prominent central region and a small bright core.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 7351 = St. 9-30 = Sw. 2-92, on 19 Sep 1873. His published position (list 9, #30) was measured 5 years later on 3 Oct 1878. Lewis Swift found this galaxy on 18 Nov 1884 and reported it as new in his second discovery list (#92) with description, "vF; pS; R." Swift's RA was 19 seconds too small. Both Stephan (1) and Swift (2) were credited in the NGC. Herbert Howe commented in his series of NGC observations that "Swift calls this 'round', but to me it appeared much elongated at 180° [N-S]." Jermain Porter also measured an accurate micrometric position in 1906 at the Cincinnati Observatory.
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22 39 46 +57 23 18; Cep
18" (9/24/05): at John Herschel's position is just a
undistinguished scattered star field surrounding mag 8.5
John Herschel discovered NGC 7352 = h2177 on 24 Sep 1829 and recorded "A star 9-10m, the chief of a p rich, vL, very coarse cluster." His position corresponds with mag 8.5 HD 214833. Based on its photographic appearance, Karl Reinmuth described this object as "a very dense region, Cl not well defined." RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent. See Corwin's identification notes for an alternative identification.
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22 42 12.5 +11 52 38; Peg
V = 15.1; Size 0.45'x0.45'
17.5" (8/25/95): very faint, small, round, 30" diameter, very weak concentration. Can barely hold continuously with averted vision at 220x once identified using GSC chart. Forms the NE corner of a nearly perfect rhombus with sides 2.7' with three mag 12-14 stars.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7353 = m 493 on 7 Aug 1864 and
simply noted "eF". There
is nothing near his discovery position of 22 41 24 +11 56 (2000). RNGC and RC3 misidentify
Harold Corwin suggests NGC 7353 may be KUG 2239+116 = PGC 85285. This galaxy is 49 seconds of RA east and 3' south (or 11' ESE) of Marth's position. Although closer to his position, this is still implies a large positional error, so the identification is very uncertain. There is no listing for NGC 7353 in MCG, CGCG or RC3 or Reinmuth's photographic survey.
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22 40 19.8 +61 17 06; Cep
V = 12.2; Size 28"x20"
24" (8/30/16): at 375x; fairly bright, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, ~25"x20". The rim is brighter along the SE side and very slightly brighter along the NW side. The rim dims on the NE side. A mag 14 star is 0.5' SW, a mag 14-14.5 star is 0.8' W and a mag 15 star is 0.7' NW. At 500x, the planetary clearly had a mottled appearance with what appeared to be several very small brighter spots that wink in and out.
18" (8/17/04): at 225x, moderately bright, fairly small, ~30" diameter. A mag 14 star is just off the SW edge with a mag 14.5 star a bit further west. At 435x appears slightly brighter along portions of the rim, particularly along the SE side.
17.5" (11/6/99): a fairly bright, 25" disc is visible at 100x with one or two stars very close. At 280x, the PN is slightly elongated E-W, ~25"x20". A mag 14 star is close off the SW edge, 30" from center and a mag 14.5 star is 0.6' due west. At 380x, a mag 15-15.5 star is 0.6' WNW. In addition, the surface brightness is noticeably irregular with hints of brighter areas.
13.1" (7/12/86): fairly bright, fairly small, slightly elongated. A mag 14 star is just off the SW edge. Pretty with a UHC filter at 166x, estimate V = 12.0. Takes high power without a filter.
8": faint, small, round, but easily visible at 100x or higher and takes 200x. Very faint star is at the SW edge.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7354 = H. II-705 = h2178 on 3 Nov 1787 (sweep 773). He recorded "pretty bright, small, irregularly round, easily resolvable, almost of an equal light throughout." John Herschel noted it was "bright enough to be noticed and caught in sweeping in full moonlight, with the moon on meridian; pretty gradually brighter middle; R; no nucleus seen." NGC 7354 was the most northerly object observed with the Lord Rosse's 72", culminating 8° beyond the zenith.
Sir William Huggins was the first to observe the spectrum (single emission line) in 1865. Based on Crossley photographs taken at Lick, Heber Curtis (1918) reported "a somewhat irregular oval ring, fading out at each end, 22"x18" in p.a. 27°. Outside this is a ring or disk of much fainter matter, rather more circular in form and 32" across from east to west. This outer portion likewise is fainter at the ends of the major axis, and shows brighter streaks at the east and west edges."
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22 43 30.4 -36 51 57; Gru
V = 14.3; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 43°
17.5" (8/26/00): at 220x, this was a marginal sighting as it appeared to pop into view a few times momentarily and I had the impression it was elongated. Forms the north vertex of a small equilateral triangle with two mag 15 stars ~1.5' SW and SE.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7355 = h3952 on 1 Sep 1834 and recorded "eeF; vS; R: a double star follows about 40 seconds on the parallel [east]." There is nothing near his position, but Harold Corwin notes that exactly 1° north is ESO 406-006 = PGC 69587 and his description applies (a 30" pair follows by 40 seconds of time). RNGC misses this identification and classifies the number as nonexistent.
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22 42 02.3 +30 42 32; Peg
V = 14.0; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 76°
17.5" (9/2/89): very faint, small, very elongated WSW-ENE. A mag 14 star is at the edge 32" SSE from center.
Édouard Stephan probably discovered NGC 7356 = St. 13-94 on 31 Aug 1867. His rough, uncorrected position was 25' SW of NGC 7356 and a similar distance NW of NGC 7357, so it's not clear which was seen on this date. His published position in list 13 (#94) was reduced on 4 Oct 1883 (probably based on a later observation) with description "eeF; pS; R; weak gradual concentration; *13 attached to southeast."
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22 42 23.9 +30 10 17; Peg
V = 14.0; Size 1.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 120°
17.5" (9/2/89): very faint, small, round, 20" diameter. A mag 14 star is just off the NW edge 25" from center. View severely hampered by Eta Pegasi (V = 2.9) located 8' NE!
Édouard Stephan probably discovered NGC 7357 = St. 13-95 on 31 Aug 1867. His rough, uncorrected position was 25' SW of NGC 7356 and a similar distance NW of NGC 7357, so it's not clear which was seen on this date. His published position was reduced on 26 Sep 1883 (perhaps based on a later observation) with description "vF; eS; vF * inv."
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22 45 36.4 -65 07 19; Tuc
V = 12.8; Size 1.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 176°
30" (10/15/15 - OzSky): at 303x; fairly bright,
moderately large, elongated 3:1 ~N-S, 1.2'x0.4', sharply concentrated with a
very small, very bright nucleus. A
collinear trio of stars passes just north of the galaxy with the closest mag
13.5 star 0.8' NE. Also a mag 13.8
star is 1.5' WSW. Located 11' SW
of the brighter double system
John Herschel discovered NGC 7358 = h3953 on 20 Jul 1835 and recorded "F; S; R; bM; 15"." His position is accurate though he missed IC 5250 11.6' NE, which is brighter than NGC 7358 and probably found earlier by Dunlop (D 255).
NGC 7358 was first photographed by DeLisle Stewart at Harvard's Arequipa Station between 1898 and 1901 and noted as "stellar nucleus with wisps at 175°."
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22 44 48.0 -23 41 17; Aqr
V = 12.5; Size 2.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 55°
17.5" (10/5/91): fairly faint, fairly small, very
elongated, sharp concentration, bright core. Located 7' NE of mag 8.5
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 7359 = LM 1-256 on 14 Jul 1885 and reported "pF; vS; pmE; brighter middle to a nucleus." His rough position (nearest min of RA) is less than 1 min of RA too far west and the description fits. Ormond Stone's corrected micrometric position (in the IC 1 Notes) is incorrect as he misidentified the comparison star. Herbert Howe finally measured an accurate position in 1898-99 with the 20-inch refractor at Denver.
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22 43 34.0 +04 09 04; Peg
V = 13.6; Size 0.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.0; PA = 153°
17.5" (11/1/86): fairly faint, small, slightly
elongated NW-SE, weak concentration, slightly fainter than
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7360 = m 494 on 29 Aug 1864 and noted "eF, vS." His position is fairly accurate.
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22 42 18.1 -30 03 24; PsA
V = 12.3; Size 3.8'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 5°
13.1" (9/22/84): faint, moderately large, very diffuse,
very elongated 3:1 N-S. A faint
star is off the south end. Located
5.4' ESE of mag 7.8
John Herschel discovered NGC 7361 = h3954 on 28 Sep 1834 and
recorded "F; pL; vmE in meridian [N-S]; very gradually very little
brighter middle." There is
nothing near his position, but exactly 2.0 min of RA west is
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22 43 49.3 +08 42 20; Peg
V = 12.7; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 175°
17.5" (8/1/87): fairly faint, small, almost round, brighter core. An anonymous galaxy is 4' S. There are several very faint companions on the POSS.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 7362 = Sw. 4-85 on 2 Sep 1886 and recorded "vF; S; R; little brighter in the middle." His position is fairly accurate.
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22 43 18.4 +33 59 56; Peg
V = 13.8; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.8
17.5" (9/2/89): faint, fairly small, irregularly
round. A faint star mag 15 is
involved at the SE side 17" from center and a second mag 15 star is off
the east end.
Heinrich d'Arrest discovered NGC 7363 on 27 Aug 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen. His position is accurate and he mentioned a (wide) pair (~40") follows by 15 seconds and 1 1/2' north.
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22 44 24.4 -00 09 43; Aqr
V = 12.6; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 65°
17.5" (8/31/86): moderately bright, round, large brighter core surrounded by much fainter halo. Located 30' SE of two mag 7 stars.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7364 = H. II-442 = h2179 on 1 Oct 1785 (sweep 447) and logged "eF, S, r. 240 confirmed it." John Herschel made two observations, first logging it on 12 Sep 1830 (sweep 288) as "vF; S; R; pretty suddenly brighter middle; 15"."
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22 45 10.0 -19 57 07; Aqr
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 34°
17.5" (10/5/91): moderately bright, small, bright core, stellar nucleus. A mag 11 star is 2.9' NE and a mag 12 star 4.3' SE.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 7365 = LM 1-257 in 1886 and recorded "mag 14.5; eS; R; gradually brighter middle to a nucleus; * 11 nf 4.0'." His rough position (nearest min) was fairly accurate and a mag 12 star is 3' northeast. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1898-99 at Denver (repeated in the IC 2 Notes).
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22 44 26.6 +10 46 53; Peg
V = 14.7; Size 0.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5" (8/4/97): extremely faint, small, round, 20" diameter, very weak concentration. Initially, I had a difficult time locating this object, but once identified could hold continuously with averted vision. Located 2' WSW of a nice pair of mag 12/12.5 stars [25" separation] oriented N-S.
17.5" (8/20/88): not found.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7366 = m 495 on 7 Aug 1864 and
noted "eF, S, stellar."
His position is 1' northwest of
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NGC 7367 = UGC 12175 = MCG +00-58-002 = CGCG 379-003 = PGC 69633
22 44 34.4 +03 38 47; Peg
V = 13.8; Size 1.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 128°
17.5" (8/31/86): fairly faint, edge-on WNW-ESE. A faint star is just off the east edge
[19" ESE of center]. Located
12' WSW of mag 8.0
17.5" (11/1/86): similar appearance to observation of 8/31/86 but second very faint star suspected.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7367 = m 496 on 29 Aug 1864 and
noted "eF, vS, irr. R, stell."
His position is less than 1' south of
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22 45 31.4 -39 20 26; Gru
V = 12.3; Size 3.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 130°
17.5" (7/20/96): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.5'. No concentration though viewed hampered by the very low elevation. In good moments, appears up to 1.5'x0.5' in size. Forms an isosceles triangle with two mag 13 stars 3.5' S and 3.5' WNW.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7368 = h3955 on 4 Oct 1836 and recorded "F; lE; gradually little brighter middle; 30" length."
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22 44 12.3 +34 21 04; Peg
V = 14.1; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5" (9/2/89): very faint, small, round. Located between two mag 14 stars 0.7' SSW and 0.9' NE of center.
Heinrich d'Arrest discovered NGC 7369 on 29 Aug 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen. He measured an accurate micrometric position on two nights and mentioned this object was between two stars of mag 14 and 15.
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22 45 37.2 +11 03 28; Peg
V = 15.2; Size 0.5'x0.2'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 132°
17.5" (8/20/88): extremely faint, very small, round,
low even surface brightness. A mag
14 star is 1.9' NNE. On a line
with
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7370 = m 497, along with NGC 7372, on 7 Aug 1864 and noted "eF, vS." His position is accurate to within 1'.
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22 46 03.7 -11 00 04; Aqr
V = 11.5; Size 2.0'x2.0'; Surf Br = 12.9
24" (9/21/22): at 200x; fairly bright, relatively large, 1.0-1.5' diameter, strong concentration with a well defined bright core. The halo has a mottled appearance suggesting spiral structure. A 20" pair of mag 14/15 stars is off the SE side.
13.1" (9/9/83): fairly faint, fairly small, round, weak
concentration. Located 10' N of
mag 6.6
William Herschel discovered NGC 7371 = H. II-477 = h2180 on 28 Nov 1785 (sweep 479) and logged "pB; pL; iR; little brighter in the middle." John Herschel made 5 observations, first reporting it on 9 Sep 1825 (sweep 9) as "F; R; 1' diam; no other near."
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NGC 7372 = MCG +02-58-005 = CGCG 430-004 = PGC 69670
22 45 46.0 +11 07 51; Peg
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5" (8/20/88): faint, small, slightly elongated ~E-W, slightly brighter core.
17.5" (9/19/87): fairly faint, small, round, diffuse, very weakly concentrated core. Located 4.6' SSW of mag 7.5 SAO 108159 that detracts from viewing. Pair with NGC 7370 4.9' SSW and MCG +02-58-009 is 13' ENE.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7372 = m 498, along with NGC 7370, on 7 Aug 1864 and noted "F, S, irr R." His position is accurate to within 1'.
