03 54 30.3 +10 42 24; Tau
V = 13.8; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 0°
17.5" (2/11/96): faint, fairly small, round, 40"
diameter, weak concentration to a slightly brighter 15" core. A mag 13.5 star is just 1.0' N of
center. Located 12' WSW of mag 9
This galaxy is identified as IC 2002 in UGC, MCG, CGCG and RC3 due to a poor declination by Marth. RNGC reverses the sign of the declination.
Stephane Javelle found IC 2002 = J. 3-983 on 21 Dec 1903 and
described "Weak, elongated in the direction of the meridian [N-S], a star
is north, very weakly condensed."
His position matches
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03 56 22.0 +33 52 30; Per
V = 11.6; Size 7"x6"
18" (2/4/08): easily swept up unfiltered at 115x as a vey small, blue-grey disc forming a close "double" with a mag 13.5 star just 18" SW. At 220x the star is well separated and the planetary appears a bit irregular with an occasional sparkle. Increasing the magnification to 325x, the appearance is definitely asymmetric with a fainter NW quadrant and an intermittent stellaring (superimposed star, knot, or the central star) to the SE of the geometric center. At 450x, the dimmer quadrant on the NW side appears to bulge out slightly and the brighter region, centered to the SE, extends in an arc from the NE to the SW. An occasional stellar sparkle was clearly visible, though it was difficult to pinpoint the location.
17.5" (3/1/03): easily picked up at 100x as a fuzzy blue-gray mag 11.5 star. Excellent view at 380x: bright, small, 10" diameter, irregularly round with an irregular surface brightness. There appears to be a knot (or offset central star?) on the SE side. A mag 13.7 star is just off the SW side [18" from center]. Located 3' SW of a wide mag 9.5/11 pair.
8" (12/4/80): moderately bright, very small, just non-stellar at 125x and a definite disc is visible at 220x. A wide double star is 3' NE (9.5/11 at 47" oriented NW-SE).
Rev. Thomas Espin discovered IC 2003 on 18 Jan 1907 with his 17.3-inch Calver reflector. He found it while searching for new double stars and estimated a diameter of 5". A couple of weeks later he measured a size of 6.9"x6.35" in PA 10.5°. This object is one of the final discoveries chronologically that made it into the IC II (Fleming found two new PN that year), and certainly the last visual discovery.
Annie Jump Cannon classified it as a planetary nebula in 1926.
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03 57 39.5 +36 47 15; Per
Size 0.35'x0.25'; PA = 47°
24" (1/1/16): at 260x; faint, very small, round, 10" diameter, faint stellar nucleus. With averted vision the halo increases slightly to 15". This galaxy shines through the northwest section of the California Nebula!
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2005 = J. 3-084 on 18 Jan 1898. His position is accurate.
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03 54 28.5 -35 58 02; Eri
V = 11.3; Size 2.1'x1.8'; Surf Br = 12.7
24" (1/1/19): at 260x; moderately bright, moderately
large, irregularly round, 1.2' diameter, well concentrated with a bright core
that increases to the center, fairly uniform halo. Mag 9.9
13.1" (1/18/85): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~N-S, diffuse but contains a very small brighter core, possible stellar nucleus. Located at the east edge of the Fornax I cluster.
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2006 = Sw. 11-63 on 3 Oct 1897 and logged "pB; S; R; * near nf; double star sp." His RA is 24 seconds too small, but the identification is certain.
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03 55 22.8 -28 09 30; Eri
V = 13.0; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 52°
24" (1/1/19): at 260x; fairly faint, fairly small,
elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 0.8'x0.4', very small slightly brighter nucleus. A mag 14.2 star is at the NE tip. Located 33' SE of mag 7.0
Lewis Swift found IC 2007 = Sw. 11-64 on 26 Dec 1897 and
logged, "eF; S; R; faint * in contact north-following. There is nothing at his position but 37
seconds of RA to the east is
******************************
IC 2008 = IC 2007 = ESO 419-011 = MCG -05-10-005 = PGC 14106 = PGC 14110
03 55 22.8 -28 09 30; Eri
V = 13.0; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 52°
24" (1/1/19): at 260x; fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 0.8'x0.4', very small slightly brighter nucleus. A mag 14.2 star is at the NE tip. Located 33' SE of mag 7.0 HD 24661.
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2008 = Sw. 11-65 on 5 Oct 1896 and reported "eF; vS; eeeF; * v close north-following." His position was 5' too far southeast but the description matches. He found this galaxy again on 26 Dec 1897. His RA for Sw. 11-64 (later IC 2007) was 27 seconds too small, but the comment of the nearby star clinches the identification. So, IC 2008 = IC 2007.
******************************
03 51 58.0 -59 55 46; Ret
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 71°
24" (4/4/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): picked
up while viewing
DeLisle Stewart discovered IC 2010 = DS 247 from a plate taken on 8 Dec 1899 at Harvard's Arequipa Station. He noted "eF, S, E 70°."
******************************
04 03 55.2 -11 10 44; Eri
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5" (12/30/99): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. This is a very compact galaxy with a fairly high surface brightness. A mag 14.5 star is 1' E.
Guillaume Bigourdan found IC 2026 = Big. 376 on 16 Dec 1897 while searching for NGC 1509. As Stone's rough position (to nearest minute of RA) is off by 4', Bigourdan misidentified a nearby star to the east-southeast as NGC 1509 and recorded the galaxy again as a "nova" (Big. 376). Howe reobserved the field in 1899-1900 and measured an accurate position for NGC 1509 but Dreyer didn't notice the equivalence IC 2026 = NGC 1509. IC 2026 is misidentified in MCG, PGC, HyperLeda and SIMBAD with MCG -02-11-012 = PGC 14389 just 1.2' W of NGC 1509.
******************************
04 12 59.8 -32 33 12; Eri
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 68°
24" (12/1/16): moderately bright, fairly small,
slightly elongated WSW-ENE, fairly high surface brightness, contains a very
small bright nucleus. Located 23'
NE of
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2040 = Sw. 11-67 on 23 Dec 1897
and recorded "vF; vS; R; resolv[ability] susp.; [NGC] 1531-2 in field." His RA is 40 seconds west of ESO
359-030, but there are no other galaxies nearby he might have picked up. He returned to the
Arp-Madore (AM 0411-324) described this galaxy as a "High surface brightness irregular + peculiar absorption".
******************************
IC 2041 = IC 2048 = ESO 359-028 = LGG 111-008 = PGC 14656
04 12 34.9 -32 49 03; Eri
V = 14.0; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 136°
48" (10/22/11): picked up in the same field with the
showpiece pair NGC 1531/1532. At
375x, IC 2041 appeared fairly bright, fairly small, oval 3:2 NW-SE,
~35"x24", small bright core.
Located 6' WSW of mag 7.1
Lewis Swift found IC 2041 = Sw. 11-68 on 29 Sep 1897 and recorded "eF; vS; R; 10m * close S." His position is 3.4' too far S. He originally discovered this galaxy on 10 Dec 1895 and called it "eeeF; eS; B * f; [NGC] 1532 p; 3 in field with D neb; ee dif." His position, though, was very poor, and both Swift and Dreyer assumed Sw. 11-69 was a different object. It's clear from the description, though, that IC 2048 = IC 2041.
******************************
04 14 36.0 -13 10 30; Eri
V = 14.0; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 125°
24" (12/22/14): fairly faint, small, slightly
elongated, 20" diameter, very small slightly brighter core. Brightest in a small group including IC
2047 5' ESE and Holmberg 73 (pair) 8' ESE. This galaxy is sometimes identified
as
17.5" (12/30/99): faint, very small, round, 20"
diameter, weak concentration.
Situated between a mag 10 star 3' NE and a mag 9 star 5.5' SW.
Herbert Howe discovered IC 2045 = Ho III-14 on 20 Jan 1900
and recorded "eF, eS, almost stellar; near [NGC] 1538." His position matches
******************************
IC 2047 = NGC 1538 = LEDA 941480
04 14 56.1 -13 11 30; Eri
Size 0.8'x0.6'; PA = 108°
24" (12/22/14): faint, small, round, 12" diameter (core only), very faint stellar nucleus. Holmberg 73 (double system) lies 3.3' SE and IC 2045 is 5.0' WNW.
Holm 73a = LEDA 3093623 appeared faint, extremely small, round, 6" diameter (core). Forms a close pair with Holm 73b = LEDA 940994 45" NE. The companion is extremely to very faint, also just 6" diameter (core).
IC 2045 (identified as NGC 1538 in RNGC and PGC) appeared fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, 20" diameter, very small slightly brighter core. IC 2045 is the brightest in a small group including IC 2047 5' ESE and Holmberg 73 (pair) 8' ESE. With my 17.5" on 12/30/99, IC 2045 was logged as faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, weak concentration. Situated between a mag 10 star 3' NE and a mag 9 star 5.5' SW.
Herbert Howe discovered IC 2047 = Ho. III-15 on 20 Jan 1900
and reported "eF, eS, difficult; near [NGC 1538]." His position matches
******************************
IC 2048 = IC 2041 = ESO 359-028 = LGG 111-008 = PGC 14656
04 12 34.9 -32 49 03; Eri
V = 14.0; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 136°
48" (10/22/11): picked up in the same field with the showpiece pair NGC 1531/1532. At 375x, IC 2041 appeared fairly bright, fairly small, oval 3:2 NW-SE, ~35"x24", small bright core. Located 6' WSW of mag 7.1 HD 26799 and ~7' NE of NGC 1532.
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2048 = Sw. 11-69 on 10 Dec 1895 and recorded "eeeF; eS; B * f; [NGC] 1532 p; 3 in field with D neb; ee dif[ficult]." There is nothing near his position (32' SE of NGC 1532) but his description is a perfect fit with IC 2041, which is ~7' NE of NGC 1532 and 6' WSW of mag 7.1 HD 26799. Swift's first discovery list from Mount Lowe in AJ gave the discovery date as 5 Oct 1896, with the correct date unknown. Swift found this galaxy again on 29 Sep 1897, measured a better position for Sw. 11-68 (later IC 2041), but assumed they were different nebulae. So, IC 2041 = IC 2048.
******************************
03 52 00.8 -83 49 50; Men
V = 11.6; Size 2.6'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 67°
24" (4/4/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x appeared as a bright, large oval 5:3 WSW-ENE, 2.5'x1.4'. Contains a small, bright, slightly elongated core, ~20"x15". There was a strong impression of spiral structure at the ends of the halo [confirmed on the DSS]. A mag 10.9 star lies 2' W and 4' W is a striking trio of mag 11.5 to 13.5 stars.