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22 46 19.4 +03 12 36; Peg
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 160°
17.5" (8/31/86): fairly faint, small, round, increases to bright core with a sharp stellar nucleus.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7373 = m 499 on 11 Aug 1864 and noted "F, vS, bM, stellar." His RA is 12 seconds too small. Bigourdan measured an accurate position on 16 Aug 1890.
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22 46 01.0 +10 51 13; Peg
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 177°
24" (7/29/16): at 260x; fairly faint, fairly small,
slightly elongated E-W, broad weak concentration, ~30"x24". Forms a close pair with virtually
stellar
17.5" (8/20/88): faint, small, slightly elongated ~E-W. Forms a close pair with IC 1452 = NGC 7374B just 1' NNW. IC 1452 appeared very faint, extremely small, round.
17.5" (9/19/87): faint, small, round, a mag 14 star is 30" N. Forms a double system with IC 1452 = CGCG 430-005 57" NNW.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7374 = m 500 on 7 Aug 1864 and
noted "vF, pL, R."
Marth's position is less than 1' north of
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22 46 32.0 +21 05 01; Peg
V = 13.6; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 60°
17.5" (9/2/89): faint, very small, slightly elongated ~E-W, very small or stellar nucleus.
Truman Safford discovered NGC 7375 = Sf. 57 = Sw. 4-86 on 1
Oct 1866 with the 18.5-inch Clark refractor at the Dearborn Observatory and
recorded "vS, R, bM, N = 13m."
Lewis Swift independently rediscovered the galaxy on 2 Sep 1886. Swift's
position is 12 seconds of RA west of
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22 47 17.4 +03 38 44; Peg
V = 14.4; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 40°
17.5" (8/31/86): very faint, small, round, diffuse. A mag 14 star is very close off the north edge 0.8' N of center.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7376 = m 501 on 29 Aug 1864 and noted "eF, vS, R." His position is 1' too far south.
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22 47 47.4 -22 18 38; Aqr
V = 11.1; Size 3.0'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 101°
17.5" (10/5/91): fairly bright, fairly small, slightly
elongated ~E-W, 1' diameter, gradually increases to a small bright core. A group of stars lies south and mag 8.5
8" (9/25/81): faint, small, round, diffuse. Two mag 9 stars 6' NNW and 10' N are aligned N-S.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7377 = H. II-598 = h2181 on 13 Oct 1786 (sweep 609) and recorded "pretty bright, pretty large, irregularly round, very gradually much brighter middle." The discovery was his first using the "front-view" configuration (adopted as the primary method after an earlier experiment in 1783), viewing at the front edge of his tube and bypassing the need for a secondary for extra light gain. This required tilting the primarily slightly.
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22 47 47.7 -11 49 00; Aqr
V = 12.7; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 175°
17.5" (9/15/90): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated
2:1 SSW-NNE, large brighter center.
Located 3.6' WNW of mag 8.5
Wilhelm Tempel discovered NGC 7378 = T. 4-10 on 19 Sep 1879 and first reported it the narrative part of his third paper (AN 2284).
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22 47 33.0 +40 14 20; Lac
V = 13.4; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 90°
17.5" (7/28/92): faint, small, round, broad weak
concentration. Collinear with two
mag 13.5 stars 20" SE and 1.5' SE.
Previously observed
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 7379 = St. 8a-24 on 19 Sep 1876 and recorded "eeF; vS; R; little brighter in the middle." He reduced an accurate position 3 days later and included it in his list 8a (#24), published in 1877. A later observation was made on 24 Sep 1878.
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22 47 21 +58 07 54; Cep
V = 7.2; Size 30'x20'
17.5" (10/30/99): Using 100x (with both an OIII and UHC filter) a bright triangular-shaped nebulosity (Sh 2-142) of 8'-10' diameter is superimposed on a rich cluster of stars (NGC 7380). All within a rich Milky Way field. A wide strip of nebulosity is attached near the southeast vertex and extends to the southwest. A dark band appears to separate this strip from the triangular patch. The surrounding region appears weakly nebulous and the "edge" can be traced with some certainty further the north. The brightest star is mag 8.5 DH Cep at the west vertex of the cluster. This star is a very rare spectroscopic eclipsing pair of massive O5.5/O6.5-type stars and the main ionizing source.
17.5" (7/31/92): at 100x, about 40 stars in a 10' diameter. The brighter stars form a "V" or chevron pattern. The brightest star is at the west tip of the "V" and is an unequal double mag 8.6/13. The cluster appears to be encased in nebulosity especially from the mag 8.6 star to the star at the east tip of the "V". Using an OIII filter the nebulosity was quite prominent with some structure and encased the entire cluster. A lane of nebulosity oriented SW-NE extends beyond the cluster from the star at the east end of the "V" and nebulosity also extends west of the mag 8.6 star. The double star STT 480 = 7.6/8.6 at 30" is in the field to the west.
13.1" (10/26/80): ~30-35 stars in a triangular outline, 10'-12' in diameter but not rich.
Caroline Herschel discovered NGC 7380 = H. VIII-77 = h2182 on 7 Aug 1787 with her 4.2" comet-sweeper reflector. She recorded it as #19 in her discovery list and noted "I saw a nebulous patch in a line from Epsilong Cephei continued through Delta towards 1st and 2nd Flamsteed Cassiopeia." William rediscovered the cluster on sweep 876 with his 18.7" (1 Nov 1788) and logged "a Cl of coarsely scattered stars 7' or 8' diameter." Dreyer credited Caroline with the discovery in the NGC.
John Herschel made two observations. On 24 Sep 1829 (sweep 211) he logged "a L, p rich, v coarse cl of stars 9.10 m and below." Again 6 nights later (sweep 214) he swept it as "A double star, the chief of a fine, p rich, L cluster, 10' dia; stars 9...13m."
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22 50 08.2 -19 43 30; Aqr
V = 14.2; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 123°
17.5" (9/23/95): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated 4:3 ~E-W, 40"x30", very little concentration. Can hold steadily with averted once identified.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 7381 = LM 1-258 on 9 Oct 1885 and recorded "eF; vS; R; gradually brighter in the middle." His rough position (nearest min of RA) is 1 minutes of time too small and 2' of dec too small.
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22 50 23.9 -36 51 26; Gru
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 109°
17.5" (8/4/97): very faint, very elongated, ~1.0'x0.3', no concentration. View hampered by the low elevation in the sky. Has an unusual appearance as a mag 12 star is attached at the NW edge [0.6' from center] and the elongated ghostly galaxy appears to hang from the star towards the SE!
John Herschel discovered NGC 7382 = h3956 on 1 Sep 1834 and recorded "eF; vS; R: appended (sf 45°, dist 30") to a * 12m; place taken that of the star."
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22 49 35.6 +11 33 23; Peg
V = 13.7; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9
24" (7/30/16): at 260x; fairly faint to moderately
bright, fairly small, round, 25" diameter, gradually increases to center
but no well defined core or nucleus.
Located 5.6' SW of NGC 7385, the brightest member of the group (WBL 688)
of 6 NGC galaxies.
18" (10/21/06): faint, small, irregularly round, ~25" diameter, very small slightly brighter core. First in a group of 6 NGC galaxies (brightest member NGC 7385). PGC 69819, just 2.5' E, appeared extremely faint and small, round, 10" diameter.
17.5" (7/4/86): faint, small, slightly elongated, brighter core. Located 5.6' SW of NGC 7385 in a group.
Bindon Blood Stoney discovered NGC 7383, along with
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22 49 42.6 +11 29 15; Peg
V = 15.7
24" (7/30/16): at 260x; continuously visible mag 15.7 star situated 4.5' SSE of NGC 7383. It forms the northern vertex of a small triangle with a mag 11.7 star 1.0' SSW and a mag 14 star 40" SE. RNGC and PGC misidentify PGC 69819 as NGC 7384. This galaxy, situated 2.5' E of NGC 7383, appeared very faint, very small, round, 10" diameter.
18" (10/21/06): PGC 69819 is extremely faint and small, round, 10" diameter, requires averted to glimpse and faintest member of the NGC 7385 group.
17.5" (7/4/86): PGC 69819 is extremely faint, very small, round. The faintest member of the NGC 7385 group is located 4.0' SW of NGC 7385 and 2.5' E of NGC 7383. This galaxy is identified as NGC 7384 in the RNGC and PGC although the number more likely applies to a faint star at Lord Rosse's position.
Bindon Blood Stoney discovered NGC 7384 on 27 Nov 1850 in an observation of NGC 7385/7386 group. It was placed southeast of NGC 7383 on the diagram of the cluster but not labeled. Offsets were measured four other nebulae, but not to NGC 7384. Dreyer's comment "5' nf 7383" in the NGC is incorrect.
RNGC, PGC and SIMBAD misidentify PGC 69819 (due east of NGC 7383) as NGC 7384. Harold Corwin identifies NGC 7384 with a star (position given here) about 5' southeast of NGC 7383, although there are several other nearby stars that may as well be Stoney's star.
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NGC 7385 = UGC 12207 = MCG +02-58-017 = CGCG 430-015 = WBL 688-002 = PGC 69824
22 49 54.7 +11 36 30; Peg
V = 12.0; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 36°
24" (7/30/16): at 260x; moderately to fairly bright,
slightly elongated SW-NE, ~1.3'x1.0', moderate concentration with a bright core
that gradually increases to the center.
A mag 11.5 is just off the NW edge, 1.0' from center. Brightest in a group (WBL 688, the core
of ZwCl 2247.3+1107 at roughly 360 million l.y.) with 6 NGC galaxies and
numerous additional fainter galaxies.
Only slightly fainter
18" (10/21/06): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 4:3 SW-NE. Appears similar to NGC 7386, though slightly larger and brighter. Contains a bright, 25" core and a much fainter halo. A mag 10.8 star is just off the northwest side, 1' from the center. Brightest in a compact group of 7 galaxies (not rich enough to qualify as an Abell cluster).
17.5" (7/4/86): moderately bright, broadly concentrated
halo, small bright core, slightly elongated ~N-S. A mag 11 star is 1.0' NW. Brightest in a group with NGC 7383 5.6' SW, NGC 7384 ~5'
SSW, NGC 7386 5.8' NNE, NGC 7387 5.9' ENE,
William Herschel discovered NGC 7385 = H. III-216 = h2183, along NGC 7386, on 18 Oct 1784 (sweep 297). He described both as "Two, vF, S, R, r, about 5' distant from each other. The position is that of the last or north following [NGC 7386]." On 23 Nov 1785 (sweep 476) he noted "vF, pS, R, very little brighter middle, not far south of a small star." John Herschel made two observations and recorded on 9 Oct 1830 (sweep 304), "pB; R; 20"; has a *11m near. The preceding of two neb. The * by diagram is 1 radius of the neb np its edge."
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NGC 7386 = UGC 12209 = MCG +02-58-018 = CGCG 430-016 = WBL 688-003 = PGC 69825
22 50 02.2 +11 41 54; Peg
V = 12.3; Size 1.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 150°
24" (7/30/16): at 260; moderately bright and large, oval 3:2 NW-SE, ~1.2'x0.8', well concentrated with a bright, round 25" core. One of the two brightest galaxies in a group (WBL 688) with NGC 7385 5.7' SSW.
18" (10/21/06): fairly faint to moderately bright,
irregularly round, outer extent varies with averted vision though roughly
1.2'x1.0' diameter. Contains a
brighter, 20" core surrounded by a very low surface brightness halo that
was difficult to trace.
17.5" (7/4/86): fairly faint, slightly elongated NNW-SSE, very small bright core. Located 5.8' NNE of NGC 7385 in a galaxy group and appears as a slightly fainter version of NGC 7385.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7386 = H. III-216 = h2184, along NGC 7385, on 18 Oct 1784 (sweep 297) and recorded both as "Two, vF, S, R, r, about 5' distant from each other. The position is that of the last or north following [NGC 7386]." On 23 Nov 1785 (sweep 476) he noted "vF, pS, R, very little brighter middle." John Herschel made two observations and recorded on sweep 9 Oct 1830 (sweep 304), "pB; S; R; pretty gradually brighter middle."
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NGC 7387 = MCG +02-58-022 = CGCG 430-019 = WBL 688-005 = PGC 69834
22 50 17.6 +11 38 12; Peg
V = 14.0; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 48°
24" (7/30/16): at 260x; fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 25"x20", contains a very small bright nucleus. In a group (WBL 688) of 6 NGC galaxies with NGC 7389 4.3' S, brighter NGC 7386 5.4' NW and brighter NGC 7385 5.9' WSW. A wide pair of mag 10.5/11 stars lies 4' SE and the two stars "point" to the galaxy.
18" (10/21/06): faint, small, slightly elongated, 25"x20", very small bright core. Collinear with a pair of mag 10.5-11 stars (40" separation) that are located ~4' ESE. Similar distance from NGC 7386 5' NW and NGC 7385 6' SW.
17.5" (7/4/86): faint, very small, slightly elongated, gradually increases to a very small bright core. Located 5.9' ENE of NGC 7385 in a rich galaxy group. NGC 7389 lies 4.2' S and NGC 7386 5.3' NW.
Bindon Blood Stoney discovered NGC 7387, along with NGC 7383 and 7389, on 27 Nov 1850. It was labeled Delta on the diagram of the group with an offset of 5' 44" east-northeast (PA = 73°) from NGC 7385. Heinrich d'Arrest independently discovered this galaxy on 19 Sep 1862, measured an accurate position, and was credited with the discovery in the GC (John Herschel was confused with the identifications). Both Lord Rosse and d'Arrest were credited in the NGC.
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22 50 21.0 +11 42 39; Peg
V = 15.9; PA = 29°
24" (7/30/16): at 260x; at the discovery position is a single 16th magnitude star. It was visible as a very faint star 4.7' ENE of NGC 7386 and 4.5' NNE of NGC 7387.
Lawrence Parsons, the 4th Earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 7388 on 11 Oct 1873 in the NGC 7385 group. His micrometric offsets from GC 4847 = NGC 7387 points precisely to a very faint star, whose position is given here.
RNGC and SIMBAD misidentifies
******************************
NGC 7389 = MCG +02-58-019 = CGCG 430-018 = WBL 688-004 = PGC 69836
22 50 16.0 +11 33 58; Peg
V = 13.8; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 144°
24" (7/30/16): at 260x; fairly faint, oval NNW-SSE, 0.7'x0.5', broad concentration, slightly brighter core gradually increases to the center. Member of the NGC 7385 Group = WBL 688 with NGC 7390 2.3' SSE, NGC 7387 4.3' N and NGC 7385 6' NW.
18" (10/21/06): this member of the NGC 7385 group appeared faint, small, round, 30" diameter, broad concentration to a slightly brighter core. Located 6' SE of NGC 7385. NGC 7390 lies 2.3' SSE.
17.5" (7/4/86): faint, very small, brighter core, slightly elongated. Located 5.9' ESE of NGC 7385 in a rich galaxy group. Appears similar to NGC 7387 4.2' N. Forms a close pair with NGC 7390 2.3' SSE.
Bindon Blood Stoney discovered NGC 7389, along with NGC 7383 and 7384, on 27 Nov 1850. It was unlabeled on the diagram of the group and not very accurately placed. John Herschel apparently thought it was Delta (NGC 7387), resulting in a poor position in the GC and NGC. Dreyer measured an offset and position angle from NGC 7390 on 11 Oct 1873.
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NGC 7390 = MCG +02-58-020 = CGCG 430-020 = WBL 688-006 = PGC 69837
22 50 19.6 +11 31 52; Peg
V = 14.1; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 3°
24" (7/30/16): at 260x; faint to fairly faint, small,
round, 15" diameter, fairly low even surface brightness. Situated 3.3' NNW of mag 9.3
18" (10/21/06): very faint, very small, round, 15" diameter, low surface brightness. Located 2.3' SSE of NGC 7389 and furthest southeast of a compact group of galaxies (brightest member NGC 7385).
17.5" (7/4/86): very faint, very small, round, low even surface brightness. Located 7.7' SE of NGC 7385 in a rich, compact galaxy group. Forms a close pair with brighter NGC 7389 3.3' NNW.
R.J. Mitchell discovered NGC 7390 on 9 Sep 1856 while examining the NGC 7385 group. He noted, "the 2 last sf ones [NGC 7389 and 7390] are vvF". NGC 7390 was misidentified as GC 4848 [NGC 7389] in the offsets measured on 11 Oct 1873. d'Arrest missed NGC 7390 when he observed the cluster. The (estimated) NGC position is 3' too far north; a similar offset error occurred with NGC 7389.
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22 50 36.1 -01 32 37; Aqr
V = 12.0; Size 1.7'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 70°
17.5": moderately bright, small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7391 = H. II-443 = h2185 on 1 Oct 1785 (sweep 447) and recorded "F, vS, stellar, about 1 1/2' south of small star." John Herschel made two observations, first logging it on 12 Sep 1830 as "pF; R; pretty suddenly brighter middle; 50...70"; has a * np; pos by micrometer = 350.3°."
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NGC 7392 = ESO 603-022 = MCG -04-53-040 = LGG 463-008 = PGC 69887
22 51 48.7 -20 36 26; Aqr
V = 11.9; Size 2.1'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 123°
17.5" (10/24/92): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 5:3 WNW-ESE, 1.4'x0.8', moderately brighter core. Several stars are near including a mag 10.5 star 4.5' N. A pair of mag 13/14 stars 1.6' N and 2.2' N are collinear with NGC 7392 and finally a mag 12 star lies 2.6' ESE. Member of the NGC 7377 group (LGG 463) including IC 5261 40' ENE and NGC 7365 1.7° WNW.
8" (9/25/81): faint, small, slightly elongated.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7392 = H. II-702 = h2186 on 11 Sep 1787 (sweep 754). He recorded "pretty faint, pretty large, elongated from np to sf but nearer the parallel, much brighter middle, about 1 1/2' long." John Herschel made 3 observations and on 3 Sep 1831 logged "not vF; lE; gradually brighter in the middle; 60" l, 40" br."
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22 51 38.1 -05 33 26; Aqr
V = 12.9; Size 2.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 90°
48" (11/5/21): at 488x; bright, fairly large with a highly irregular appearance. The outer halo extended nearly 3:1 E-W, ~1.8'x0.6'. The brightest region is a prominent oval N-S situated just west of the geometric center. The core was seen as a small, slightly brighter patch attached on its east side. An elongated low surface brightness and diffuse halo extended ~0.5' to the west.
Two parallel "arms", roughly 0.5' in length, extended due east from the brightest region. These "tails" bent towards each other on the east end, but didn't connect. The southern arm as longer due to a dim extension to the east and the northern arm appeared patchy. The arms were clearly separated by a darker void.
17.5" (9/15/90): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 E-W, broad concentration.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7393 = H. II-453 = h2187 on 5 Oct 1785 (sweep 455) and recorded "F, pL, E in the parallel [E-W], r." John Herschel logged it as "eF; R; very gradually brighter middle; sky dull." and measured an accurate position.
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22 50 11.8 +52 10 03; Lac
17.5" (9/26/92): bright group of two dozen stars mag 9-13 in a 10' scattered field. Very elongated in a string NW-SE. Includes 10 stars mag 9-11 with a mag 7 star off the SSE end and a similar star 10' NNE. This group is probably an asterism.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7394 = h2188 on 12 Sep 1829 and logged "A double star, the last of a poor cluster of about a dozen stars." His position corresponds with this bright cluster or asterism. Reinmuth calls it "a few pB stars north preceding of BD+51°3485." RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent, despite the fact it is quite striking on the DSS.
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22 51 02.9 +37 05 16; Lac
V = 13.8; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.0
17.5" (10/5/91): faint, small, round, weak concentration. A mag 13 star is off the NW edge 0.9' from center.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 7395 = St. 5-8 on 4 Sep 1872, logging a rough position 7' to the west. His published discovery position (list 5, #8) was made on 21 Aug 1873 with description "eF; vS; R; condensation in the centre."
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22 52 22.6 +01 05 33; Psc
V = 12.8; Size 1.9'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 103°
48" (10/25/14): very bright, fairly large, elongated
2:1 WNW-ESE, 1.7'x0.8', contains a very bright core that increases to an small,
intense nucleus. An obvious dust
lane extends along the major axis for most of the length of the galaxy, passing
just south of the core.
17.5" (7/22/87 and 8/21/87): moderately bright, oval
~E-W, moderately large, brighter core.
Brightest in a group of five or six galaxies including
John Herschel discovered NGC 7396 = h2189 on 12 Oct 1827 and recorded "pF; irreg R; bM; 60"; r." His mean position from two observations is accurate. The four fainter NGC galaxies to the northeast were discovered by Lord Rosse's assistants in 1856-57.
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NGC 7397 = MCG +00-58-008 = CGCG 379-011 = PGC 69904
22 52 46.7 +01 07 58; Psc
V = 14.2; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 30°
17.5" (7/22/87 and 8/21/87): faint, very small, elongated NW-SE, brighter core. Located 6.5' ENE of NGC 7396 in a group with NGC 7398 4.2' N, NGC 7401 3.0' ENE and NGC 7402 4.5' ENE.
R.J. Mitchell discovered NGC 7397, along with NGC 7401 and 7398, while observing NGC 7396 at Birr Castel on 2 Oct 1856. He noted "about 5' nf [of NGC 7396] is another neb, pF, S, R, bM and f[ollowing] the latter are 2 vF, S, R neb knots." A sketch was made on 23 Oct 1857 and NGC 7397 was labeled "C". On 22 Dec 1876, Dreyer measured micrometric offsets to NGC 7397 from a mag 12 star 3.8' northeast of NGC 7396.
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NGC 7398 = UGC 12225 = MCG +00-58-009 = CGCG 379-012 = PGC 69905
22 52 49.3 +01 12 04; Psc
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 75°
17.5" (8/21/87): fairly faint, small, small bright core.
17.5" (7/22/87): fairly faint, very small, slightly elongated, stellar nucleus. Located 4.2' N of NGC 7397 and 9.3' NE of NGC 7396 in a group.
R.J. Mitchell discovered NGC 7398, along with NGC 7397 and 7401, while observing NGC 7396 at Birr Castle on 2 Oct 1856. A sketch was made on 23 Oct 1857 with NGC 7398 labeled "B". On 22 Oct 1876, Dreyer measured micrometric offsets to NGC 7398 from a mag 12 star 3.8' northeast of NGC 7396.
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22 52 39.3 -09 16 04; Aqr
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 150°
17.5" (8/7/91): faint, small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, bright core. A mag 13 star is 1.1' N.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 7399 = Sw. 2-93 on 15 Nov 1884
and recorded "eF; pL; mistaken for Barnard's Comet 1884 II." There is nothing at his position, but
22 seconds of RA west and 1' south is
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22 54 20.8 -45 20 49; Gru
V = 12.8; Size 2.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 2°
30" (10/15/15 - OzSky): at 303x; fairly bright, fairly large, very elongated 7:2 N-S, 1.5'x0.4', broad weak concentration.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7400 = h3957 on 6 Sep 1834 and recorded "pF; lE; gradually little brighter middle. Query if it has not a vS * involved." His Cape position is very accurate, though an error was made and the position in the GC (copied into the NGC) is 30 seconds of time too small.
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NGC 7401 = MCG +00-58-010 = CGCG 379-013 = PGC 69911
22 52 58.5 +01 08 33; Psc
V = 14.8; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 90°
17.5" (8/21/87 and 8/27/87): extremely faint, very small, round, weak concentration. Forms a close pair with NGC 7402 1.5' E. Located in a group 3.0' ENE of NGC 7397 and 9.5' ENE of brightest member NGC 7396. Identification reversed with NGC 7402 in the RNGC and not identified as NGC 7401 in the CGCG.
R.J. Mitchell discovered NGC 7401, along with NGC 7397 and 7398, while observing NGC 7396 at Birr Castle on 2 Oct 1856. A sketch was made on 23 Oct 1857 and NGC 7401 was labeled "D", along with a companion just following that was labeled as "E" (NGC 7402). The sketch identifies NGC 7401 = CGCG 379-013 (described here) and NGC 7402 = PGC 69914.
MCG, RC3 and DSFG all mislabel NGC 7401 as NGC 7402. CGCG doesn't attach a NGC designation
to
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22 53 04.5 +01 08 40; Psc
V = 15.7; Size 0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 50°
17.5" (8/27/87): extremely faint and small, round, at visual threshold. Forms a difficult pair with NGC 7401 1.5' W and last in a group. Forms a near equilateral triangle with NGC 7398 5' NE and NGC 7397 4.5' W. Appears just nonstellar on the POSS.
R.J. Mitchell discovered NGC 7402 with LdR's 72" at
Birr Castle on 23 Oct 1857. This
object is labeled "E" on the sketch and is shown on a line with
"C" [NGC 7397] and "D" [NGC 7401]. Mitchell noted, however, "E is
doubtful and needs confirmation."
Because of this comment, John Herschel didn't assign a GC designation
but Dreyer added it in the NGC.
Mitchell's sketch matches the position and orientation of
The galaxy identified as NGC 7402 in RNGC, MCG, PGC and RC3 is NGC 7401. NGC 7401 is the brighter of the close pair and is close west of NGC 7402. See NGC 7401 and my RNGC Corrections #2.
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22 53 06.4 +01 28 56; Psc
= *, Corwin. =
Sidney Coolidge discovered NGC 7403 = HN 22 on 15 Nov 1859 with the 15-inch refractor of Harvard College Observatory during the Zone Survey of equatorial stars. He simply noted "slightly nebulous" with a rough position (measured in 1 of 2 zones). As a result, Herschel didn't include this object in the GC but Dreyer added it in the GC Supplement (#6092). A mag 13.4 star is close to Coolidge's position at 22 53 06.4 +01 28 57 (J2000), which Harold Corwin equates with NGC 7403. All 9 of Coolidge's discoveries are stars (single or multiple).
In searching for this object, Sherburne Burnham found a nearby galaxy that he felt was probably NGC 7403. Dreyer catalogued it as IC 1455 (also observed by Spitaler). IC 1455 is 40 sec of RA east of Coolidge's rough position and 6.6' south.
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22 54 18.6 -39 18 54; Gru
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 2°
18" (10/25/08): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 N-S,
0.4'x0.25', very small brighter core. Located 22' NNW of the bright edge-on
John Herschel discovered NGC 7404 = h3958 on 4 Oct 1836 and
recorded "vF; S; R; 15"."
His position matches
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22 53 36 +12 28 36; Peg
= Not found, Corwin.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7405 = m 502 on 5 Sep 1864 and noted "eF, S, R." There is nothing near his position and Harold Corwin was unable to recover this object. See Corwin's notes.
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22 53 56.2 -06 34 45; Aqr
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 75°
17.5" (9/15/90): faint, small, oval 2:1 WSW-ENE, even surface brightness. A mag 13.5 star is off the WSW end 1.8' from center.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7406 = m 503 on 25 Aug 1864 and noted "F, S, lE." His position was 1' too far north. Édouard Stephan made an observation on 28 Aug 1872, likely aware of Marth's discovery.
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22 53 21.1 +32 07 46; Peg
V = 13.2; Size 2.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 152°
18" (9/16/09): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 0.6'x0.3', very weak concentration, no core or zones.