DeLisle Stewart discovered IC 2051 = DS 268 from a plate taken in Dec 1900 at Harvard's Arequipa Station. He noted "!!vF, vS, stell N, ellipt ring neb."
******************************
04 20 26.3 -31 43 28; Eri
V = 12.9; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 172°
24" (2/13/18): at 200x; moderately bright, elongated nearly 3:1 N-S, 1.0'x0.35', strong concentration with a small bright core and occasional sharp stellar nucleus. At 282x; core is elongated and occasional starp stellar nucleus still seen. A mag 13.5 star is 0.9' S of center, just off the south end of the galaxy.
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2059 = Sw. 11-70 on 29 Sep 1897 and reported "eeF; pL; R." There is nothing at or near his position but 16' S is this galaxy. This type of error is fairly common in Swift's last years and without any other reasonable candidates, the identification is fairly certain.
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04 22 40.3 -15 39 38; Eri
Size 0.8'x0.4'; PA = 174°
17.5" (12/30/99): very faint, small, slightly elongated
N-S, faint stellar nucleus at moments.
A mag 15 star is just off the ESE edge [35" SE of center]. At moments a faint star seems
superimposed, perhaps at the west edge [a mag 15.5 star is at the west edge
8" from center]. This galaxy
is misidentified as
17.5" (2/8/91): extremely faint, small, slightly
elongated. A mag 15 star is off
the SE edge. A wide equal mag 12
double star at 31" separation lies 4' W. Member of the
Herbert Howe discovered IC 2063 = Ho I-5 on 14 Jan 1898 and reported "eF, vS. Near NGC 1561-5." His position is accurate though RNGC and MCG misidentify this galaxy as NGC 1563.
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04 26 36.7 -42 05 37; Cae
V = 13.4; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 153°
18" (12/30/08): this galaxy was picked up first while I
was sweeping the
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2068 = Sw. 11-71 on 9 or 10 Dec 1895 and recorded "eF; pL; R; 3 st like belt of Orion point to it; p of 2 [with NGC 1585]." His position is 5.4' too far northeast, but there are no other nearby candidates and the description fits (the stars are south-southeast). Slightly different dates are given in his first Lowe Observatory list and his large AN table.
******************************
04 30 51.6 -05 47 54; Eri
V = 13.0; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 100°
See observing notes for
Guillaume Bigourdan found IC 2075 = Big. 260 on 17 Jan 1895
while searching for NGC 1594.
Swift's position is 17 seconds fo RA too large, so Bigourdan found
nothing at his position, but recorded Big. 260 as new at the correct
position. Herbert Howe measured an
accurate position for NGC 1594 in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at
Chamberlin Observatory in Denver (repeated in the
******************************
04 32 06.1 +00 34 02; Tau
V = 13.4; Size 1.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 130°
17.5" (2/11/96): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated
3:2 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.6'. Contains a
30" brighter core with fainter extensions. A mag 12.5 star lies 1.8' N of center. Located 22' ESE of
Stephane Javelle found IC 2077 = J. 3-988 on 15 Jan
1898. His position matches UGC
3082 = PGC 15447. This galaxy was
found both by Marth in 1863 (
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04 40 00.0 +25 44 32; Tau
Size 4'
17.5" (12/26/00): this unusual yellow reflection nebula
(also catalogued as
E.E. Barnard discovered IC 2087 visually on 18 Jan 1892 with the 12-inch Lick refractor while observing a comet. He noted "the small nebula is excessively difficult". His photograph in "On a Nebulous Groundwork in the Constellation Taurus" (ApJ, 25, p218, 1907) reveals a long winding dark lane with a small nebulous region surrounding a couple of stars within the dark lane.
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04 50 44.3 -05 25 07; Eri
Size 2.3'x0.3'
18" (12/17/11): very faint, extremely thin edge-on,
1.2'x0.15', oriented WNW-ESE.
Generally only the slightly brighter central region was visible, roughly
0.4'x0.15', but occasionally the very thin extensions popped out and the galaxy
appeared as a ghostly slash.
Viewed at 225x. Located 36' E of
Isaac Roberts discovered IC 2098 photographically on 17 Feb 1903 with a 20" reflector at his observatory in Sussex, UK.
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04 50 52.1 -04 53 34; Eri
V = 14.2; Size 1.0'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 135°
17.5" (2/22/03): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 0.8'x0.5', broad concentration to slightly brighter core, thin extensions. Situated between two stars with a mag 12.5 star 1.3' SE and a mag 14.5 star 1.1' NNW.
17.5" (12/26/00): faint, small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 0.8'x0.4', weak concentration. Nestled within a small asterism and 1.3' NW of a mag 12.5 star.
Isaac Roberts discovered IC 2099 photographically on 17 Feb
1903 with a 20" reflector at his observatory in Sussex, UK. Lewis Swift's position for
******************************
04 51 55.3 -04 57 08; Eri
V = 14.4; Size 1.3'x1.3'
24" (12/12/17): at 200x; fairly faint, fairly small, round, low surface brightness, broad concentration, small slightly brighter core/nucleus. Member of the NGC 1700 group (LGG 123).
Isaac Roberts discovered IC 2102 on a photograph taken on 17 Feb 1903 with his 20-inch reflector of the NGC 1665 region. His position is off the southwest side of the galaxy, but the identification is certain.
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04 56 19.7 -15 47 51; Lep
Size 1.9'x1.2'
17.5" (12/26/00): extremely faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 E-W, 1.0'x0.5', low even surface brightness. Clouds compromised this observation.
E.E. Barnard discovered IC 2104, and found
******************************
04 49 26.4 -69 12 03; Dor
V = 12.8; Size 0.4'
30" (11/6/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): bright, small,
round, compact, high surface brightness, 25" diameter. A mag 10.3 star lies just 0.6' NW of
center. Located 5.5' SSE of
cluster
Williamina Fleming discovered IC 2105 = HN 84 on Harvard objective-prism plates from Arequipa, Peru. It was included in a 1901 table "Objects having peculiar spectra" (ApJ, 14, 144-146), based on its emission spectra. Robert Innes, observing in 1926 with the 26.5-inch refractor at the Union Observatory, noted "20 arc second diameter, resolvable". He added about 15 seconds preceding [should read following] this is a small faint and nebulous patch." The nebulous patch is part of LMC-N77.
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04 56 33.9 -28 30 14; Cae
V = 13.0; Size 1.7'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 56°
18" (1/21/04): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2
NNW-SSE, 1.0'x0.7', fairly low surface brightness with a very weak
concentration. Located 12' ENE of
mag 8.1
E.E. Barnard discovered IC 2106 on 25 Jan 1889. He described in his notebook "probably elongated N & S, not large, pF. 1' +/- N.f. 12m *. _ field following and 1' +/- N of 8 _ mag star." Lewis Swift found it again on 26 Dec 1897 and reported the discovery in list 11A (#73) as "eeeF; pL; components of D * 24s f point to it. His RA is about 35 seconds too small, but the description matches. Barnard never sent a discovery communication to Dreyer (this happened to several objects in 1889 including IC 454) and Swift is credited with the discovery in the IC.
******************************
04 58 21.1 +08 14 19; Ori
Size 30"
See observing notes for
Guillaume Bigourdan found IC 2107 = Big. 381 on 25 Dec 1899 while searching for NGC 1707 and noted "cl, vF, vS, R". He couldn't find NGC 1707 at John Herschel's poor position (30 seconds of RA too large) and claimed it was new. So, this multiple star has both a NGC and IC designation! RNGC classifies the number as nonexistent.
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04 57 17.0 -15 17 20; Lep
V = 13.2; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 15°
See observing notes for
Guillaume Bigourdan found IC 2108 = Big. 271 on 9 Dec 1896 while searching for NGC 1710. Due to Leavenworth's rough position he misidentified a faint star as NGC 1710 and thought B. 271 (later IC 2108) was new. Corwin notes that Bigourdan realied the equivalence in his own large table of micrometric measurements. MCG labels the galaxy as IC 2108 and ignores the NGC designation. See Corwin's notes.
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04 51 52.2 -69 23 31; Dor
25" (10/27/22 - OzSky): at 187x;
18" (7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this LMC emission nebula/cluster appeared as a very small, high surface brightness knot, ~12" diameter, embedded within NGC 1722. A mag 12 star (RMC 54F) lies ~0.5' SW, a mag 10.7 star (blue supergiant HD 268718) is 2' SSE and mag 8.5 HD 31722 is 3' ESE.
18" (7/9/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): embedded within NGC 1722 is a small, fairly bright knot just NE of a mag 11.8 star. At 128x and UHC filter, it appeared ~15" diameter and was described by Williamina Fleming as a "stellar planetary" based on an objective prism plate.
A 2017 preprint reports "the discovery of a massive embedded star forming complex spanning about 500 pc which manifests itself as a younger, embedded twin of 30 Doradus. Previously known as N79, this region has a star formation efficiency exceeding that of 30 Doradus by a factor of about 2 as measured over the past ~0.5 Myr. Moreover, at the heart of N79 lies the most luminous infrared (IR) compact source discovered with large-scale IR surveys of the LMC and Milky Way, possibly a precursor to the central SSC of 30 Doradus, R136." The listed position, 04 51 53.3 -69 23 29, is just immediately northeast of IC 2111, very close to the mag 12.5-13 "star" N79B.
Williamina Fleming discovered IC 2111 = HN 85 in 1901 on
Harvard objective prism plates from Arequipa, Peru as part of the Draper Survey
(
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04 59 31.8 -15 49 25; Lep
V = 12.3; Size 2.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 94°
See observing notes for NGC 1730.
E.E. Barnard found IC 2113 (discovery date unknown) at Lick Observatory. The discovery must have been communicated directly to Dreyer as it doesn't appear in any of his published papers, but his position corresponds with NGC 1730. As the NGC position is good, it's surprising that Dreyer missed the equivalence.
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04 54 26.0 -69 11 03; Dor
V = 12.3; Size 0.1'
See observing notes for
Williamina Fleming found IC 2114 = Fleming 86 in 1901 on a Harvard objective prism plate taken at the Arequipa station. Despite a very rough position, she likely picked up the bright knot on the east side of NGC 1748, which was discovered by John Herschel in 1836.