A 20' string of faint galaxies oriented N-S follows,
including
17.5" (9/2/89): fairly faint, fairly small, oval NNW-SSE, almost even surface brightness.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 7407 = St. 5-9 on 4 Sep 1872, logging a rough position 6' to the west. His published discovery position (list 5, #9) was made the following year on 13 Sep 1873 with description "eF; vS; vaporous."
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22 55 56.9 -63 41 41; Tuc
V = 12.6; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 167°
30" (10/15/15 - OzSky): at 303x; moderately bright, fairly large, irregularly round, ~1.25'x1.0'. There is a hint of a central bar ~N-S, but no well-defined core. The outer halo has an irregular surface brightness with a hint of structure and extends further on the east side.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7408 = h3959 on 1 Nov 1834 and recorded "pB; R; very gradually little brighter middle; 40"." His position is accurate.
Donald Menzel misclassified this object as a planetary with diameter 72" in "Five New Planetary Nebula", Harvard Bulletin 772, 1922. Evans & Thackeray (1950) imaged NGC 7408 with the 74-inch Radcliffe telescope in Pretoria, South Africa and reported "the object is a barred spiral with a line of condensations or giant stars crossing it."
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22 53 48.1 +20 12 37; Peg
V = 14.5; Size 0.55'x0.45'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 160°
17.5" (9/2/89): extremely faint and small, round. A mag 13 star 1.2' NW. Located 11' WSW
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7409 = m 504, along with NGC 7411 and 7415, on 20 Sep 1863 and simply noted "eF". His position is accurate.
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NGC 7410 = ESO 346-012 = MCG -07-47-002 = PGC 69994
22 55 00.7 -39 39 42; Gru
V = 10.3; Size 5.2'x1.6'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 45°
18" (10/25/08): bright, large, very elongated 7:2 SW-NE, ~3.0'x0.9'. Contains a bright, round core ~25" diameter, which gradually increases to a very bright nucleus. At moments a stellar nucleus was visible that appeared offset to the southwest of center. The surface appeared irregular or curdled (perhaps due to dust or spiral arms). NGC 7404 lies 23' NNW.
17.5" (10/20/90): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 3:1 SW-NE, well concentrated to a small very bright core, stellar nucleus. A mag 12 star is 1.8' NNE of center. Appears bright for such a far southern galaxy (observed from +38° latitude).
8" (7/24/82): faint, moderately large, very elongated SW-NE.
James Dunlop discovered NGC 7410 = D 518 = h3960 on 14 Jul 1826. His summary description based on two observations reads, "a very faint nebula extended preceding and following, about 1.5' long and 20 or 25 arcseconds broad; a little brighter in the middle, or rather nearer the N.p. extremity; the S.f. extremity is very ill defined." His handwritten notes specify the elongaton is SW-NE, clinching the identification.
John Herschel first observed this galaxy on 4 Sep 1834 and logged "B, pL, vmE in pos 41.9 degrees, pretty gradually much brighter middle, 3' long, 20" broad, has a star 11m, 2' dist, pos from nucleus 12.9°." On a later sweep he wrote "a long pB ray, 4' long, pretty suddenly very much brighter middle, elongated in pos 44.7°." His mean position is accurate.
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NGC 7411 = UGC 12241 = MCG +03-58-010 = CGCG 453-020 = PGC 69974
22 54 34.9 +20 14 10; Peg
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2
18" (10/29/11): at 283x, faint to fairly faint, fairly
small, round, gradually increases to a small bright core and stellar nucleus,
~25" diameter. Located 2.3'
SE of a mag 10.7 star and 6' S of BU 847, an attractive pair of mag 9/10 stars
at 7" separation.
17.5" (9/2/89): faint, very small, round, bright core. Brightest of trio with NGC 7415 5' ENE and NGC 7409 11' WSW. A pretty double star is 6' N.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7411 = m 505, along with NGC 7409 and 7415, on 13 Sep 1863 and noted "vF, vS." His position is accurate.
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22 55 45.5 -42 38 30; Gru
V = 11.3; Size 3.9'x2.9'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 65°
13.1" (9/3/86): faint, fairly large, very diffuse,
elongated ~N-S. Located 6' SSW of
mag 7.3
John Herschel discovered NGC 7412 = h3961 on 2 Sep 1836 and recorded "eF; vL; 3' diam at least; it is south-preceding a star 7m, 8' dist."
Based on a photo taken at the Helwan observatory in 1919-20, it was described as a "2-branched spiral with pF almost stellar nucleus and condensations; like the letter "S"."
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22 55 03.1 +13 13 14; Peg
V = 14.2; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 81°
18" (10/25/08): very faint, very small, round, 20"
diameter. A string of stars extends SW.
A very faint galaxy (
17.5" (9/19/87): faint, extremely small, round, weak concentration. Several fairly bright stars lie SW including a mag 10 star 3.8' SW and a mag 11 star 6.1' SW.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 7413 = Sw. 4-87, along with NGC 7414, on 2 Sep 1886 and recorded ""eeF; pS; R; e diff.; 8 or 10 stars in an irregular line p; s of 2 [with NGC 7414]." His RA is 15 seconds too small, but his comment of the string of stars applies to the loose string of stars extending southwest. Herbert Howe measured an accurate micrometric position in 1998-99. See NGC 7414.
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NGC 7414 = PGC 70008 = PGC 94273
22 55 24.4 +13 14 54; Peg
V = 15.7; Size 0.5'x0.2'; PA = 171°
18" (8/12/10): extremely faint, very small, irregularly round ~15"x12", required averted vision and visible at most 25% of the time but could repeatedly glimpse in the same position once the location was pinpointed. Based on the difficulty of this object in superb conditions, I feel this galaxy is probably too faint to have been discovered by Swift with his 16" refractor.
18" (11/22/08): Not seen at 175x or 283x.
18" (10/25/08): Not seen at 175x or 283x.
17.5" (9/2/89): Not seen at 220x.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 7414 = Sw. 4-88, along with NGC 7413, on 2 Sept 1886 and recorded "eeeF; S; R; eee diff; n of 2 [with NGC 7413]." His RA is listed as the same as NGC 7413, which is 15 seconds too small, and 2.5' to the north.
There is nothing near Swift's published position for NGC 7414 or after correcting for the offset in RA for NGC 7413. The RNGC identifies PGC 70008 = PGC 94273 as NGC 7414. This galaxy is located 1.7' north, but 21 seconds of RA further east. Harold Corwin feels the RNGC candidate is a plausible identification, but I'm skeptical based on how faint it appeared in my 18". So, NGC 7414 may be nonexistent (perhaps a faint star). See Harold Corwin's identification notes.
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NGC 7415 = UGC 12244 = MCG +03-58-012 = MCG +03-58-011 =
22 54 53.6 +20 15 42; Peg
V = 14.5; Size 0.9'x0.2'; PA = 128°
28" (10/29/11): at 295x, resolved into two tangent
glows oriented E-W, ~0.6'x0.3'. It
seemed the western component (
18" (10/29/11): at 283x, appeared very faint, small, elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, 0.4'x0.2'. I suspected the glow was double but couldn't confidently resolve this close pair so the description likely refers to the combined glow. Located 4.5' ENE of brighter NGC 7411 and 5.7' SE of
17.5" (9/2/89): extremely faint, small, edge-on NW-SE. Located 5' ENE of NGC 7411.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7415 = m 506, along with NGC 7409 and 7411, on 13 Sep 1863 and simply noted "eF". His position is fairly accurate. The MCG identifies MCG +03-58-011, the western component, as NGC 7415. Other sources identify the eastern edge-on component as NGC 7415, but the number should probably apply to the entire double system as Marth didn't resolve the pair and they are pretty comparable in brightness.
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22 55 41.7 -05 29 43; Aqr
V = 12.4; Size 3.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 110°
17.5" (10/12/85): fairly faint, moderately large,
elongated 2:1 WNW-ESE, broad concentration. On a line with a mag 9.5 star 6' SSW and mag 7.7
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7416 = m 507 = Sf. 86 on 25 Aug 1864 and noted" F, pL, pmE, very gradually brighter middle." His position is accurate. Aaron Skinner, assistant to Truman Safford at the Dearborn Observatory, independently rediscovered this galaxy on 21 Sep 1867 with the 18.5-inch Clark Refractor.
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22 57 49.5 -65 02 19; Tuc
V = 12.3; Size 1.9'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 2°
30" (10/15/15 - OzSky): at 303x; bright, moderately
large, oval 4:3 N-S, ~1.4'x1.0', well concentrated with a bright core that increases
to a stellar nucleus. Brightest in
a group including
John Herschel discovered NGC 7417 = h3962 on 20 Jul 1835 and recorded "B; R; gradually pretty much brighter middle; r; 40"." His mean position (2 observations) is accurate.
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22 56 36.2 -37 01 48; Gru
V = 10.9; Size 3.5'x2.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 139°
18" (10/25/08): fairly bright, very large, elongated
3:2 NW-SE, 2.5'x1.8', broad weak concentration. The halo fades into the background without a well-defined
edge. This is the largest galaxy
visually in the Grus Chain (brightest member
13.1" (10/20/84): fairly large, very diffuse, even surface brightness. Larger than NGC 7421 19' SSE.
8" (7/16/82): very faint, fairly large, round, diffuse.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7418 = h3963 on 30 Aug 1834 and recorded "pB; vL; R; or vlE; very gradually brighter middle; 4' diam; with left eye r, hardly resolved, PD bad. A fine object."
Based on photographs taken in 1919-20 at the Helwan observatory with the 30-inch Reynolds telescope, it was described as "2.5' x 2.5', spiral with a pF almost stellar nucleus. This is a "left-hand" spiral with two main branches which are close together on the following side, and from these proceed a number of smaller subsidiary whisps."
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22 54 20.1 +60 48 55; Cep
Size 2'
18" (8/17/04): at 160x this is a small group of 25-30 stars down to mag 15, elongated 3'x1' NW-SE. Located ~3' SE of a mag 8 star. The brightest mag 9.5 star is at the NE tip of the cluster and the fairly rich cluster follows to the SE. A faint pair is near the center of the group
13.1" (8/25/84): about a dozen faint stars are visible
over unresolved haze with a mag 9.5 star at the NW edge. Appears to be a rich group. Mag 8.2
William Herschel discovered NGC 7419 = H. VII-43 = h2190 on 3 Nov 1787 (sweep 773) and recorded "a small cluster of vS stars, considerably compressed and pretty rich." His position is accurate. On 29 Sep 1829 (sweep 213), John Herschel logged "a *10m in a cluster of vS stars 15...18m; p rich; very gradually brighter middle. A star 8m is 2' S."
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22 55 32.0 +29 48 18; Peg
V = 14.4; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5" (7/17/93): very faint, small, elongated 4:3
WSW-ENE, 0.7'x0.5', faint stellar nucleus or star superimposed. Located between a mag 9.0
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7420 = m 508 on 6 Sep 1863 and noted "vF, S." His position is accurate.
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NGC 7421 = ESO 346-017 = MCG -06-50-015 = AM 2254-373 = LGG 466-004 = PGC 70083
22 56 54.3 -37 20 50; Gru
V = 11.9; Size 2.0'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.2
18" (10/25/08): fairly faint, moderately large, ~1.5' diameter, diffuse with only a very weak concentration. At moments I had the impression of an elongated brightening or bar in the central region. Located near the southern end of the Grus Chain of 9 galaxies with NGC 7418 20' NNW and IC 1459 53' N.
13.1" (10/20/84): very faint, very diffuse, moderately large. Located 20' SSE of NGC 7418.
8" (8/16/82): extremely faint, small, round, at visual threshold.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7421 = h3964 on 30 Aug 1834 and recorded "B; L; R; gradually pretty much brighter middle; 2'; r[esolvable] with right eye; with left, barely resolved in the centre." His mean position (3 measures) is accurate. Harold Knox-Shaw reported it was a spiral in 1912 based on a photograph taken with the 30" reflector at the Helwan Observatory in Egypt. On later photographs in 1919-20 showed the eastern halo suffered from dust obscuration.
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22 56 12.5 +03 55 36; Psc
V = 13.4; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 140°
17.5" (11/1/86): fairly faint, fairly small, round,
weak concentration. Located 21'
WNW of mag 6.3
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7422 = m 509 = Sf. 93 on 11 Aug
1864 and noted "F, S, irr R."
His position is accurate.
Otto Struve independently discovered this galaxy on 6 Dec 1865 at the
Pulkovo Observatory in St Petersburg (in his unsuccessful attempt to recover
Comet Biela), by d'Arrest on 29 Sep 1866 and by Safford with the 18.5-inch
Clark refractor at Dearborn Observatory on 27 Sep 1867! So, this object was
"discovered" 4 times, which along with
******************************
22 55 09 +57 05 49; Cep
Size 5'
18" (9/24/05): at 225x, this cluster appears as a
small, rich, glowing spot 2' in diameter, peppered with roughly a dozen mag
14-15 stars, several of which are just on the edge of visibility. Set within a rich low power Milky Way
star field, although noticed immediately at 115x. A wide pair of mag 11 stars is just off the SW side. At 435x, the faint resolved stars are
easier to view, although the background glow fades. Planetary nebula
William Herschel discovered NGC 7423 = H. III-745 = h2191 on 1 Nov 1788 (sweep 876) and noted "pL, irr figure, easily resolvable, or a very distant patch of the milky way." His RA is 50 seconds too large. John Herschel recorded "A large patch of the milky way, consisting of stars so small as to be quite nebulous. If this be not III 745, I find no other." Dreyer used his position in the NGC but commented in his 1912 "Scientific Papers of William Herschel" that William's and John's positions differ by about 1 tmin, so the two entries may refer to different objects. RNGC lists the number as nonexistent, though the cluster is also catalogued as Berkeley 57. See Corwin's notes for discussion.
******************************
22 57 18.5 -41 04 14; Gru
V = 10.5; Size 9.5'x8.1'; Surf Br = 15.1; PA = 88°
13.1" (9/3/86): very diffuse, hazy, fairly large,
round, weak concentration. Located
16' E of mag 6.8
John Herschel discovered NGC 7424 = h3965 on 5 Sep 1834 and recorded "F; vL; R; very gradually much brighter middle; 3' diam." Based on Helwan photographs taken in 1919-20, it was described as "pF, 6'x6', pB nucleus elongated in p.a. 130°; spiral with open [spiral arms] and condensations."
This loose face-on spiral might show structure in the southern hemisphere.
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22 57 15.5 -10 57 00; Aqr
V = 14.2; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 60°
17.5" (9/23/95): faint, small, slightly elongated, 30" diameter, very weak concentration. Located just south of three mag 14 stars (closest is 1.9' NNE of center).
Frank Muller discovered NGC 7425 = LM 1-259 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 15.5, lE? 90°, *10 in PA 260° [ESE] at 4.0' separation." His rough RA (nearest min of time) is 30 seconds too small and the star is 13-14th magnitude. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1898-99 with the 20" refractor at Denver (repeated in the IC 2 Notes).
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22 56 02.9 +36 21 41; Lac
V = 12.3; Size 1.7'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 72°
17.5" (6/15/91): fairly faint, fairly small, round, weak concentration, faint stellar nucleus. Observation slightly hampered by the bright wide double star HJ 975 = 5.6/9.5 at 50" located 3.5' W!
William Herschel discovered NGC 7426 = H. III-576 = h2192 on 18 Oct 1786 (sweep 617). He recorded "very faint, small, irregularly round, stellar." John Herschel observed NGC 7426 in Nov 1827 (sweep 105) and logged, "extremely faiint; pretty large; round; a coarse double star 6m (HJ 975) precedes a little to south. Hurried observation."
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22 57 09.9 +08 30 20; Peg
V = 14.5; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5" (8/27/87): faint, small, round, small bright core. Visible steadily with direct vision.
17.5" (8/21/87): very faint, extremely small, round A mag 10.5 star is 4.2' S. Located 34' SE of 50 Pegasi (V = 4.9).
Otto Struve discovered NGC 7427 on 22 Nov 1865 with the 15-inch refractor at the Pulkovo Observatory in St. Petersburg. It was found while unsuccessfully searching for Comet Biela (never seen after 1852). Struve's position is 2.5' too far south, though he correctly placed a mag 11.5 star 4' in PA 172°.
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22 57 19.5 -01 02 56; Psc
V = 12.5; Size 2.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 160°
17.5" (7/22/87): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly
elongated SW-NE, small bright core.
13.1" (11/29/86): fairly faint, fairly small, almost round, small bright core.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7428 = m 510, along with NGC 7434, on 27 Jul 1864 and noted "F, vS, R, bM." His position is accurate. Édouard Stephan made an observation on 12 Sep 1876.
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22 56 00 +59 58 24; Cep
Size 14'
17.5" (11/18/95): scattered group of 18 stars in a
6'x2' group elongated NNW-SSE.
Includes 8 mag 9.5-12 stars and the rest are mag 13-15. There are no rich spots and most stars
are scattered around the elongated irregular outline. The brightest two mag 9.5 stars are located near the center
(
John Herschel discovered NGC 7429 = h2193 on 29 Sep 1829 and recorded "VIII class; pretty compact, poor cluster; stars 9...11m." His position corresponds with the center of 6' group of 12 brighter stars (mag 9.4-13.3).
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22 57 29.7 +08 47 39; Peg
V = 14.1; Size 0.7'x0.35'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 60°
17.5" (8/21/87): very faint, very small, round, brighter core. A faint star is very close south. Located 32' E of 50 Pegasi (V = 4.9).
Heinrich d'Arrest discovered NGC 7430 on 27 Aug 1864 with
the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen.
His position (measured on 2 nights) is an exact match with
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22 57 38.9 +26 09 51; Peg
V = 16.0; Size 0.2'x0.2'
48" (10/26/16): at 610x; this object consists of a mag
15 star with a very small galaxy attached on the east side. A low surface brightness, round glow
extended ~10" diameter. The
star and the center of the galaxy are separated by only 5"! Located 4.3' WNW of
17.5" (8/25/95): with direct vision appears as a mag
14.5 star with no noticeable halo.
With averted vision, an extremely small halo is sometimes visible,
perhaps 10" in diameter.
Located 4.3' WNW of NGC 7436 and faintest in a group of four
galaxies. A mag 14.5 star is 1.4'
SW. On the DSS the galaxy is
virtually stellar with the star attached on the west edge. The galaxy identified as NGC 7431in the
RNGC, UGC (notes) and CGCG is
Guillaume Bigourdan discovered NGC 7431 = Big. 92 on 30 Sep
1886 and noted "eF and eS."
His micrometric position is 19 seconds of time preceding NGC 7436 and
55" north. Precisely at this
separation is faint star with an extremely faint galaxy (
On 12 Oct 1855, R.J. Mitchell discovered the galaxy (CGCG 475-006) that RNGC, CGCG and UGC misidentify as NGC 7431. Although clearly shown on the sketch, the 29 Sept 1875 observation states "the object preceding in the 1857 sketch is a faint star, night bad." Because of this last statement, Thomson feels Dreyer decided not to include this object in the NGC but Corwin and Steinicke identify CGCG 475-006 = NGC 7433 and remove the companion jutting out of the west side of NGC. Malcolm Thomson discusses this case in detail in the Dec 1989 Webb Society Quarterly Journal and his unpublished "Catalogue Corrections."
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22 58 01.9 +13 08 04; Peg
V = 13.3; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 40°
17.5" (9/19/87): fairly faint, very small, strong bright core, slightly elongated. A mag 13 star is 1.6' E of center and a pair of mag 12/13 stars at 21" separation is 2' ESE.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7432 = H. III-465 = h2194 on 23 Nov 1785 (sweep 476) and recorded "eF, S, irregular. 240 showed the same." John Herschel made three observations and logged (sweep 304), "eF; S; R; precedes a near double star 5 seconds."
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NGC 7433 = MCG +04-54-003 = CGCG 475-006 = WBL 692-002 = PGC 70112
22 57 51.7 +26 09 44; Peg
V = 15.3; Size 0.7'x0.25'; PA = 47°
48" (10/26/16): at 610x; moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, 35"x14", brighter nucleus. Located 1.5' NW of NGC 7436 in a group. A mag 14.3 star is 0.4' S.
24" (7/20/12): very faint, small, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, 24"x8". A mag 14.3 star is just 24" S of center. Located in the core of the NGC 7436 group, just 1.5' NW of NGC 7436.
The historical identification of NGC 7433 is ambiguous (see notes), but this galaxy is misidentified as NGC 7431 (which is 2.9' W) in CGCG, UGC, PGC, U2000 and Megastar.
R.J. Mitchell, Lord Rosse's assistant, discovered NGC 7433,
along with
Malcolm Thomson gives a detailed analysis of the identifications of NGC 7433 and 7435 in his Catalogue Corrections and concludes Dreyer rejected CGCG 475-006 so that NGC 7433 refers to the galaxy the western component of NGC 7436. On the other hand, Harold Corwin supports the view NGC 7436W was rejected by Dreyer and CGCG 475-006 is NGC 7433. Corwin's identification is used in NED and Steinicke and adopted here, though Thomson's argument is very persuasive.
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NGC 7434 = MCG +00-58-016 = CGCG 379-017 = PGC 70145
22 58 21.5 -01 11 02; Psc
V = 14.3; Size 0.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 80°
17.5" (7/22/87): very faint, extremely small, round, about 10" diameter. Located 17.5' SE of NGC 7428.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7434 = m 511, along with NGC 7428, on 27 Jul 1864 and noted "vF, vS, R, stellar." His position is 1' too far north.
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NGC 7435 = UGC 12267 = MCG +04-54-004 = CGCG 475-007 = Holm 800a = WBL 692-003 = PGC 70116
22 57 54.5 +26 08 20; Peg
V = 14.1; Size 1.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 132°
48" (10/26/16): at 610x; fairly bright, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, 30"x12", small brighter nucleus. A mag 15 star is on the NNW end [17" from center]. Situated 0.9' SW of NGC 7436 in the center of the cluster.
24" (7/20/12): faint or fairly faint, small, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, 24"x8". A mag 15 star is attached at the NNW tip. This close companion to NGC 7436 is situated just 1.0' SW of center.
17.5" (8/25/95): very faint, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, 0.6'x0.2', no concentration. A mag 15 star is at the NNW end. In a tight group just 1.0' SW of NGC 7436.
17.5" (9/2/89): very faint, very elongated NW-SE. A mag 15 star is attached at the NNW end 17" from center. Located 1.0' SW of NGC 7436 in a group.
R.J. Mitchell discovered NGC 7435, along with NGC 7433, on 12 Oct 1855 while examining the field of NGC 7436 at Birr Castle. The identification is certain based on the diagram and sketch in Plate V, including a star close northwest. The NGC position is 1' due south, instead of southwest of NGC 7436. Heinrich d'Arrest also measured the position twice in September 1865, although Dreyer only credited d'Arrest's observation of NGC 7433.
The NGC position falls very close to
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NGC 7436 = VV 84a = (R)
22 57 57.5 +26 09 00; Peg
V = 13.0; Size 2.0'x2.0'
48" (10/26/16): brightest of a total of 8 galaxies observed within 4'. At 610x; bright, moderately large, round, sharply concentrated with a very bright small core, increasing to a stellar nucleus. The halo has a much lower surface brightness and contains NGC 7436B, which pokes out of the halo on the west side. The contact companion appeared moderately bright, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 E-W, 24"x8", very small bright nucleus.
24" (7/20/12): brightest and central galaxy in a group
with three extremely close companions.
At 325x appeared moderately bright and large, round, ~1' diameter. Sharply concentrated and dominated by a
very bright small core. The halo
has a low surface brightness and gradually fades out, but seems to encompass
NGC 7436B = VV 84b, which appeared as a faint or fairly faint thin spike,
~22"x8", emerging from the halo and extending west. NGC 7435 is just 57" SW and NGC
7433 is 1.5' NW. Also nearby are
MCG +04-54-007 2.4' S,
MCG +04-54-007 is extremely faint or very faint, very small, round, 12" diameter. A mag 16.1 star lies 20" E. PGC 1766408 is extremely faint, very small, irregularly round, 15"x12". PGC 1768375 is extremely faint and small, round, 9" diameter. Collinear with a mag 15 star 0.7' NE and a mag 13 star 1.2' NE.
17.5" (8/25/95): brightest in a tight group of four galaxies including NGC 7431, NGC 7433 and NGC 7435. Fairly faint, small, round, 1.2' diameter. Well concentrated with a small, bright core. The view is confused by a companion (NGC 7436B), which is partially superimposed on the west side of the halo [18" between centers] and creates the impression of elongation E-W. A mag 15 star is 50" SW and a mag 14.5 star 1.3' WNW.
17.5" (9/2/89): brightest in a group, faint, small,
slightly elongated N-S, bright core.
Forms a double system with NGC 7436B attached at the west end. In a group with NGC 7435 1.0' SW, NGC
7431 2' NW (not seen). Located 15'
E of mag 8.9
William Herschel discovered NGC 7436 = H. III-243 = h2195 on 2 Dec 1784 (only object in sweep 327) and recorded "vF, S, er, but I have not been out long enough to see very well, and it may be only stars." On 18 Aug 1828 (sweep 167), John Herschel logged "F; E in parallel; gradually brighter in the middle; 60" l, 30" br." Although not resolved, the elongation was caused by the superimposed companion on the west side.
The RNGC identifies the brighter eastern component as NGC 7436A and the western component as NGC 7436B. The identification problems with this group (specifically NGC 7433 and 7431) are discussed in detail in the Oct 1989 Webb Society Quarterly Journal and in Malcolm Thomson's unpublished "Catalogue Corrections".
R.J. Mitchell discovered NGC 7436B = MCG +04-54-005 = PGC
70123 on 23 Oct 1855 and noted "3 neb; last one [NGC 7436] pB, bM, has
either a star or nebulous knot closely p [NGC 7436]; ...." The "nebulous knot" is NGC
7436B. He observed the group again
on 18 Sep 1857 and logged, "... closely p is a * or sharply defined
nebulous patch, ..." Dreyer
observed the group on 29 Sep 1875 and reported, "The object p in the diagram
from 1857 is a F *. Night
bad." Harold Corwin notes
that based on Dreyer's own observation, he didn't assign the western component
of NGC 7436 an NGC designation.
NED identifies this galaxy as
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22 58 10.1 +14 18 32; Peg
V = 13.3; Size 1.8'x1.8'; Surf Br = 14.4
17.5" (9/19/87): very faint, moderately large, slightly elongated, very diffuse, low surface brightness with a weak concentration. A mag 14 star is at the north edge.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 7437 = Sw. 2-94 on 31 Oct 1885 and recorded "eeF; L; R; F * nr nf; v diff. Nearly in finder field with Alpha Pegasi." His RA is 10 seconds too large, but the dec is accurate. In 1900, Herbert Howe reported "the 'F * nr nf" is of mag 10.5 and follows 4 seconds, 1.4' north." Howe's micrometric position is very accurate.