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04 56 59.0 -66 24 38; Dor
V = 11.9
30" (11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): the identification
of IC 2115 is uncertain but it may apply to either mag 11.9
Some sources (including NED) identify mag 11
Williamina Fleming discovered IC 2115 = Fleming 98 = HD 32256 on a Harvard objective prism plate taken in 1901 at the Arequipa station. The identification of IC 2115 is very uncertain as the published position is very poor - see Harold Corwin and Brian Skiff's thorough analysis.
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04 57 16.2 -66 23 21; Dor
V = 12.4; Size 0.3'
30" (11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): LMC-N11A (probably IC 2116) is a bright, high surface brightness knot, ~15" diameter. It is located at or just beyond the northeast edge of the showpiece Bean Nebula (NGC 1763), roughly 3' NE of the center and certainly part of the same complex. A mag 11 star (HD 268726) lies 45" W.
N11A is a compact, discrete object called an HEB (High
Excitation Blob). This class is distinguished by high excitation, small size,
high density and tightly linked to early states of massive star formation. Examples include a similar object at
the southeast edge of
Williamina Fleming discovered IC 2116 = Fleming 88 on a
Harvard objective prism plate taken in 1901 at the Arequipa station. The published position for this number,
as well as
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04 57 14.4 -68 26 29; Dor
Size 1'
18" (7/9/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is
the brightest knot of nebulosity involving the LMC cluster
Williamina Fleming discovered IC 2117 = Fleming 89 on a
Harvard objective prism plate taken in 1901 at the Arequipa station. The emission spectrum was classified as
type Pd in the Henry Draper catalogue (
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05 04 54 -07 15; Eri
Size 180'x60'
13x80mm (1/15/07): first visual observation I've made of the Witch Head nebula. Using my 80mm finder at 13x (24mm Panoptic) unfiltered a very large, ill-defined glow (~30'-40') was visible between 1-1.5° south of Beta Eridani. This is the NE section of the Witch Head. With averted vision the glow brightened and stood out fairly well compared to the background sky brightness. This object was significantly fainter than Barnard's Loop but surprisingly was not a marginal observation or as difficult as expected. I couldn't follow the nebula further south with any certainty.
Max Wolf discovered IC 2118 on a plate taken on 16 Jan 1891 with a 4-inch Millet portrait lens (1 hr exposure). The discovery was announced in "The Great Nebula of Psi Eridani", MNRAS 65, 528 (1905). There is no reference to the "Witchhead" shape in the paper.
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05 06 50.9 -20 20 43; Lep
V = 13.8; Size 1.2'x0.7'; PA = 53°
24" (2/13/18): at 200x; fairly faint, fairly small, oval 4:3 SW-NE, ~35"x25", brighter core. A mag 14.6 star is 50" ESE of center. At 282x, the brighter core contains a stellar or quasi-stellar nucleus. A very faint 16th mag star is 20" SW of the mag 14.6 star.
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2119 = Sw. 11-74 on 30 Nov 1897
and reported "eeeF; pS; bet 2 st; close to eeeF D*; eee diff." There is nothing at his position but 9'
N is
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05 19 44.9 -25 03 52; Lep
V = 12.8; Size 1.9'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 160°
24" (2/13/18): at 375x; fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, 30"x20", very small brighter nucleus, only a very small halo was visible, though occasionally the galaxy elongated into a 2:1 ratio. Located 4.8' NE of mag 7.0. The star was distracting so the best view was by placing it outside the field.
AM 0517-250, a close double system, lies 2.5' SSE. The brighter northern component (ESO 486-053A = PGC 17114) appeared faint, small, round, 12" diameter, very faint stellar nucleus.
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2121 = Sw. 11-75 on 26 Dec 1897
and recorded "eeeF; S; R; 7m * 15s p[receding] obliterates it; eee
diff." There is nothing at
his position but 30 seconds of RA east and 1.5' N is
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05 19 01.4 -37 05 22; Col
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 67°
24" (1/22/15): at 260x; fairly faint, fairly small,
irregularly round, low even surface brightness. Viewed at 13° elevation. Forms a pair with
At the position of ESO 362-015 I found a 14th magnitude stellar object. At 375x; this "star" appeared to be a bright stellar nucleus (or possibly a superimposed star) surrounded by a very faint, very low surface brightness halo
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2122 = Sw. 11-76 on 19 Nov 1897
and recorded "pB; eS; R; 3 st in line nf." His position is 1.5' S of
******************************
05 21 56.7 +03 29 11; Ori
V = 13.6; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 30°
See observing notes for
E.E. Barnard discovered IC 2123 = IC 412 on 30 Oct 1888
while sweeping with the 12-inch telescope of Lick Observatory. He noted "the nebulae are very
small, roundish, mbM. Close south
of a small star." His field sketch
confirms the identification.
Sherburne Burnham, who discovered nearby
Barnard apparently later sent his original discovery to Dreyer, who assumed it was new and it assigned it as IC 2123. The IC description matches Barnard's notebook description from 1888. Dreyer apparently missed the nearly identical positions, but IC 413 = IC 2125.
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05 21 58.9 +03 28 56; Ori
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 135°
See observing notes for IC 413.
See notes for IC 412 = IC 2123.
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05 24 28.1 -27 00 58; Lep
Size 1.0'x0.75'; PA = 126°
24" (1/1/19): at 260x; fairly faint, small, round,
18" diameter. Seems to have a
very low surface brightness outer halo with a diameter of
25"-30". A mag 14 star
is 1.4' SE, a mag 9.8 star (very unequal pair) is 4' SE and a mag 13 star is
6.7' SE - all stars collinear with the galaxy. Located 25' SE of mag 6.5
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2125 = Sw. 11-77 on 26 Nov 1897 and reported "eeeF; vS; R; eee diff[icult]." His position is 2' too far northwest, close enough to secure the identification.
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05 21 58 -67 57 20; Dor
V = 11.2; Size 1.2'
See observing notes for
Williamina Fleming found IC 2126 = Fleming 90 on a Harvard
objective plate taken in 1901 at the Arequipa station. The IC position is just 5 seconds of RA
west of NGC 1935, so the equivalence is certain. Similarly,
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IC 2127 = NGC 1936 = ESO 056-111 = LMC-N44C = LH 47
05 22 12.6 -67 58 32; Dor
V = 11.6; Size 1.1'
See observing notes for NGC 1936.
Williamina Fleming found IC 2127 = Fleming 91 on a Harvard objective plate taken in 1901 at the Arequipa station. The IC position is just 4 sec of RA west of NGC 1936, so the equivalence is certain. Similarly, IC 2126 = NGC 1935. The Hodge-Wright LMC Atlas labels this nebula as IC 2127 instead of NGC 1936 (same with NGC 1935 = IC 2126). James Dunlop discovered the complex, though John Herschel recorded the individual components in 1834.
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05 22 44 -68 03 07; Dor
V = 11.1; Size 3'
25" (4/3/19 - OzSky): Unfiltered, about a dozen stars
are resolved (cluster S-L 429) over irregular hazy nebulosity, including 4
brighter stars mag 12.5-13 (two of these form a 15" pair). A mag 9.2 star (
N44K, ~2.5' W, appeared (using a NPB filter) fairly bright, fairly small, round, 40" diameter, brighter on the south edge.
N44H, located 3' N, appeared (unfiltered) surrounding a mag 14 star and a second much fainter star. Adding a NPB filter, the nebulosity appeared moderately bright, fairly small, round, 30" diameter. A mag 11.5 star is 1' SE.
N44E, located 4' NE, involves a mag 13 star along two mag 15+ stars. Adding a NPB filter boosts the visibility of the nebulosity and it appeared nearly fairly faint, roundish, ~30" diameter. A mag 13 star is close off the north edge.
N44L, just off the west side of N44E, was a very faint, small glow detached from N44E (using a NPB filter).
14" (4/7/16 - Coonabarabran, 145x): Using an NPB filter, a bright compact
patch ~30" diameter was prominently visible just 1' SW of a mag 10 star
(HD 35978). Much fainter
nebulosity spreads out to 1.5'.
Three mag 13-14.5 stars are involved without the filter and a few more
are further northwest. A mag 9.2
star (
LHA 120-N 44H is a moderately bright but compact glow (~30" diameter) that is detached 2.3' N (part of the same complex). A star is involved unfiltered. The mag 10 star mentioned above is 1.1' ESE of this patch.
James Dunlop discovered IC 2128 = D 176 on 27 Oct 1826. He described it as "a small faint nebula. A small star near the following margin but not involved." His position is close off the SE side of IC 2128 and the the mag 9.7 star HD 35978 at the east end appears to secure the identification. John Herschel didn't record this object, although he observed the complex of nebulae to the north that includes NGC 1929, 1934, 1935, 1936 and 1937 on several sweeps.
Solon Bailey rediscovered IC 2128 photographically in 1896 using a 1-inch Cooke lens at the Arequipa station in Peru. The discovery was announced in the 1908 "Catalogue of Bright Clusters and Nebulae", Annals of Harvard Observatory, Vol 60, p199.
SIMBAD classifies IC 2128 as an HII (ionized) region only and the position is ~2' NNE of the brightest emission region.
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05 31 50.5 -23 08 42; Lep
V = 13.3; Size 1.8'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 103°
24" (1/1/19): at 260x; fairly faint, fairly small,
elongated 2:1 ~E-W, ~35"x15", low surface brightness. Contains a slightly brighter elongated
core or bar. Located 32' WNW of
Lewis Swift found IC 2129 = Sw. 11-78 on 1 Dec 1897 and
wrote, "eeF; pS; R; 7m * near sf." There is nothing at his postion
but 34 seconds of RA east and 5' S is
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IC 2130 = IC 2129 = ESO 487-019 = MCG -04-14-002 = PGC 17402
05 31 50.5 -23 08 42; Lep
V = 13.3; Size 1.8'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 103°
24" (1/1/19): at 260x; fairly faint, fairly small,
elongated 2:1 ~E-W, ~35"x15", low surface brightness. Contains a slightly brighter elongated
core or bar. Located 32' WNW of
NGC 1979 in a large group with brightest member
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2130 = Sw. 11-79 on 13 Oct 1896 and reported "eF; pL; R; 8m * near[north-following]." His position is 3' too far southwest and the brighter star (mag 9.9) is 5' ESE, not NE. He probably found this galaxy again in Dec 1897, but his position for Sw. 11-78 (later IC 2129) is off by 30 seconds of RA and 5' in declination.