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22 57 29.6 +54 21 17; Cas
Size 15'
17.5" (8/13/96): at 100x, there is a 20' elongated group of stars separated into two distinct scattered subgroups. The SW group is circular, ~6' diameter with roughly three dozen stars total, although there are a dozen brighter mag 10/11 stars which form the circular outline. Only a few faint stars populate the interior of the outline. The NE group is more elongated, ~7'x5', with two dozen stars. It includes a nice well-matched mag 11 pair at 15" separation. The two groups only stand out in a rich Milky Way field using a 20 Nagler but it still looks like a random grouping. Listed as nonexistent in Carlson and RNGC.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7438 = h2196 on 8 Nov 1831 and recorded "A large oblong cluster which fills 2 fields. Place that of the double star h3157 of my 5th catalogue." Based on the photographic appearance on a Heidelberg plate, Reinmuth notes "a very dense region, no distinct Cl." RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent. See Harold Corwin's identification comments.
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22 58 09.9 +29 13 42; Peg
V = 14.3; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 150°
17.5" (7/17/93): very faint, very small, round, 0.4'
diameter, very weakly concentrated core, very faint stellar nucleus at
moments. A mag 12.5 star is 2.5'
WSW. Located 4.3' NW of mag 9.3
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7439 = m 512 on 9 Sep 1863 and noted a "long patch of F nebulosity." His position is 30 seconds of RA east and 1' north of UGC 12273. Interestingly, I recorded this galaxy as round, so his description does not fit this galaxy very well. Bigourdan published a "corrected" position from 3 Aug 1891 in his Comptes Rendus list for 22 Jul 1901, but his position is 3.6' south and 20 seconds of time too large and probably refers to one or more stars.
Karl Reinmuth reported "not found" in his
photographic survey at Heidelberg as well as Heber Curtis in Lick Observatory
Bulletin #248 (1913) based on photographs with the Crossley reflector. Harold Corwin searched unsuccessfully
for another candidate besides
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22 58 32.5 +35 48 09; And
V = 13.5; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.9
17.5" (8/27/92): faint, small, slightly elongated, broad concentration. Located just west of a string of four stars mag 13-14 oriented N-S.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 7440 = St. 8a-25 on 12 Sep 1876. His micrometric position (measured 9 Oct) was quite accurate. Bigourdan's "corrected" position in the his 22 Jul 1901 Comptes Rendus paper (repeated in the IC 2 Notes section) lands of a double star which is 10 seconds of RA E and 4' N.
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22 56 41.4 -07 22 45; Aqr
V = 13.6; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 144°
24" (9/22/17): at 375x; faint or fairly faint, low
surface brightness patch, irregularly round, ~0.6' diameter, slightly irregular
surface brightness but no distinct core. Appears to be a face-on late-type
spiral. Located 10' E of mag 9.5
18" (10/25/03): very faint, small, elongated 3:2
NNW-SSE, 1.0'x0.7', low even surface brightness. A 15' string of stars oriented SW-NE with mag 9.5
Ormond Stone discovered NGC 7441 = LM 1-260 = IC 1458 = J.
1-477 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. He
recorded "mag 14.0, 0.8' dia, irregularly round, *10 preceding." Stone's rough position (RA to the nearest
minute and Dec marked as uncertain) happens to land just 14 seconds of RA east
of
Harold Corwin identifies
According to Wolfgang Steinicke, William Herschel made the
first discovery of IC 1458 during a trial sweep with the 48-inch (40-ft f.l.)
on 28 Aug 1789. There was no
reference star in the sweep to determine a precise position. This was Herschel's first of only three
discoveries with the 48", including
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22 59 26.6 +15 32 54; Peg
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5" (9/19/87): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly
elongated, broad concentration.
Located 27' SW of
Heinrich d'Arrest discovered NGC 7442 on 24 Nov 1861 with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen. His mean position (2 measures) is very accurate and he noted the mag 12 star (called mag 13) 2.0' north-northeast.
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23 00 08.9 -12 48 28; Aqr
V = 12.6; Size 1.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 40°
17.5" (9/15/90): fairly faint, small, elongated 5:2
SSW-NNE, small bright core, high surface brightness. Forms a distinctive similar duo of elongated systems with
William Herschel discovered NGC 7443 = H. II-450 = h2197, along with NGC 7444, on 3 Oct 1785 (sweep 450). He recorded both as "Two, both little extended and about 1.5' from each other; they extend in different directions. The sweeping power showed but one, but 240x distinguished them both, and I saw them afterwards also both with the former power. Both vF, vS."
John Herschel made two observations and called it "F; R; pretty suddenly brighter middle; rather the brighter of 2."
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NGC 7444 = MCG -02-58-016 = LGG 468-002 = PGC 70219
23 00 09.0 -12 50 03; Aqr
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 3°
17.5" (9/15/90): fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, small bright core. Forms a close pair with NGC 7443 1.6' NNW. NGC 7450 lies 10' ESE.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7444 = H. II-451 = h2198, along with NGC 7443, on 3 Oct 1785 (sweep 450). He recorded them together as "Two, both little extended and about 1.5' from each other; they extend in different directions. The sweeping power showed but one, but 240 distinguished them both, and I saw them afterwards also both with the former power. Both vF, vS."
John Herschel made three observations and called it "pF; irr R; suddenly brighter in the middle almost to a nucleus; r; the southern of a double nebula."
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22 59 22.4 +39 06 27; And
V = 14.6; Size 0.7'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 88°
17.5" (9/26/92): very faint, extremely small,
round. A mag 12 star is 1.5' ESE
of center. Member of the
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 7445 = St. 9-31, along with NGC 7446 and 7449, on 23 Oct 1878 ( (position reduced on this date). If he made a large error in position, the original discovery may have been on 15 Sep 1876.
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NGC 7446 = CGCG 515-017 = PGC 70185
22 59 29.0 +39 04 59; And
V = 14.4; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.8
17.5" (9/26/92): very faint, very small, round, even concentration, small bright core. A mag 12 star is 1.2' N. Farthest south of the members in the UGC 12298 group with NGC 7449 4.5' N and NGC 7445 2.0' NW. Appears unusually easy for a galaxy only 15.7pg.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 7446 = St. 9-32, along with NGC 7445 and 7449, on 23 Oct 1878 (position reduced on this date). If he made a large error in position, the original discovery may have been on 15 Sep 1876.
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23 00 26 -10 31 42; Aqr
= Not found, Corwin. = *, Reinmuth.
Edward Cooper discovered NGC 7447 = Au 49 on 8 Oct 1855 with the 13.3-inch refractor at the Markree Observatory in Ireland. While compiling the comprehensive Markree Ecliptic Catalogue he thought he found a nebulous mag 11-12 star. Arthur Auwers searched and reported "no nebula can be seen" using the Heliometer at Konigsberg. Wilhelm Tempel was also unsuccessful on several attempts (AN 2284), as well as Sherburne Burnham (Publ of Lick Observatory, II). Reinmuth identified NGC 7447 as a mag 13 star but this number is likely lost. See Corwin's notes.
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NGC 7448 = Arp 13 = UGC 12294 = MCG +03-58-018 = CGCG 453-042 = LGG 469-001 = PGC 70213
23 00 03.6 +15 58 49; Peg
V = 11.7; Size 2.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 170°
48" (10/26/16 and 10/28/2019): at 610x; very bright, large, elongated ~2:1 N-S, 2'x1', interesting structure with knots. The central portion is brighter along the major axis like a weak bar and in the center is a small, very bright nucleus. A bright, prominent knot, 10"-12" diameter, is just west of the northern tip of the galaxy and a weak knot is close east [by ~15"]. The northern half of the galaxy is generally brighter with a slightly mottled surface. The galaxy has a weak enhancement along the southwest edge of the halo [spiral arm] and a fairly faint knot is on the southeast side [40" SE of center]. Overall, the southern part of the halo has a lower, more uniform surface brightness.
17.5" (9/19/87 and 9/14/85): bright, large, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, small bright core, fainter extensions. Brightest in the NGC 7448 group.
13.1" (9/22/84): fairly bright, broad moderate concentration, thin fainter extensions NNW-SSE. Does not contain a well-defined nucleus.
8" (9/25/81): faint, small, elongated.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7448 = H. II-251 = h2199 on 16 Oct 1784 (sweep 294) and recorded "pB, cL, E, r." On his sweep 11, John Herschel logged "pB; L; very gradually brighter middle; E pos 85° np to sf." Ralph Copeland commented it was "slightly concave towards p side" in a 1873 observation at Birr Castle. Christian Peters also measured an accurate position.
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NGC 7449 = UGC 12292 = MCG +06-50-016 = CGCG 515-018 = PGC 70196
22 59 37.6 +39 08 45; And
V = 14.0; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 130°
17.5" (9/26/92): faint, small, round, gradually brighter middle, small bright core. In the UGC 12298 group with NGC 7445 3.7' SW, NGC 7446 4.5' S and UGC 12298 9' NE.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 7449 = St. 9-33, along with NGC 7445 and 7446, on 23 Oct 1878 (position reduced on this date). If he made a large error in position, the original discovery may have been on 15 Sep 1876.
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NGC 7450 = MCG -02-58-019 = Mrk 1126 = LGG 468-003 = PGC 70252
23 00 47.8 -12 55 07; Aqr
V = 12.4; Size 1.4'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5" (9/15/90): faint, very small, round, broad concentration. Third of three with the striking NGC 7443 and NGC 7444 pair 11' NW.
Wilhelm Tempel discovered NGC 7450 = T. 1-47 = T. 4-11 on 19 Nov 1876. His RA in his 4th paper was 5 seconds too large.
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23 00 40.9 +08 28 04; Peg
V = 14.0; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 67°
17.5" (8/27/87): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated WSW-ENE, weak concentration.
Otto Struve discovered NGC 7451 on 7 Dec 1865 with the 15-inch Merz refractor at Pulkovo Observatory at St. Petersburg. It was found while unsuccessfully searching for Comet Biela, which was never seen after 1852. His position is 3' too far south (common offset with his other objects). Bigourdan's "corrected" position from 7 Nov 1885 (repeated in the IC 2 notes) is 5.8' too far SW, perhaps an error with the offset star.
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23 00 47.5 +06 44 44; Psc
V = 15.0; Size 0.4'x0.3; PA = 25°
24" (12/28/13): at 282x appeared faint, very small,
round, 12" diameter, extremely small or stellar nucleus. Located at 3.1' W of brighter
17.5" (11/18/95): extremely faint and small, round, 15" diameter, very low surface brightness. Requires averted vision but observation repeatable. Located 3.1' W of NGC 7459. A mag 14.5 star lies 2.1' SSW. This galaxy is not listed in any modern catalogue and the identifications of NGC 7452 and NGC 7459 are uncertain due to poor positions by Lewis Swift.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 7452 = Sw. 2-95, along with NGC 7455 and NGC 7459, on 14 Oct 1884 and recorded "eeeF; pL; R; e diff.; np of 2 [with NGC 7459]." His position falls within a small cluster, 9 seconds of RA east of UGC 12302. RNGC, MCG and PGC identify UGC 12302 as NGC 7452. It's the brightest member of the cluster and a double system with nuclei only 10" apart. Herbert Howe apparently also identified this galaxy as NGC 7452 (MN, Vol 60, 129).
As an alternative, Corwin suggests that NGC 7452 = LEDA 1306660, the second brightest in the cluster. This places NGC 7452 21 seconds of RA preceding Swift's position (matching in dec). This identification was first made by Kobold in his 1907 catalogue. NED and HyperLeda now both use this identification. This implies NGC 7459 = UGC 12302, which is 12 seconds of RA larger (Swift's difference is 20 seconds).
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23 01 25.5 -06 21 19; Aqr
= ***, Corwin.
Christian Peters discovered NGC 7453 on 7 Nov 1860 with the 13.5-inch refractor at the Hamilton College Observatory in New York. At Peters' position of 23 01 25.4 -06 21 17 (2000) is a pair of mag 12.5 stars at 15" separation. His observation may refer to one of these stars as his description reads "*11 north, close to it."
RNGC classifies this number as nonexistent (Type 7) although the New Description ("E,R,BM") implies it refers to a galaxy. See Corwin's notes.
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NGC 7454 = UGC 12305 = MCG +03-58-020 = CGCG 453-045 = LGG 469-002 = PGC 70264
23 01 06.6 +16 23 18; Peg
V = 11.8; Size 2.2'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 150°
17.5" (9/14/85): fairly bright, small, bright core, stellar nucleus, fainter extended halo. A mag 11 star is 52" WNW of center. Member of the NGC 7448 group.
13.1" (9/3/83): faint, small, extended NNW-SSE, small bright core. A brighter star is close WNW.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7454 = H. II-249 on 15 Oct 1784 (sweep 290) and recorded "F, vS, R, little brighter in the middle." The next night (sweep 294), he logged "F, pS, E, following a pB star." Rudolph Spitaler measured an accurate micrometric position with the 27" refractor in Vienna in 1891.
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23 00 41.0 +07 18 11; Psc
V = 14.2; Size 0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 174°
17.5" (8/21/87): faint, very small, round, small,
brighter core. A mag 11 star is
1.1' NNE of center. Located 29' E
of mag 6.3
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 7455 = Sw. 2-96, along with NGC
7452 and 7459, on 14 Oct 1884 and recorded "eF; cE; pS * nr p. Found while searching for Encke's Comet
1885 I." There is nothing at
his position, but 38 seconds of RA west is
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23 02 10.4 -39 34 10; Gru
V = 11.8; Size 5.5'x1.6'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 23°
13.1" (9/3/86): very faint, diffuse, moderately large, elongated SW-NE. A pair of mag 13 stars is 3' E of center.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7456 = h3966 = h3967 on 4 Sep 1834 and recorded "F; L; mE; very gradually little brighter middle; pos of elongation 33.8°; 4' l, 1' br; loses itself imperceptibly. His Cape position for h3966 is 30' too far south but he corrected this clerical mistake in the errata page at the end of the catalogue. His position for h3967 is correct.
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23 01 00.0 +30 08 42; Peg
V = 11.2; Size 4.3'x2.3'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 130°
17.5" (8/13/88): bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1
NW-SE, very bright core, very small bright nucleus. Forms a pair with
William Herschel discovered NGC 7457 = H. II-212 = h2201 on 12 Sep 1784 (sweep 267) and recorded "pB, pL, lE, mbM, r. South of 2 faint stars. Some stars visible in it." His position was just off the west side of the galaxy. John Herschel made a single observation, "B; L; lE; pretty gradually brighter middle; 60"; has a stellar point in the centre." The observers at Birr Castle noted a star involved just preceding the nucleus.
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23 01 28.6 +01 45 12; Psc
V = 12.5; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 15°
13.1" (11/29/86): fairly faint, small, round, small bright
core. An equilateral triangle with
sides 2' formed by mag 8.8
William Herschel discovered NGC 7458 = H. II-590 = h2200 on 18 Sep 1786 (sweep 589) and noted "F, S, bM." John Herschel described it on 18 Sep 1830 (sweep 295) as "vF; vS; pretty suddenly brighter in the middle."
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NGC 7459 = UGC 12302 = MCG +01-58-021 = PGC 70261
23 00 59.9 +06 45 01; Psc
V = 14.5; Size 0.6'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 57°
24" (12/28/13): at 200x appeared fairly faint, fairly small, elongated ~5:3 SW-NE, 0.8'x0.5', brighter core. At 282x, the core appeared double [post merger system?], with the two extremely small nuclei just resolved [10" separation], and oriented along the major axis. The northeast component appeared quasi-stellar. A mag 13.2 star is 1.2' E of center.
17.5" (11/18/95): very faint, small, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE, 40"x25", weak concentration. Located 1.2' W of a mag 13 star. Forms a pair with NGC 7452 3.1' W. This is a double system (not resolved) and brightest in a faint cluster. Listed as nonexistent in RNGC.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 7459 = Sw. 2-97, along with NGC 7452 and 7455, on 14 Oct 1884 and recorded "eeF; pL; R; * nr; sf of 2 [with NGC 7452]." There is nothing at his position, but Harold Corwin suggests this number applies to UGC 12302 (the brightest in the cluster), located 30 sec of RA due west of Swift's position. This identity was first made by Hermann Kobold in his observation at Strasbourg in 1897 (published in 1907). This implies NGC 7452 = PGC 1306660, which is 21 seconds west of his position.
RNGC, MCG and PGC identify UGC 12302 as NGC 7452. UGC does not apply an NGC designation for this double system. RNGC classifies NGC 7459 as nonexistent (Type 7). See Corwin's notes.
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NGC 7460 = UGC 12312 = MCG +00-58-021 = CGCG 379-023 = PGC 70287
23 01 42.9 +02 15 49; Psc
V = 13.0; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 175°
13.1" (11/29/86): faint, small, round, diffuse, even surface brightness. NGC 7458 is 31' SSW.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 7460 = St. 8a-26 on 14 Sep 1876. An accurate micrometric position was determined a week later and included in list 8a (#26) in 1877 with an estimated diameter of 1.5'.
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23 01 48.3 +15 34 57; Peg
V = 13.3; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 150°
17.5" (9/19/87): fairly faint, extremely small, round,
compact, small bright core, stellar nucleus. A mag 11 star lies 2.3' SW. Member of the NGC 7448 group
located 23' S of the
13.1" (9/22/84): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, even surface brightness, NGC 7467 11' E. Located 23' S of NGC 7463/64/65 in the NGC 7448 group.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7461 = m 513 on 8 Aug 1863 and
noted "vF, vS, alm stellar."
His position is 1' south of
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23 02 46.5 -40 50 07; Gru
V = 11.7; Size 4.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 75°
13.1" (9/3/86): fairly faint, fairly small, pretty
edge-on oriented ~E-W. A mag 11
star is at the west end and four other comparable stars including a nice double
at 36" separation are within 5'.
Located 10.6' W of mag 6.6
John Herschel discovered NGC 7462 = h3968 on 5 Sep 1834 and recorded "pB; S; vmE; has a *11m preceding its extremity." The mag 11 star at the west edge is MCG -07-47-012 (misclassified as a galaxy).
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NGC 7463 = UGC 12316 = MCG +03-58-022 = CGCG 453-048 = Holm 802a = PGC 70291
23 01 52.0 +15 58 55; Peg
V = 13.2; Size 2.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 90°
48" (10/26/16): at 610x; very bright, large, very elongated at least 4:1 E-W, ~2.0'x0.5'. Unusual structure [nearly edge-on barred spiral] with a fairly bright bar angling across the central section ~SW-NE, ~25"x10". A spiral arm extends west of the bar and a long, low surface brightness tidal arm stretches to the east. NGC 7464, situated 0.7' SE, is just south of the beginning of the eastern arm. The stretched appearance is likely due to an interaction with NGC 7465 2.6' SE. These galaxies, as well as the two described below, are part of the NGC 7448 group.
18" (7/29/03): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 E-W, 1.0'x0.4', weak concentration. Larger but lower surface brightness than NGC 7465 2.6' SE. A close companion, NGC 7464, is just 0.7' SE. Located 2.5' NE of a mag 8.5 star that is a bit of a distraction in viewing, though it makes the group quite distinctive.
17.5" (9/14/85): fairly bright, very elongated 3:1 E-W,
brighter core but no sharp nucleus.
Lower surface brightness than nearby NGC 7465 2.6' ESE. In a close trio with NGC 7465 and NGC
7464 just 42" SE of center.
Located 2.5' NE of mag 8.5
13.1" (9/22/84): fairly faint, fairly small, diffuse.
13.1" (9/3/83 and 9/9/83): faint, fairly small, elongated E-W, lower surface brightness than NGC 7464 45" SE.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7463 = H. III-210 = h2202, along with NGC 7465, on 16 Oct 1784 (sweep 294). He described both as "Two, the second of them [NGC 7465] stellar, both vF. The first [NGC 7463] lE and a little larger than the second; both vF." Both William and John Herschel missed NGC 7464 (discovered by d'Arrest).
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NGC 7464 = UGC 12315 = MCG +03-58-023 = CGCG 453-049 = Holm 802c = LGG 469-007 = PGC 70292
23 01 53.7 +15 58 26; Peg
V = 13.3; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.7
48" (10/26/16): at 610x; moderately bright, fairly small, slightly elongated, ~24"x20", broad concentration with no well defined core or nucleus but fairly high surface brightness. Smallest and faintest in an excellent trio with NGC 7463 40" NW and NGC 7465 1.8' ESE.
18" (7/29/03): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, no concentration. Located just 40" SE of the center of NGC 7463 in a trio with NGC 7465 and less than 3' NE of a mag 8.5 star.
17.5" (9/14/85): faint, very small, slightly elongated WSW-ENE, even surface brightness. Located just 42" SE of the center of NGC 7463 with NGC 7465 1.8' ESE. Located 2.5' NE of mag 8.5 SAO 108339. Member of the NGC 7448 group.
13.1" (9/22/84): appears as an extremely small "knot" attached at the southeast end of NGC 7463.
13.1" (9/3/83): extremely faint, very small, round, near visual threshold.
Heinrich d'Arrest discovered NGC 7464 = m 514 on 27 Aug 1864 with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen while examining NGC 7463 and 7465. NGC 7464 was labeled Roman numeral III in his sketch. Albert Marth also discovered this galaxy just two months later on 23 Oct 1864 with the 48-inch on Malta ("vF, eS, near [NGC 7463]") as well as Hermann Vogel with the 8.5-inch refractor in Leipzig on 10 Aug 1869. Both Marth (1) and d'Arrest (2) were credited in the NGC, though the order should be reversed.
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NGC 7465 = UGC 12317 = Mrk 313 = MCG +03-58-024 = CGCG 453-050 = Holm 802b = LGG 469-003 = PGC 70295
23 02 01.0 +15 57 54; Peg
V = 12.6; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.4
48" (10/26/16): at 610x; bright, moderately large, oval
NNW-SSE, ~0.9'x0.7'. There are
three distinct brightness zones; the oval halo, a slightly elongated bright
core, and a very small intensely bright nucleus. In an interacting triplet with NGC 7463 2.4' NW and NGC 7464
1.8' WNW. Mag 8.2
18" (7/29/03): moderately bright, fairly small, oval 3:2 or 4:3 NNW-SSE, ~0.6'x0.4'. Fairly high surface brightness with a weak, even concentration to a small brighter core and quasi-stellar nucleus. Brightest in a close trio with the tight duo NGC 7463/7464 ~2' WNW. The trio is situated ~3' NE of mag 8.5 SAO 108339.
17.5" (9/14/85): fairly bright, small, bright core, stellar nucleus, slightly elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE. Brightest in a close trio with NGC 7464 1.8' WNW and NGC 7463 2.4' WNW in the NGC 7448 group.
13.1" (9/22/84): very small, round, stellar nucleus surrounding a small outer halo.
13.1" (9/3/83): fairly faint, very small, stellar nucleus, fairly high surface brightness. Only viewing the nucleus? Brightest in subgroup of three with NGC 7464 and NGC 7463. Located 27' E of NGC 7448.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7465 = H. III-211 = h2203, along with NGC 7463, on 16 Oct 1784 (sweep 294) and recorded "Two, the second of them [NGC 7465] stellar, both vF. The first [NGC 7463] lE and a little larger than the second; both vF." John Herschel measured separate positions for the pair. They both missed NGC 7464.
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23 02 03.4 +27 03 10; Peg
V = 13.6; Size 1.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 26°
17.5" (9/2/89): faint, small, very elongated SSW-NNE, small bright core.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 7466 = St. 5-10 on 4 Sep
1872, listing a rough position 6' to the west. His published discovery position
(list 5, #10) was made the following year on 20 Sep 1873 with description
"eF; eS; with a condensation in the centre." MCG and PGC incorrectly equate
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NGC 7467 = MCG +02-58-057 = CGCG 430-053 = PGC 70310
23 02 27.4 +15 33 15; Peg
V = 14.2; Size 0.75'x0.55'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 33°
17.5" (9/19/87): very faint, extremely small, round. A mag 15 star is just off the east edge 1.0' from center. Located 9.5' ESE of NGC 7461 in the NGC 7448 group.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7467 = m 515 on 23 Oct 1864 and noted "eF, v." His position is accurate.
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23 02 59.3 +16 36 18; Peg
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5" (9/2/89): faint, small, slightly elongated, weak
concentration. Located 8.7' N of
mag 7.9
William Herschel discovered NGC 7468 = H. III-202 on 15 Oct
1784 (sweep 290) and recorded "eF, vS, stellar. 240 confirmed it." Caroline's reduction is a good match with
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23 03 15.7 +08 52 26; Peg
V = 12.3; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 125°
17.5" (11/1/86): sharp, bright stellar nucleus (Sy 1
galaxy) surrounded by a small faint halo.
A faint star is just east.
Forms a close pair (
13.1" (11/13/82): moderately bright, small, round, small bright nucleus surrounded by small diffuse halo. The nucleus dominates the galaxy. Located along the west side of three mag 9-10 stars.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7469 = H. III-230 = h2204 on 12 Nov 1784 (sweep 313). He noted "eF, eS, but 240 left a doubt." He found it again on 26 Sep 1785 (sweep 442) and but this time was unertain: "Suspected a small irregular patch with seeming nebulosity." Caroline didn't link the second observation with the earlier one or assign it a new discovery number.
John Herschel made the single observation on 16Aug 1830 (sweep 281): "F; S; R; very suddenly much brighter middle; equals a star 12m with a vF wisp about it. At first seems like a star."
NGC 7469 is one of the 6 original Seyfert 1 galaxies studied by Seyfert in his seminal 1943 paper "Nuclear Emission in Spiral Nebulae".
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23 05 14.1 -50 06 42; Gru
V = 13.9; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 84°
30" (10/15/15 - OzSky): at 303x and 394x; fairly faint
to moderately bright, moderately large, slightly elongated, ~50"x40",
contains a small slightly brighter core and a patchy halo. A mag 12.5 star is 2.5' NW. Forms a pair with
John Herschel discovered NGC 7470 = h3969 on 30 Sep 1834 and
recorded "eF; R; gradually little brighter middle; 60"; has a * 11m
np 3' dist." There is nothing
at his position but 0.8 min of RA east is
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23 03 54 -22 55; Aqr
= Not found, Corwin, RNGC and ESO. = *?, SG
Frank Muller discovered NGC 7471 = LM 2-470 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 15.8, 0.2' dia, lE 85°, suddenly brighter in the middle, 3 stars 10, p[recede] 20 seconds." There is nothing near his position. If Muller's object is the mag 15 star at 23 05 32.9 -22 53 44 (1 min 38 seconds of RA east), there are three mag 12-13 stars about 30 seconds preceding.
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23 05 38.6 +03 03 33; Psc
See observing notes for
Otto Struve found NGC 7472 on 7 Dec 1865 with the 15-inch Merz refractor at the Pulkovo Observatory outside St. Petersburg. While unsuccessfully searching for comet Biela he found a faint star with a nebulous halo. There is nothing near his position, but exactly 2.0 minutes of RA east is NGC 7482, which was discovered by Albert Marth the previous year on 11 Aug 1864.
Sherburne Burnham, who examined the field (see Publ of Lick
Obs, II), noted there was only one galaxy in the vicinity, essentially agreeing
with Marth's position for NGC 7482, and that NGC 7472 as well as d'Arrest's NGC
7477 were probably duplicates.
Dreyer mentioned this in the IC I Notes, although
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23 03 57.1 +30 09 37; Peg
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 45°
17.5" (8/13/88): faint, small, oval SSW-NNE, bright core. A mag 14 star is 46" N of center.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7473 = m 516 on 6 Sep 1863 and noted "vF, S, R." His position is 6 seconds of time too small.