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05 32 18.6 -17 13 26; Lep
Size 0.95'x0.9'
See observing notes for
Lewis Swift found IC 2131 = Sw. 11-80 on 16 Oct 1896 (just before departing on a several month trip to the east coast) and reported "pB, vS; R; bet 2 st p[receding] and f[ollowing]." There is nothing at his position, but when Dreyer catalogued Sw. 11-80 as IC 2131, the position was modified to the west edge of IC 422 (discovered by Javelle in 1893). Corwin notes that Swift apparently send Dreyer a better position, though the equivalence with IC 422 was not picked up. So IC 2131 = IC 426.
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05 32 28.7 -13 55 38; Lep
V = 13.3; Size 1.5'x0.7'; PA = 177°
24" (12/28/16): at 282x; fairly faint to moderately
bright, elongated nearly 3:1 N-S, 0.7'x0.25', broad concentration with a
brighter nucleus. Located 9.5' NNW of
Herbert Howe discovered IC 2132 = Ho. I-6 on 22 Feb 1898. He noted "vF, S. Near NGC 1954 and 1957" and measured an accurate position.
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05 42 04.4 +69 22 46; Cam
V = 11.0; Size 4.6'x3.0'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 85°
See observing notes for
Guillaume Bigourdan found IC 2133 = Big. 385 on 22 Dec 1891. His position matches NGC 1961, which was discovered by William Herschel in 1788 but given an erroneous position. In the 1912 "Scientific Papers of William Herschel" Dreyer writes, "Caroline Herschel has used the place of the comparison star in Wollaston's Catalogue of 1790, which is very erroneous. Auwers assumed it to be B.A.C. 1985, hence his very erroneous polar distance. But it is = G. 1199 agreeing with two other stars, 42 and 43 Camelop. The place of the neb found from this coincides with that of I.C. 2133 = Bigourdan 385." So, NGC 1961 = IC 2133. See Corwin's notes for more.
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05 23 06.6 -75 26 49; Men
V = 13.9; Size 1.0'
18" (4/8/16 - Coonabarabran, 139x and 236x): fairly faint LMC cluster, small, round, 24" diameter, weak concentration. A mag 12 star is 2.8' SE, mag 13.5 and 14 stars are 1.7' ENE and ESE.
DeLisle Stewart discovered IC 2134 = DS 301 from a plate taken on 18 Dec 1900 at Harvard's Arequipa Station. He noted "cF, vS."
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05 33 13.1 -36 23 59; Col
V = 12.5; Size 2.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 109°
17.5" (2/22/03): large, low surface brightness edge-on,
elongated nearly 4:1 WNW-ESE, 1.5'x0.4'.
Viewed at a very low elevation west of the meridian. A mag 9.7 star is 5.4' SW. Located 14' E of the scattered group
Lewis Swift found IC 2135 = Sw. 11-81 on 22 Feb 1898 and
logged "eeeF; eeS; eeeE; ee diff[icult]. See note."
His RA is 35 seconds too small but the identification is certain. The note reads "Nos. 56 [
Swift first discovered the galaxy on 9 Dec 1895, calling Sw.
11-82 (later
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IC 2136 = IC 2135 = ESO 363-007 = MCG -06-13-004 = AM 0531-362 = PGC 17433
05 33 13.1 -36 23 59; Col
V = 12.5; Size 2.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 109°
See observing notes for IC 2135.
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2136 = Sw. 11-82 on 9 Dec 1895 and reported "eF; pS; eE; almost a ray; [NGC] 1963 p[receding]." There is nothing at his position, but Harold Corwin found Swift made a 10° error too far north (based on his comment on NGC 1963) and once corrected IC 2136 = IC 2135, found again by Swift on 22 Feb 1898.
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05 34 21.7 -23 32 00; Lep
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 88°
24" (1/1/19): at 260x; fairly faint, fairly small,
elongated 5:2 E-W, ~45"x20", small slightly brighter nucleus. A mag 8.5 star (
17.5" (12/3/88): faint, small, oval 3:2 E-W, even
surface brightness. Located 2' W
of mag 8.5
Lewis Swift found IC 2137 = Sw. 11-84 on 14 Feb 1898 and
noted "eF; vS; R; 8m * f 10s; in field with 1979." His position was
12' too far north and falls much closer to NGC 1979, but his description matches
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IC 2138 = IC 2137 = ESO 487-027 = PGC 17463
05 34 21.7 -23 32 00; Lep
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 88°
24" (1/1/19): at 260x; fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 E-W, ~45"x20", small slightly brighter nucleus. A mag 8.5 star (HD 37002) is 2' E. Located 14' SSE of NGC 1979. Member of the NGC 1964 group.
17.5" (12/3/88): faint, small, oval 3:2 E-W, even surface brightness. Located 2' W of mag 8.5 SAO 170570. NGC 1979 lies 14' NNW.
Guillaume Bigourdan discovered IC 2138 = Big. 384 = Sw. 11-83 on 16 Dec 1887. Lewis Swift independently found it again on 1 Dec 1897 and reported it as "eeF; S; R: 7m * close p; sf of [NGC] 1980." Swift correctly placed the bright star to the east in his 6th Lowe discovery list, though in both lists the nearby galaxy should read NGC 1979. Both Bigourdan and Swift are credited with the discovery in the IC.
Swift found this galaxy again on 14 Feb 1898, gave an accurate description for Sw. 11-84 (later IC 2137), but his position was 10' too far north. So, there were three "discoveries" of this galaxy with two IC designations.
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05 33 23 -75 22 35; Men
V = 13.5; Size 2.3'
18" (4/8/16 - Coonabarabran, 139x and 236x): fairly
faint LMC cluster, large soft glow, 1.5' diameter, slightly brighter core. The cluster exhibited some mottling and
a few stars were resolved around the edges. A mag 14.3 star is just off the ENE edge, and fainter
stars were glimpsed at the south and west edges. Located 8.6' SSE of a mag 8.1 star.
DeLisle Stewart discovered IC 2140 = DS 302 on a plate taken 18 Dec 1900 at Harvard's Arequipa Station. He noted "eF, vS, ? eS Cl."
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05 46 52.6 -18 43 35; Lep
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 99°
24" (2/8/18): at 200x; moderately bright, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, 1.0'x0.4', bulges slightly near center, nearly even surface brightness. At 375x there appeared to be a central bar down the major axis and the halo was irregular or clumpy with a suggestion of spiral structure. A group of 4 mag 12-13 stars lies northeast.
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2143 = Sw. 11-85 on 7 Oct 1897 and
reported "eeF; pS; eE; 45°; triangle sf." His position is 2.6' due north of
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05 50 13.8 +23 52 19; Tau
Size 0.8'x0.5'
24" (3/21/20): Identified at 200x as a mag 12.8 star that seemed to be a bit "soft" compared to a similar star 0.8' N. A brighter mag 11.2 star is 2' NNW. With averted vision the central "star" puffed out a couple of arc seconds like a tiny non-stellar PN of high surface brightness. The non-stellar appearance was easily confirmed at 375x. There appeared to be a very low surface brightness halo surrounding the central star, perhaps 25" in diameter. Located in a rich Taurus star field.
E.E. Barnard discovered IC 2144 (date unknown). This is a reflection nebula surrounding a YSO, though it is misclassified as a galaxy in NED based on its inclusion in some galaxy surveys in the ZOA.
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05 40 24 -69 40 14; Dor
V = 12.0; Size 0.7'
See observing notes for
Williamina Fleming discovered the emission spectrum of IC 2145 = HN 92 = HD 38540 in 1901 on a Harvard objective-prism plate taken at the Arequipa station in Peru. It was listed as a new emission nebula in Harvard Circular 60.
John Herschel discovered this object (NGC 2086) in Dec 1834 and logged it as "B, pS, R, little brighter middle, follows a star 10m with other small stars about it. Not observed in sweeping, but laid down in the drawing of Dec 4, 1837, whence its place is derived from the drawing fig 4, Pl III ." Herschel's position and sketch clearly shows that NGC 2086 follows the mag 10 star and corresponds with a nebulous patch 12 seconds of RA following the bright star. As Fleming didn't identify her object as NGC 2086, Dreyer catalogued it a second time as IC 2145.
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IC 2146 = ESO 033-026 = S-L 632
05 37 47 -74 47 00; Men
V = 12.4; Size 2.6'
25" (4/3/19 - OzSky): at 244x; moderately bright, large, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, ~1.5'x1.0', irregular surface brightness, mottled. Slightly brighter middle but no distinct core. A mag 13 star is at the NNW edge. A few faint stars (mag 15+) were resolved on the south side.
S-L 620, located 23' NNW, appeared fairly faint, large,
round, diffuse or fluffy appearance, at least 1.2' diameter, slightly irregular
surface brightness but no visible core.
Located 10' SSE of mag 9.1
18" (4/8/16 - Coonabarabran, 139x and 236x): at 139x
this outlying LMC cluster appeared as a large, fairly faint to moderately
bright glow, 1.3' diameter, round, mottled. The surface brightness is relatively low and there was only
a slightly brighter core. One or
two mag 15 stars were resolved at the SE edge. A mag 13-13.5 field star is at the NNW edge. At 236x, the surface is very mottled
with a few interior stars popping in and out of view, suggesting it was on the
verge of more resolution. Located
6' SE of mag 8.0
DeLisle Stewart discovered IC 2146 = DS 304 from a plate taken 18 Dec 1900 at Harvard's Arequipa Station. He noted "Cl, vF, bet 2 st."
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05 43 28.1 -30 29 42; Col
V = 12.7; Size 1.8'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 90°
18" (12/22/11): very faint, fairly small, round, 25" diameter, low even surface brightness, no details. I starhopped to this galaxy from NGC 2049, located 25' N. Mag 6.2 HD 38138 lies 16' WSW.
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2147 = Sw. 11-86 on 30 Nov 1897
and reported "eeeF; pS; R; F * np; several B st sf; 3 st
curved." There is nothing at
his position or in the region that matches his description. But Harold Corwin found that ESO
424-013, located 4 min 20 seconds of RA west, matches the description close
enough to make this identification very likely. The bright stars south following are there, though his
comment about a "F * np" is incorrect or he confused the orientation.
No other modern sources label
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05 39 12.2 -75 33 48; Men
V = 14.2; Size 1.1'
18" (4/8/16 - Coonabarabran, 139x and 236x): IC 2148 is
a very faint outlying LMC cluster situated 25' SE of IC 2140 and 9.5' SE of mag
8.2
DeLisle Stewart discovered IC 2148 = DS 305 on a plate taken on 18 Dec 1900 at Harvard's Arequipa Station. He noted "vF, vS, bM." NED classifies this cluster as a globular.
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05 56 23.9 +46 06 17; Aur
V = 10.6; Size 15"x10"
18" (2/14/10): easily picked up at 175x as a fuzzy bluish "star, typical of high surface brightness compact planetaries. At 450x, the bright mag 11.6 central star is encased in a high surface brightness, elongated halo, extending ~14"x8" E-W. The following end is a bit tapered and the halo on this side appeared brighter with the impression of a very tiny embedded knot. At 568x (8mm Ethos + 2x Powermate), a virtually stellar knot was definitely visible just a few arc seconds following the central star within the halo. Images confirm this ionized knot or FLIER.
17.5" (9/14/85): at 250x the bright central star is easily visible within a bright, small, high surface brightness oval elongated 3:2 ~E-W. Located 38' NW of mag 4.2 π Aur.
17.5" (1/31/87): similar view as last observation but I noticed a slight bluish color.
8" (12/79): appears as a fuzzy blue "star at 100x. Very small and slightly elongated SW-NE at 222x.
Williamina Fleming discovered IC 2149 = HN 105 in 1906 on a Harvard objective prism plate (Harvard Circular 111).
Based on Crossley photographs, Curtis (1918) reported IC 2149 as,"nucleus slightly elongated and about mag 12, but actual central star may be fainter. Central portion an oval of very bright matter with two fainter ansae showing indistinct traces of ring structure; this 12"x6" in pa 75°. Still fainter matters forms an irregular oblong outside of this, 15"x10", and on the eastern end a very faint cone-shaped ansa extends 5" farther."
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05 52 36.4 -17 47 14; Lep
V = 13.3; Size 1.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 99°
17.5" (3/8/97): faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3
SW-NE, low even surface brightness.
Forms a pair with brighter
Herbert Howe discovered IC 2151 = Ho. III-17 on 22 Jan 1900 while observing IC 438 and logged "eF, pS; near [IC] 438." His micrometric position is accurate.
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05 57 53.4 -23 10 51; Lep
V = 12.6; Size 1.5'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 54°
24" (1/1/16): at 225x; moderately bright and large,
round, 0.7' diameter, well concentrated with a small bright core. A group of 4 brighter star lies 6'-7'
E, including mag 9.3
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2152 = Sw. 11-89 on 1 Dec 1897 and
recorded "pB; pS; R; in vacancy; several B * f." There is nothing at his position but 43
seconds of RA due east is
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06 00 04.8 -33 55 09; Col
V = 13.3; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 69°
18" (2/5/11): very faint, very small, elongated 4:3
SW-NE, 20"x14". A wide
pair of mag 13/14 stars lie 1.5' SSE.
Located 15' W of mag 5.5
IC 2153 is located near the solar antapex point in the sky (directly opposite the apparent direction the solar system is moving towards in the sky).
DeLisle Stewart discovered IC 2153 = DS 306 on a plate taken on 18 Dec 1900 at Harvard's Arequipa Station. He noted "eF, vS, susp."
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06 01 07.9 -23 40 25; Lep
V = 11.6; Size 2.6'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 140°
See observing notes for
Lewis Swift found IC 2154 = Sw. 11-90 on 1 Dec 1897 and recorded, "pB; L; R; bet * nf and a wide D * np". His position is 3.4' WSW of NGC 2139 and the description applies, although the "* nf" is probably a mag 10 star southeast. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position that was used in the IC. This galaxy was discovered by William Herschel in 1784 but there was a problem with the observation and he noted "The RA cannot be above 10 or 15 sec out; the roller went off the apparatus which occasions the uncertainty." In the 1912 revision of WH's catalogues, Dreyer comments that once a correction is made to WH's position (based on another star in the sweep), NGC 2139 matches IC 2154.
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06 04 51 +24 09 36; Gem
17.5" (3/8/97): unimpressive scattered group of ~12-15
stars in a 6' diameter. Eight of
these stars are arranged in a 6' arc open to the west and NW including a nice
double and a small group of stars lies inside the SW side of this arc. This
grouping does not stand out as a cluster and is located just 7' N of IC
2157. Visually it appears to be a
random grouping though it may be a detached part of
Rev. Thomas Espin discovered IC 2156, along with IC 2157, visually on 11 Jan 1899 with his 17.3-inch Calver reflector.
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IC 2157 = Cr 80 = Tr 4 = OCL-465
06 04 50 +24 03 24; Gem
V = 8.4; Size 7'
17.5" (3/8/97): at 220x, ~30 stars are visible in a 6'
group, including a half-dozen brighter mag 10.5-12 stars. The densest portion is ~4' diameter
tapering to the NW and appears fairly rich with averted (over resolved
haze). The east end of group is formed
by a 5' arc of mag 10-12 stars concave to the NW. Forms a pair with the IC 2156
group 6' N (possibly part of IC 2157).
Located ~35' W of
Rev. Thomas Espin discovered IC 2157, along with IC 2156, visually on 11 Jan 1899 with his 17.3-inch reflector at his private observatory in Durham, England.
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06 05 17.9 -27 51 24; Col
V = 12.0; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 90°
17.5" (12/22/97): fairly faint, fairly small, 1.0'x0.7', elongated NW-SE, very weak concentration. Unusual appearance with a mag 11.5-12 star attached at the SE end (30" from center). The galaxy "hangs" from the star spreading out towards the NW.
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2158 = Sw. 11-91 on 1 Dec 1897 and
noted "vF; pS; lE; * in contact nf; north end like a brush." Swift added a note on its singular
appearance with "one side expanding like a brush." His RA was 16 seconds too small
although his description applies to
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06 09 54 +20 24; Ori
17.5" (1/16/02): southern part of
Guillaume Bigourdan discovered IC 2159 = Big. 386 on 11 Feb
1890. His position is southeast of
the central region of
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05 57 25.5 -75 08 24; Men
V = 14.2; Size 1.5'
25" (4/6/19 - OzSky): at 244x; fairly faint, moderately large, roundish, diffuse with a low surface brightness, halo fades into the background, ~45" diameter. A few very faint stars were resolved around the edges as well as a mag 14 star off the SW side. Located 6' WNW of a mag 8.5 star.
A brighter group of stars including a mag 10.3 star and two
mag 10.6 stars are within 5' to the north, making it very easy to pinpoint the
location of IC 2161.
DeLisle Stewart discovered IC 2161 = DS 309 on a plate taken on 18 Dec 1900 at Harvard's Arequipa Station. He noted "eF, vS, bM, susp."
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06 13 04 +17 58 42; Ori
Size 3'
24" (2/5/13): IC 2162 = Sh 2-255 is the brightest and easternmost of four round low-excitation emission glows with Sh 2-257 and Sh 2-254 lined up roughly to the west. Using 125x (21mm Ethos) and H-beta filter, it appeared as a moderately bright, round glow, ~3.5' diameter, surrounding the mag 11.6 exciting star. Sh 2-257 lies 5' W, and is a similar size, but surrounds several stars and has a lower surface brightness. Sh 2-256 is a very faint detached glow off the SW side.
17.5" (3/2/02): at 100x unfiltered, IC 2162 was visible as the following of two faint, round glows surrounding mag 10.5-11 stars. IC 2162 = Sh 2-255 is the brighter and larger of the pair, nearly 4' in diameter and quite symmetric. Just under 5' due west is a separate 3' fainter glow (Sh 2-257). This pair of low excitation emission knots is situated midway between two mag 6 stars with a 50' separation near the edge of the 20mm Nagler field. Close southwest of Sh 2-257 is a very faint patch of nebulosity, Sh 2-256, but this was not seen visually, nor was the larger HII region Sh 2-254, a low surface brightness glow to the west (11' diameter).
E.E. Barnard discovered IC 2162 visually on 30 Nov 1888 with the 12-inch refractor at Lick Observatory. He first logged in his notebook "Found a v. difficult neb close f and involving a 10m star." He added the comments "vF neb, pL, roundish, densest part following the 10m star." His field sketch and approximate offset from mag 5.9 HD 42954 pins down the identification with Sh 2-255 (eastern of a pair of faint HII glows). Barnard notified Dreyer directly of the discovery.
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06 16 28.0 -21 22 33; CMa
V = 11.9; Size 2.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 98°
48" (2/20/12 and 2/28/19): IC 2163 was stunning at
488x, attached at the east side of
Just NE off the tip of the eastern arm is 2MASX
J06163579-2122032, which appeared as a faint, very small knot. Although this galaxy does not have a measured
redshift, an HST study of NGC 2207/
18" (2/5/11): forms the eastern component of an impressive interacting pair with NGC 2207. At 225x, IC 2163 is an elongated glow embedded on the east side of the halo of the brighter galaxy. IC 2163 appears fairly faint, moderately large, oval E-W, 1.0'x0.7', weakly concentrated.
13.1" (1/28/84): this is a colliding system with NGC 2207. A double nucleus is visible and an extension just seen to the east is probably IC 2163.
Joseph Turner discovered IC 2163 on 18 Dec 1878 with the 48" Melbourne Telescope during an observation of NGC 2207. He wrote, "It appears to consist of two nebulae" and his sketch clearly shows IC 2163 elongated E-W as a separate object to the east. He noted "the preceding one [NGC 2207] seems to have three distinct nuclei or perhaps three small stars as represented above [in sketch]." The discovery is on page 196 of his logbook, but was not included in the unpublished list of 6 new nebulae written in at the end of his logbook, as it was probably considered part of NGC 2207.
Pietro Baracchi also sketched the pair on 4 Jan 1886 with the Melbourne scope. He shows IC 2163 as very extended E-W, indicating the spiral arms was seen extending east.
Herbert Howe rediscovered IC 2163 = Ho I-7 on 11 Feb 1898 with the 20-inch Clark refractor at Chamberlin Observatory in Colorado. He noted "eF, pS, follows NGC 2207 [by] 7 seconds." Howe is credited with the discovery in the IC. The IC2 Notes mentions "binuclear, surrounded by faint trace of ring". This comment is based on a plate taken by DeLisle Stewart at Harvard's Arequipa station (date unknown).