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23 04 04.4 +20 04 02; Peg
V = 14.1; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8
24" (9/10/15): faint to fairly faint, small, round,
18" diameter, stellar nucleus.
First in a trio with
17.5" (9/2/89): very faint, extremely small, round. A mag 11 star is 2.0' N. Forms a pair with NGC 7475 1.6' NE.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7474 = m 517, along with NGC 7475, on 9 Sep 1864 and noted "eF, vS." His position is accurate. Stephan probably first observed the pair on 4 Sep 1872 and measured an accurate micrometric position on 20 Sep 1876.
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NGC 7475 = UGC 12337 = MCG +03-58-027 = MCG +03-58-028 =
23 04 10.9 +20 04 52; Peg
V = 13.6; Size 1.5'x0.9'; PA = 54°
24" (9/10/15): at 260x; fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 or 4:3 WSW-ENE, ~0.6'x0.4', contains a very small bright nucleus that appears offset to the southwest side. NGC 7474 lies 1.6' SE. A mag 11.5 star lies 1.7' NW.
With careful viewing NGC 7475 was clearly seen as a double system with a companion attached at the northeast end (MCG +03-58-028 = PGC 70382). It was visible as a faint, small, round glow, 12" in diameter. The centers of the galaxies are separated by just 27" and nearly collinear with NGC 7474.
17.5" (9/2/89): faint, fairly small, elongated SW-NE. A mag 11 star is 1.7' NW. Forms a pair with NGC 7474 1.5' SW. The compact companion at the NE end was unresolved.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7475 = m 518, along with NGC 7474, on 9 Sep 1864 and noted "vF, S." His position is accurate. Stephan made an observation on 4 Sep 1872 (probably aware of Marth's discovery) and measured an accurate micrometric position on 20 Sep 1876.
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23 05 11.7 -43 05 51; Gru
V = 12.7; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 175°
17.5" (10/20/90): very faint, fairly small, possibly
oval N-S, bright core. Forms the
southern vertex of an isosceles triangle with mag 7.7
John Herschel discovered NGC 7476 = h3970 on 5 Sep 1834 and recorded "pF; S; R; 12"; makes an obtuse-angled triangle, with 2 st 7m at some distance." His position (measured on 2 sweeps) is accurate.
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23 04 40.7 +03 07 05; Psc
V = 15.0; Size 0.3'x0.15'
18" (9/26/11): this number applies to an extremely faint galaxy with a star superimposed. At 175x, it appeared as a faint, nebulous patch (perhaps 15" diameter) with one or two very faint stars involved. At 225x, three mag 14.5 stars were resolved including a 15" pair but a third star close north was not involved in the glow. It was easy to see to see how this knot of stars could be taken as nebulous even if the galaxy was not seen. NGC 7482 lies 15' ESE.
Heinrich d'Arrest discovered NGC 7477 on 9 Sep 1866 with the
11-inch refractor at Copenhagen.
At his exact position is a group of 3 faint stars and an extremely faint
galaxy (
Burnham noted the odd situation that NGC 7477 and 7472 precede Marth's NGC 7482 by exactly 1.0 tmin and 2.0 tmin of RA, respectively, and felt all 3 numbers referred to the same galaxy. But Harold Corwin notes that only NGC 7472 (discovered by Otto Struve) is identical to NGC 7482.
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23 04 56.6 +02 34 40; Psc
V = 15.0; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5" (11/18/95): very faint, very small, round,
15" diameter, slightly brighter core. Located 1.0' SE of a mag 11.5 star and fainter of a pair
with
13.1": not found.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7478 = m 519, along with NGC 7480, on 11 Aug 1864 and noted "eF, E." His position is 1.2' too far northwest. This galaxy is mentioned in UGC notes to NGC 7480 but is not identified as NGC 7478.
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23 04 56.7 +12 19 23; Peg
V = 10.8; Size 4.1'x3.1'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 25°
48" (11/2/13, 10/30/16 and 10/28/19): The view of NGC 7479 was mesmerizing at 488x and 610x. Compared to the view last October, I noticed the fainter eastern arm was broader (split in two parallel branches on images) and although diffuse, obviously extended all the way to the southern edge of the galaxy, nearly reaching a mag 16 star. Also the bright arm on the western side of the bar dimmed as it extended north, but wrapped all the way or just beyond a mag 15.7 star situated 48" SW of the bright mag 12.5 star off the north end of the bar. The western arm clearly had a clumpy appearance with a couple of brighter patches. Near the south end of this arm [1.1' SSW of center] is a very faint quasi-stellar knot, which is catalogued as HII region #45 in Hodge and Kennicutt's 1983 "An Atlas of H II regions in 125 galaxies". Another brighter knot, ~12"x6", is at the southwest end of the arm [1.5' SW of center]. This is region #57 in the HK Atlas. A faint edge-on (V = 17.8), lies 3.5' NW of NGC 7479.
48" (10/22/11): NGC 7479 is probably the best barred spiral in the northern sky. At 488x and 610x the central bar appears very bright and extended over 2' N-S. The bar had a mottled appearance, bulging slightly in the center, was broadly concentrated with a small bright core. A bright mag 12.5 star is at the north end of the bar, 1.3' from the center.
At the northern end, an arm emerges from the bar and begins to curve counterclockwise to the east, but abruptly dims and merges with the halo on the east side. At the south end of the bar, a beautiful sweeping arm wraps counterclockwise around the south of a superimposed mag 13.5 star, extending to the west side of the core. This prominent arm dims and ends just north of an extremely faint HII knot (stellar) in the arm, which is catalogued as object #4 in Rozas' et al 1999 A&AS paper "Global properties of the population of HII regions in NGC 7479 from photometric H-alpha imaging". A mag 16.4 star is 0.7' due west (outside the arm) of this knot. A mag 15.7 star is also superimposed between the faint HII knot and the bright star at the north end.
18" (11/7/07): I was surprised the thin spiral arm was readily visible from Lake Sonoma extending from the south end of the bar and wrapping outside the mag 13.5 star situated 50' SW of the core. This arm dimmed out roughly due west of the star. The central bar extends 2.4'x0.6' N-S and contains a bulging 25" core that broadly brightens to an occasional faint stellar nucleus with direct vision. Barely off the north end of the central bar is a mag 12.5 star (1.3' due north of center) and there was just a hint of the spiral arm at the north end of the bar beginning to bend towards the east.
18" (10/19/06): fairly bright, fairly large, the main bar appears elongated 3:1 N-S, moderately concentrated with a bright core. A mag 12.5 star is just off the north tip of the bar. At the south end an extension is generally visible with averted vision hooking back sharply on the west side towards the north. This spiral arm dims as it hooks but intermittently appears to sweep due north though does not extend as far as the mag 13.5 star off the SW side of the core.
17.5" (7/19/90): this is one of few northern barred spirals in which the structure is clearly visible. A bright bar is oriented N-S with a bright core and nearly stellar nucleus. A mag 13 star is off the north edge 1.4' from center and a fainter mag 14 star is 47" SW of center. A thin curving spiral arm attached at the south end curves to the west and then north beyond the mag 14 star SW of the core. This arm parallels the bar along the west side about 90°. At the Sierra Buttes, the spiral arm was held almost continuously with averted vision. Located 3.3' NNE of a mag 10 star.
17.5" (10/12/85): thin curving arm clearly seen attached at the SW end curving to the north around a faint star.
13.1" (9/29/84): fairly bright, elongated ~N-S. Strong impression of a dark lane or gap on the west wide and brief hints of haze beyond this gap, particularly around the south end towards the west (spiral arm).
13.1" (11/5/83): fairly bright, elongated N-S, bright core. Two faint stars are west and north.
William Herschel discovered NGC 7479 = H. I-55 = h2205 on 19 Oct 1784 (sweep 299). He described it as "faint, much extended, resolvable [mottled], near 3' in length and about 1' in breadth; I see 2 or 3 stars in it; but they do not seem to belong to it." On 23 Nov 1785 (sweep 476) he noted "cB, mE nearly in the direction of the meridian; about 4' long, about 2' broad, gradually brighter in the middle." A sketch, showing the long bar (but no arms), was included in his 1811 publication (fig. #16) as an example of "Nebulae which are gradually brighter in the middle."
George Johnstone Stoney or Lord Rosse sketched NGC 7479 on 10 Sep 1849 (figure 4 in the 1850 PT paper). The sketch shows a single prominent spiral arm wrapping nearly completely back to the bar, though the form was uncertain: "Spiral, but query whether this is not more properly an annular than a spiral nebula." Wilhelm Tempel, John Herschel and Heinrich d'Arrest made additional sketches.
In the 1900 paper "The spiral nebula H. I 55 Pegasi" (1900ApJ....11....1K), Lick astronomer James Keeler compared the various sketches of NGC 7479 with a photograph taken with the Crossley reflector to demonstrate the subjectivity of sketches and their limitations compared to photographs.
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NGC 7480 = UGC 12349 = MCG +00-58-027 = CGCG 379-030 = Holm 804a = PGC 70432
23 05 13.6 +02 32 58; Psc
V = 14.0; Size 1.3'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 105°
17.5" (11/18/95): faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, 1.0'x0.3.' Contains a small, round bright core with very faint thin extensions. Preceded by an isosceles triangle of mag 10.5 stars (with equal sides about 3.5' and base 5.5'). Forms a pair with NGC 7478 4.6' WNW.
13.1" (11/29/86): very faint, small, edge-on WNW-ESE. Nearby NGC 7478 not seen.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7480 = m 520, along with NGC 7478, on 11 Aug 1864 and noted "vF, vS, vlE, very gradually brighter middle." His position is accurate.
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23 05 48 -19 57; Aqr
= Not found, Corwin and RNGC.
Ormond Stone discovered NGC 7481 = LM 1-261 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 14.0, vS, R, gradually brighter in the middle." There nothing near his rough position and Harold Corwin was unable to find a reasonable candidate in the area.
ESO assigned
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NGC 7482 = NGC 7472 = MCG +00-58-029 = CGCG 379-031 = PGC 70446
23 05 38.6 +03 03 33; Psc
V = 13.6; Size 0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 140°
24" (12/8/20): at 260x; fairly faint to moderately bright, small, slightly elongated, 25"x20", very small brighter nucleus.
13.1" (11/29/86): faint, very small, round. Collinear with a mag 11.5 star 5.8' NW and a mag 10.5 star 7.8' NW. NGC 7483 lies 29' N.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 7482 = m 521 on 11 Aug 1864 and noted "F, vS, stellar." His position is accurate to within 1'. Otto Struve probably found this galaxy again on 7 Dec 1865 as his position for NGC 7472 is 2.0 minutes of RA west. So, NGC 7482 = NGC 7472.
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23 05 48.3 +03 32 42; Psc
V = 13.0; Size 1.6'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 110°
13.1" (11/29/86): fairly faint, small, round, noticeable small bright core. Possible larger fainter outer halo. NGC 7482 is 29' S.
John Herschel discovered NGC 7483 = h2206 on 18 Sep 1830 and recorded "vF; E; pretty suddenly brighter middle; 20" l, 8" br." His single position is accurate.
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23 07 04.9 -36 16 29; Scl
V = 11.8; Size 1.8'x1.7'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5" (10/20/90): fairly faint, small, round, bright
core. Located just 1' N of mag 9.9
John Herschel discovered NGC 7484 = h3971 = h3972 on 30 Aug 1834 and recorded "pB; S; R; gradually brighter in the middle; attached to, or not much separated from, a * 8m just south of neb, 60" dist." His position (for h3971) is 1.0 min of RA too small. He observed this galaxy on 3 additional sweeps, recording the position accurately under h3972and noted the probable RA error with h3971.. The two entries were combined in the GC and NGC.
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23 06 04.9 +34 06 28; Peg
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 146°
17.5" (8/13/88): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated oval NW-SE, bright core, faint stellar nucleus. A close mag 15 double star is 1.8' ESE = NGC 7486.
Forms a pair with
John Herschel discovered NGC 7485 = h2207 on 19 Aug 1828 and
recorded "vF; S; R; bM; 12"; has a * 10m, 5' preceding in same
parallel. His position is just 2
seconds of RA west of
The RNGC misidentifies UGC 12358 as NGC 7485. This extremely faint edge-on galaxy is
located 4.8' northwest of NGC 7485.
The correct data for NGC 7485 is listed in the RNGC under
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23 06 06.7 +34 04 25; Peg
17.5" (8/13/88): this number refers to three mag 15 stars located ~2' ESE NGC 7485. Not knowing the nature of this object, I logged NGC 7486 as "very faint, extremely small, forming a close pair with a mag 15 star" and assumed this observation referred to a very small galaxy. But on the DSS the "extremely small" object is just two very close mag 15 stars that form a tight triple with the mag 15 star. Using Lord Rosse's 72", Copeland made the same error.
Ralph Copeland discovered NGC 7486 on 25 Aug 1871 while observing GC 4895 = NGC 7485. He noted a "D neb f a little south [of NGC 7485]." On 3 Dec 1877 Dreyer observed the field and logged "vF, vS, undoubtedly seen, position angle 109.5°± and distance 114"." At Dreyer's exact offset from NGC 7485 is compact group of 4 faint stars that I also mistook as a nebulous in my 17.5"! This is the last of 6 objects in Dreyer's Addenda to the GC Supplement (GC 6251).
RNGC misidentifies NGC 7485 as NGC 7486. This error was noted in my Catalogue Corrections #3.
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NGC 7487 = NGC 7210 = UGC 12368 = MCG +05-54-035 = CGCG 496-043 = PGC 70496
23 06 50.5 +28 10 45; Peg
V = 13.5; Size 1.8'x1.7'