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06 06 52.3 -75 21 53; Men
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 122°
14" (4/3/16 - Coonabarabran, 178x): faint, small, round, 30" diameter, fairly low surface brightness, no concentration. A mag 14 star is 1' SE. NGC 2203, an LMC cluster, lies just 9' SW. At a redshift of z = .037, IC 2164 resides at a distance of ~500 million l.y., which is 3000 times more distant than the LMC.
Delisle Stewart discovered IC 2164 = DS 310 on a plate taken 18 Dec 1900 at Harvard's Arequipa Station. He noted, "eF, eeS, R, stell N."
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06 21 42.7 -12 59 14; CMa
V = 10.6; Size 9"x8"
17.5" (12/28/00): at 220x appears as a bright, compact, high surface brightness disc with a bluish color. Crisp-edged at 380x and slightly elongated but no central star seen (mag 17.9).
13.1" (1/11/86): at 88x appears bright, very small, just non-stellar, slightly bluish color. Takes 360x and appears slightly elongated E-W. No central star visible, fuzzy edges to the bright oval disc. Located 38' W of ∑903 = 6.1/10.8 at 23".
8" (12/6/80): stellar at low power. Definite disc seen at 220x, bluish, slightly elongated.
Williamina Fleming discovered IC 2165 = Fleming 79 on a Harvard objective prism plate taken in 1898 with the Bache 8-inch telescope (Harvard Circular 32).
Based on Crossley photographs, Curtis (1918) reported IC 2165 as "a minute oval disk 9"x7" in pa 81°. The disc of of nearly equal brightness throughout, but with just a trace of ring structure, and shows slightly brighter along the major axis."
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06 26 55.8 +59 04 48; Lyn
V = 12.4; Size 3.0'x2.1'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 115°
17.5" (3/8/97): fairly faint, diffuse glow with little concentration, although appears asymmetric. Moderately large, 2.0'x1.2', elongated NW-SE. Possibly up to 2.5' major axis with averted vision. A mag 13.5 star is at the west edge. An easy mag 10/12 pair [at 24" separation] lies 3' E. A 50" string of three mag 13 stars 4' NW is collinear with the galaxy.
E.E. Barnard visually discovered IC 2166 on 6 Oct 1888 with
the 12-inch refractor at Lick Observatory. He noted "After visitors left found a new nebula. 1' following faint star, 3' preceding a
double (1.5" or 2"). A
small star following the double."
He made a rough sketch in his notebook. His RA was 5 minutes too large, but the description and
sketch clearly apply to
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06 31 07 +10 27 18; Mon
Size 5'x4'
17.5" (1/23/93): fairly faint reflection nebula surrounds a mag 10-11 star. This bi-polar nebula is fairly large, about 2.5' diameter. Appears to extend further (or is brighter) on the south side. Bordered by three collinear mag 13 stars on the south side.
E.E. Barnard visually discovered IC 2167 = IC 446, along
with
He later found it again photographically on 24 Jan 1894 with
the Willard 6" lens and announced it in "Photographic Nebulosities
and Star Cluster Connected with the Milky Way" (Astronomy and Astrophysics,
Vol XIII, No 3). Based on this
discovery note, Dreyer catalogued it as
******************************
IC 2169 = IC 447 = LBN 903 = Ced 78 = vdB 76 = vdB 77 = vdB 78
06 31 12 +09 54; Mon
Size 25'x20'
24" (1/31/14): picked up unfiltered at 200x, though low
contrast as the entire field is patchy in faint stars and affected by some
dust. Seems roughly 20'x10,
elongated N-S and includes several bright stars (
18" (2/4/08): at 175x unfiltered, this is a huge,
interesting reflection nebula, ~25'x18', elongated N-S with an irregular
outline and subtle variations in brightness. A number of mag 8-10 stars are superimposed, including mag 8
HD 46005 (illuminating star) which is part of a 10' N-S string of four brighter
stars on the east side. Nearby reflection nebulae include
IC 2169 is located two degrees due west of the Christmas Tree cluster and the whole region of bright and dark nebulosity is part of the same molecular cloud complex Mon OB1.
E.E. Barnard visually discovered
Barnard found this reflection nebula again photographically on 24 Jan 1894 with the Willard 6" lens and announced it in "Photographic Nebulosities and Star Cluster Connected with the Milky Way" (Astronomy and Astrophysics, Vol XIII, No 3). Barnard stated he first found it visually around 1888 "while sweeping over this region, I found a very large, weak, diffused nebulosity some half a degree south of the nebula NGC 2245. This was mixed up with several considerable stars." His earlier visual discovery was not published but apparently he sent it later to Dreyer, so it was catalogued again as IC 2169.
Barnard retracted his discovery of IC 447 in Lick Publications, Vol 11, incorrectly claiming it to be identical to NGC 2245. Hubble included this object in his 1922 paper "A general study of diffuse galactic nebula" in Contributions from the Mount Wilson Observatory / Carnegie Institution of Washington, vol. 241, pp.1-38.
******************************
06 46 51 +01 18 54; Mon
Size 3'x3'
See observing notes for
E.E. Barnard found IC 2172 on 30 Oct 1888 using the 12-inch
refractor at Lick Observatory. He
noted a "9 1/2 mag star with faint nebulosity about it. 1' in diameter, a little heavier nf. Examined several other stars near, and
no nebulosity seen." His
position corresponds with NGC 2282, discovered by Barnard himself on 3 Mar 1886
with the 6-inch refractor at Vanderbilt University (announced in AN 2756 and
Sidereal Messenger, vol. 5, p154). He reported finding "a star of
9.5 or 10 magnitiude, with a faint nebulosity surrounding it. I strongly
suspect that is not a stellar point but an extremely small nebula with faint
nebulosity surrounding. At best with the 6-inch it did not appear like
any of the neighboring stars. A short distance (4' or 5') preceding this
and very slightly north is a faint double star that I suspect is enveloped in
nebulosity." His position matches the central star
******************************
07 09 06.0 +75 21 11; Cam
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5" (8/27/87): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly
elongated, weak concentration. Located 5.7' WNW of
17.5" (2/22/87): faint, small, round, diffuse glow, even surface brightness, visible with direct vision. Picked up 6' W of NGC 2314.
Guillaume Bigourdan discovered IC 2174 = Big. 264 on 24 Dec 1891 with the 12" refractor at the Paris Observatory. His position is accurate.
******************************
07 05 06 -10 42; Mon
Size 120'x40'
13x80mm (1/17/09): excellent view using of the Seagull
Nebula using the 80mm finder with a 24mm Panoptic and a NPB filter. This long sinuous river of nebulosity
winds for approximately two degrees ~N-S beginning just south of open cluster
13.1" (1/19/85): at 62x and UHC filter appears as a
very large, very elongated strip of nebulosity. At the north end is the open cluster NGC 2335 within
Monoceros. The southern portion is
difficult to trace; it crosses into Canis Major and ends at an easily visible
reflection nebula = Ced 90 surrounding a mag 8 star. Also includes nebula
17.5" (2/2/02): On the NW side is a circular nebulosity (the head of the Seagull) catalogued as Gum 1 = vdB 93 = Sh 2-292. At 100x it appeared as a very large, circular glow perhaps 15' in diameter of low surface brightness surrounding mag 7.1 V750 Mon with vague hints of structure. The OIII filter gave only a very weak enhancement, but the H-beta filter noticeably improved the contrast at low power. This combination HII/reflection nebula is situated off the NW end of the huge winding IC 2177 strip that extends mostly to the south, and is a wonderfully rich region of the Milky Way with a number of clusters and star groups in the vicinity.
Off the south side is the smaller nebula
Isaac Roberts discovered IC 2177 photographically in 1898
surrounding mag 7.3 BD-10 1848.
His position (for the mag 7 star) and dimensions of 13' corresponds with
the position of
It was also found on a photograph taken on 1 Apr 1911 by Harry Wood at the Transvaal (Union) Observatory with the 10-inch Franklin-Adams camera. Woods described it as a "large faint straggling region, about 2 1/2° long." He added "BD -10° 1848 is involved in a bright patch of nebulosity, in which there are two large holes on the S side of the star." This description refers to Gum 1 (photographed by Roberts). He also noted "BD -12° 1771 is a nebulous star with an extension of the nebulosity on the Nf side; it looks like a comet." This description refers to Sh 2-297 at the southern end of the region.
******************************
07 15 32.4 +64 55 34; Cam
V = 12.4; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.6
13.1" (1/11/86): fairly faint, small, almost round,
brighter center. Located 1.4' E of
a mag 10 star. Forms a pair with
Guillaume Bigourdan discovered IC 2179 = Big. 267 on 24 Feb
1894. According to Corwin,
Bigourdan misidentified his offset star so his position in Comptes Rendus is
incorrect. But either Dreyer or
Bigourdan caught the error as the IC position is just 1' N of
******************************
07 29 25.4 +72 07 44; Cam
V = 13.9; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.7
48" (4/28/22): this interacting pair of edge-ons forms a distinctive "V" outline. At 375x, the overall surface brightness was fairly high, but the eastern "prong" (edge-on) of the "V" was the longer and brighter of the two galaxies. It extended SSW-NNE in a 4:1 or 5:1 ratio and contained an obvious bright knot at the northern end. On the HST image, this is a starburst region.
The shorter and slightly fainter western "prong" (second edge-on galaxy) was vaguely merged to the eastern side at its south end. Bumping up to 610x, I occasionally noticed an extremely faint stellar object close to its northern end. On the HST image, this is a second smaller starburst region just on the inside of the western tip. The central "wedge" between the pair was distinctly darker, but seemed faintly luminous.
24" (2/5/13): at 375x, fairly faint, fairly small, irregularly round, ~25"x20", irregular surface brightness but no resolution into components. Perhaps higher power is needed to see the two main components.
Guillaume Bigourdan discovered IC 2184 = Big. 390 on 24 Jan 1900. The IC position is nearly 11' too far southeast. Corwin re-reduced his original offsets, though, and they match this multiple system. CGCG (330-039) doesn't associate the IC identification.
******************************
07 22 43.3 +21 29 00; Gem
Size 0.4'x0.3'
24" (2/5/13): faint, very small, elongated N-S,
20"x10". A mag 12.5 star
is attached at the north end, which interferes with viewing. Forms a close pair with
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2187 = J. 3-997, along with
******************************
IC 2188 = IC 2186 = MCG +04-18-011 = CGCG 117-026 = PGC 20858
07 22 43.2 +21 30 47; Gem
Size 0.9'x0.6'; PA = 111°
24" (2/5/13): brightest in a trio with IC 2187 1.8'
S. At 375x appeared fairly faint,
small, slightly elongated 22"x15" ~E-W, faint stellar nucleus.
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2188 = J. 3-998 on 28 Feb 1900. IC 2186, found by Javelle on 11 Feb 1896, may be the first observation of this galaxy. See Corwin's notes for the story.
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07 30 17.5 +24 19 40; Gem
V = 14.1; Size 0.8'x0.55'; PA = 20°
24" (2/14/15): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated
SSW-NNE, 20"x15", contains a very small brighter nucleus.
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2191 = J. 3-1000 on 7 Feb 1896. His position is accurate.
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07 33 23.7 +31 29 01; Gem
V = 13.3; Size 1.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 87°
17.5" (1/23/93): faint, small, elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE,
small bright core. A mag 13.5 star
is at the north edge 32" NNE of center.
E.E. Barnard discovered IC 2193 on 12 May 1888 with the 12-inch at Lick Observatory. This was three nights after he found IC 2194, 2196 and 2199 - his first discoveries at Lick. He noted (from his logbook), "Found a new nebula in field with those of May 9th, and north of them. Small, hazy, faint, less than 1' s.p. 10m star." Although the star is closer to 13th magnitude and his position is poor, the identification is certain.
Harold Corwin notes that Javelle's
******************************
IC 2194 = MCG +05-18-020 = CGCG 147-039 = PGC 21285
07 33 40.2 +31 20 04; Gem
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.3'; PA = 50°
17.5" (1/23/93): faint, very small, round, very small bright core. Faintest in the IC 2199 group with IC 2196 7' NE and IC 2193 10' NNW.
E.E. Barnard discovered IC 2194 = J. 3-1002 , along with IC 2196, 2197 and 2199, on 9 May 1888. These were his first discoveries with the 12-inch refractor at Lick Observatory and labeled "b" on the sketch of the field. He spent a great deal of effort in trying to calculate the positions with respect to Castor. Stephane Javelle independently discovered the galaxy on 24 Jan 1898 and noted J. 1002 as "faint, round, 20"-25", gradually condensed, granular."
******************************
IC 2196 = UGC 3910 = MCG +05-18-021 = LGG 146-003 = PGC 21300
07 34 09.8 +31 24 21; Gem
V = 12.5; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 150°
17.5" (1/23/93): fairly faint, fairly small, round,
even concentration to a brighter core.
On line with three mag 13.5 stars 1.1' SW, 2.1' SSW and 2.5' SSW. Second brightest in the
E.E. Barnard discovered IC 2196 = J. 3-1003, along with IC 2194, 2197 and 2199, on 9 May 1888. These were his first discoveries with the 12-inch refractor at Lick Observatory and labeled "c" on his field sketch. He also found "d", which he described as "vvF, foll 'c' [IC 2196] about 3' of arc." At this offset is 2 stars and an extremely faint galaxy attached. Stephane Javelle independently discovered IC 2196 on 24 Jan 1898 and noted "faint, nearly round, 25"-30", gradually condensed, granular."
******************************
IC 2199 = UGC 3915 = MCG +05-18-022 = LGG 146-004 = PGC 21328
07 34 55.7 +31 16 34; Gem
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 25°
17.5" (1/23/93): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated
2:1 SW-NE, brighter along major axis.
A small elongated group of eight mag 13 stars is close west. Preceded by mag 8
E.E. Barnard discovered IC 2199, along with IC 2194, 2196 and 2197, on 9 May 1888. These were his first discoveries with the 12-inch refractor at Lick Observatory. His position is 3.5' too far south (similar offset as IC 2194) and labeled "a" on the sketch.
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07 28 17.5 -62 21 10; Car
V = 13.2; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 58°
24" (4/4/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x
appeared moderately bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, even surface
brightness. A mag 12.6 star is off
the northeast end. Forms a close
pair with
DeLisle Stewart discovered IC 2200 = DS 313 on a plate taken in 1900 at Harvard's Arequipa Station. He noted "eF, eS, extremely elongated at 65°, bet 2 st, susp." The western of the "2 st[ars]" in the description is likely not a star, but IC 2200A.
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07 27 54.7 -67 34 27; Vol
V = 12.9; Size 2.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 165°
25" (3/31/19 - OzSky): at 244x; moderately bright, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, 1.0'x0.3', brighter bulging core increases to a faint stellar nucleus. A mag 14 star is at the N tip and a mag 14.6 star is close off the southwest side, 0.8' from center. Two brighter stars are nearby; a mag 10.3 star is 2.4' SE of center and also a mag 11.2 star is 3' SSE (in the direction of elongation).
DeLisle Stewart discovered IC 2202 = DS 314 on a plate taken in 1901 at Harvard's Arequipa Station. He noted "eF, eS, R."
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07 46 54.6 +26 52 20; Gem
V = 14.1; Size 0.7'x0.35'; PA = 51°
24" (2/16/15): at 300x; fairly faint, small, slightly
elongated SW-NE, 16"x12", brightens weakly to the center. Contains a well defined halo of
moderate surface brightness.
Located 6.6' SW of
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2205 = J. 3-1009 on 16 Jan 1896. His position is accurate.
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07 49 50.9 +33 57 44; Gem
V = 14.2; Size 2.0'x0.25'; PA = 124°
24" (3/28/17): at 260x; very faint, extremely thin
ghostly streak, over 10:1 NW-SE, ~1.1'x0.1', low fairly even surface
brightness. Increases in length
with averted, so appears to dim towards the outer extension. A mag 15.5 star is 30" NE of
center. Located 10' NE of mag 9.3
Stephane Javelle discovered
******************************
07 56 14.4 +60 18 14; Cam
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 145°
13.1" (1/11/86): very faint, diffuse, small, weak
concentration, requires averted vision.
Forms the fainter member of a pair with
Guillaume Bigourdan discovered IC 2209 = Big. 268 on 24 Feb 1894. The IC position is accurate.
******************************
07 56 50.9 -59 07 32; Car
Size 6.0:'x4.0:'
13.1" (1/30/06 - Costa Rica): at 105x the "Toby
Jug Nebula" is visible surrounding a bright red variable star, V341
Carinae and was easy to chase down just 1.6° north of the naked-eye open
cluster
13.1" (2/17/04 - Costa Rica): The "Toby Jug Nebula" is an unusual bipolar red reflection nebula 1.5 degrees north of NGC 2516. Unfiltered at 105x, a fairly large irregular glow is visible surrounding the bright red M-class variable V341 Car = HD 65750 (mag 6.2-7.1). The nebula is bowed towards the west with the curved section on the following side of V341. It extends furthest to the NW and the SW and is indented and weaker due west of the star. The total size of the "Toby Jug" is 2'-3'.
DeLisle Stewart discovered IC 2220 = DS 315 on a plate taken
in 1908 at Harvard's Arequipa Station.
He noted "!! Nebula involving [
IC 2220 was named the Toby Jug Nebula by Paul Murdin, David Allen and David Malin in their book "Catalogue of the Universe" published in 1979. David Malin included the Toby Jug Nebula in his 1999 book "The Invisible Universe" and wrote, "A few degrees from the bright star Avoir and a little south of Miaplacidus is a curious nebula with the uninspiring catalog name IC 2220. It has a popular name taken from its superficial resemblance to the profile of a toby jug, a traditional English beer mug with a large handle, with one side molded as a stout character with a rustic, painted face. My colleagues and I suggested the name Toby Jug in our book "Catalogue of the Universe" in 1978, and it seems to have stuck, even in the United States, where toby jugs are rarely seen."
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08 05 07.9 +37 27 02; Lyn
V = 15.4; Size 0.4'x0.3'; PA = 22°
24" (3/21/20): at 375x; extremely faint and small,
round, 12" diameter. Without
knowing the exact position I would have missed seeing this distant galaxy
(light travel time of 1.2 billion years).
Using averted vision it was repeatedly glimpsed and occasionally held
for a few seconds at a time.
Located 2' SW of brighter
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2221 = J. 3-1019 on 28 Feb 1900. HyperLEDA fails to identify this galaxy as IC 2221, although his position is good. At a redshift of z = .089, this galaxy has a light travel time of 1.18 billion years (one of the most distant in the NGC/IC). SIMBAD misidenties CGCG 178-027 = PGC 22713 as IC 2221.
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IC 2222 = CGCG 178-024 = PGC 22700
08 05 14.8 +37 28 21; Lyn
V = 14.9; Size 0.75'x0.4'; PA = 121°
24" (3/21/20): at 375x; faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE, 24"x18", low surface brightness, weak concentration. Forms a pair with IC 2221 2' SW. The companion lies in the background at 1.2 billion l.y. The two galaxies form a small equilateral triangle with a mag 14 star 1.9' E.
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2222 = J. 3-1029 on 10 Feb 1896. Four years later on a second observation he discovered nearby IC 2222, which is noticeably fainter.
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08 09 44.2 +25 52 54; Cnc
V = 14.6; Size 0.55'x0.3'; PA = 30°
See observing notes for
Stephane Javelle found IC 2229 = J. 3-1025 on 11 Feb 1896 and reported "faint, nearly round, 30", mottled, stellar nucleus 13.5-14." His position matches IC 496 = J. 1-153, which Javelle first discovered on 2 Mar 1892. Both positions are very accurate, so its surprising neither he nor Dreyer noticed IC 496 = IC 2229. See IC 496 for more.
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08 11 01.6 +05 05 14; CMi
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x1.3'
24" (3/28/17): at 260x; fairly faint, moderately large, slightly elongated, 45"x40". Contains a very small, brighter nucleus, possibly stellar. Unusual appearance with a mag 13.4 star superimposed on the west edge with galaxy extending mostly east of the star.
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2231 = Sw. 11-92 = J. 3-1027 on 23
Mar 1895 and recorded "eeeF; vS; lE; v close f[ollowing] 12m *; fine D *
nf nearly point to it." His
position is 2' too far west, but there is no question about the identification. This was the earliest date that Swift
made discoveries (along with
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08 12 57.9 +36 15 13; Lyn
V = 11.9; Size 2.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 45°
See observing notes for
Stephane Javelle found IC 2232 = J. 3-1028 on 12 Feb
1896. His position matches UGC
4273 = PGC 23028. This galaxy was
discovered earlier by William Herschel but his position for NGC 2543 was 10
seconds of RA too small and his declination 5' too far south. A second observation was even further
off in declination. John
Herschel's position was off by two minutes in RA. Dreyer published Spitaler's corrected position for NGC 2543
in the
William Herschel discovered NGC 2543 = H. II-719 = h493 on 3
Feb 1788 (sweep 803) and recorded "F, pL, irregularly round,
bM." His position is 10 sec
of RA west and 5' south of
John Herschel noted "vF; R; a course double * precedes points to it. Deta RA = 1 m 2 sec." There is nothing at his position but two minutes of RA west is UGC 4273 and two stars at 1.6' separation are northwest. The RA given in the GC and NGC is ~1.0 tmin too far east but Rudolph Spitaler's micrometric position (measured on 24 Dec 1891 with the 27" refractor at Wien University Observatory) is accurate. Stephane Javelle independently found the galaxy on 12 Feb 1896, assumed it was new and reported it in list 3-1028 (later IC 2232) with an accurate position. So, NGC 2543 = IC 2232. See Harold Corwin's identification notes.
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08 13 59.0 +45 44 38; Lyn
V = 12.6; Size 4.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 172°
48" (4/15/10): this remarkably thin, beautiful superthin edge-on extends 4.0'x0.25' (~15:1 axial ratio) NNW-SSE. Contains a brighter elongated central region with a slightly brighter nucleus (though no bulge). The overall surface brightness is fairly low and the galaxy gradually dims near the ends of the extensions. The center is situated only 0.9' SW of a mag 10 double (a mag 13.5 companion lies 13" away) and the orientation aligns with the center of the galaxy. Roughly midway along the northern extension is a mag 14 star. Beyond this star the galaxy gradually fades to the tip, extending to within 0.6' of a faint star off the NNW tip.
Towards the south end the galaxy also fades, but after nearly dimming out there is a feeble glow at the very tip (HII knots on deep images) that is slightly angled or bent towards the east. Located 17' SE of the Bear-Paw galaxy.
17.5" (2/24/90): very faint, moderately large,
extremely thin edge-on NNW-SSE with a low even surface brightness. A mag 14 star is embedded at the north
tip and a mag 11/14 double star at 13" separation is off the east side
1.0' from center. Located 17' SSE
of
Isaac Roberts discovered IC 2233 photographically on 25 Mar 1894 using the 20" reflector at his "Starfield" observatory in Sussex, England. Based on plates taken with the 60-inch at Mt. Wilson, Pease described (1920) the nebula as a "faint edge-on spiral, 240"x10", p.a. 170°, with a faint stellar nucleus."
William Herschel missed IC 2233 on two sweeps in which he logged nearby NGC 2537.
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08 15 59.1 +23 11 59; Cnc
V = 13.2; Size 1.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 149°
24" (3/6/21): at 260x; fairly faint, moderately large,
very elongated ~5:1 NNW-SSE, 1.1'x0.2'.
Broad, weak concentration with a slightly brighter core. A mag 13.8 star is just W of the NW
edge. Forms a pair with
Max Wolf discovered IC 2247 = W. 1-13, along with IC 2248,
on a Heidelberg plate taken on 9 Jan 1901. Harold Corwin notes that Dreyer made a transcription error
of 1 degree in the IC north polar distance but Wolf's original list was
correct. The error was copied into
the NGC 2000.0 and neither PGC nor HyperLEDA recognized
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IC 2248 = MCG +04-20-009 = CGCG 119-021 = ARK 156 = LGG 157-004 = PGC 23176
08 16 04.8 +23 08 02; Cnc
V = 14.1; Size 0.7'x0.5'; PA = 52°
24" (3/6/21): at 260x; between faint and fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 20"x15", very small central condensation. Located 4' SSE of flat galaxy IC 2247 = UGC 4299.
Max Wolf discovered IC 2248 = W. 1-14, along with IC 2247, on a Heidelberg plate taken on 9 Jan 1901.
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08 16 45.5 +24 46 49; Cnc
V = 14.4; Size 0.8'x0.45'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 119°
24" (3/23/22): at 226x; between faint and fairly faint,
elongated 5:2 NW-SE, very faint stellar nucleus. A dim mag 15.8 star is 20" W and a mag 15.0 star is
less than 1' N. Located 12' WSW of
mag 7.5
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2254 = J. 3-1031 on 11 Feb 1896. He recorded "faint, round, about 20", stellar, core of mag 13.5 to 14, close to a star of mag 13.5." His position is accurate.
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IC 2267 = UGC 4315 = MCG +04-20-016 = CGCG 119-036 = KUG 0815+248 = PGC 23266
08 18 01.4 +24 44 16; Cnc
V = 14.7; Size 2.0'x0.25'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 153°
24" (3/23/22): at 260x; very faint, fairly large, thin
edge-on ~8:1 NNW-SSE, low nearly even surface brightness.
Max Wolf discovered IC 2267 = W. 1-32 on a Heidelberg plate taken on 9 Jan 1901. He described it as "pB, very large, very elongated 135°."
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IC 2268 = CGCG 119-037 = KUG 0815+249 = PGC 23273
08 18 06.6 +24 47 47; Cnc
V = 15.2; Size 0.35'x0.35'
24" (3/31/22): at 226x and 327x; very faint, very
small, round, 15" diameter.
Located 7.4' ESE of mag 7.5 HD 69364 within a group of stars arranged in
two parallel strings oriented SW to NE.
IC 2267, a very faint edge-on, is 4' SSW and
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2268 = J. 3-1032 = W. I. 26 on 11 Feb 1896. He noted "faint, very small, 20" to 25", gradually brighter middle." Dreyer transposed the catalogue number as J. 1302 in the IC 2. Max Wolf found it again on a plate taken on 13 Feb 1901 and included it in his first catalogue.
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08 18 19.7 +24 31 37; Cnc
V = 15.4; Size 0.4'x0.3'; PA = 150°
24" (3/23/22): at 260x; very faint, very small, round,
12"-15".
Max Wolf discovered IC 2271 = W. 1-36 on a Heidelberg plate taken on 9 Jan 1901. He described it as "pretty bright, small, bright middle, diffuse."
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08 19 15.5 +24 47 34; Cnc
V = 14.2; Size 0.9'x0.75'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 45°
24" (3/23/22): at 226x; faint, small, round, diffuse,
at most 0.4' diameter, low even surface brightness. Situated just 1' NW of mag 9.5
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2282 = J. 3-1033 = W. I. 48 on 11 Feb 1896. His full description reads "faint, nearly round, 40" to 50", appears as a whitish patch without condensation." His position is 0.8' too far SW, due to an error in the position of his offset star (SAO 80093), but his offsets point directly to the galaxy. Dreyer mistakenly associated Javelle's number to IC 2283, and mentioned his offsets in the IC description. IC 2283 (discovered by Max Wolf) applies to a star sandwiched between IC 2282 and SAO 80093.
PGC, HyperLEDA, SIMBAD and Steinicke mistakenly identify this galaxy as IC 2282 = IC 2283. Only the first number applies.
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08 19 32.1 +21 23 39; Cnc
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 123°
18" (2/26/11): faint, small, round, 20" diameter,
low even surface brightness. This
member of the Cancer I cluster is located 5.6' SE of brighter
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2293 = J. 3-1034 on 2 Mar 1896.
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08 18 46.0 -25 22 11; Pup
V = 11.5; Size 2.1'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5" (3/25/95): fairly faint, fairly small, round,
1.2' diameter. Even concentration
to a small bright core and stellar nucleus. Located in a rich star field 2.3' SE of a mag 10.5
star. Just south is a 10'
distinctive semicircle of stars leading to
E.E. Barnard discovered IC 2311 = Ho I-8 visually on 27 Jan 1889 using the 12-inch refractor at Lick Observatory. It was found sweeping along with NGC 2566, which was described as "the S. of 2, roundish, pB, two stars involved." IC 2311 was noted as "the N one is pB, S, R, stellar nucleus (?). It is 1/2 [150 dia field = 8'] north of the above neb. They are both among scattered stars." He later added the note "one of these is new - the other probably = NGC 2566."
Herbert Howe independently rediscovered this galaxy on 16 Feb 1898 with the 20-inch Clark Refractor at Chamberlin Observatory in Colorado. He noted "pB, vS, R, little brighter middle, 6' n of NGC 2566" and measured an accurate position. Barnard apparently never notified Dreyer (along with other discoveries) and Howe is credited with the discovery in the IC, though Barnard's observation was 9 years earlier.
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08 21 28.0 +03 10 09; Hya
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x0.4'; PA = 168°
24" (2/23/22): nice fairly faint edge-on N-S, initially seen as ~40"x15", but with averted vision extends to 1.1'x0.3', only a slightly brighter core. Interestingly, there is a group of about a dozen mag 12.5-14 stars to the north that are fairly uniformly distributed, but an irregular outline. The stars seem like a weak cluster. IC 503 lies 12' NE.
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2327 = J. 3-1035 on 15 Feb 1898. His position lands on the north side of the galaxy.
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08 23 32.7 +21 20 18; Cnc
V = 14.8; Size 0.5'x0.4'
17.5" (3/8/02): this is the southwestern component of a
double system with
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2338 = J. 3-1036, along with IC 2339 and 2341, on 2 Mar 1896.
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IC 2339 = Arp 247 NED2 = UGC 4383b = MCG +04-20-045 = CGCG 119-080ne = PGC 23542
08 23 34.2 +21 20 51; Cnc
V = 14.0; Size 1.1'x0.6'
17.5" (3/8/02): Arp 247 consists of a very close pair
of faint galaxies with IC 2341 5.7' SSW.
The brighter component, IC 2339, is very faint, small, 30"x20"
SW-NE. IC 2338 is a very compact
companion nearly just off the SW end (separation 0.7' between centers). One or two extremely faint stars about
30" NW also confuse the observation.
Member of the Cancer I cluster.
Located 5' WSW of mag 9.6
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2339 = J. 3-1037, along with IC 2338 and 2341, on 2 Mar 1896.
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IC 2341 = UGC 4384 = MCG +04-20-046 = CGCG 119-081 = PGC 23552
08 23 41.4 +21 26 05; Cnc
V = 13.6; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 1°
17.5" (3/8/02): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S, 40"x20", weak concentration. Arp 247 = IC 2339/2341 lies 5.7' NNE in the same high power field. Member of the Cancer I cluster. Located 4.8' NW of mag 9.6 SAO 80153.
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2341 = J. 3-1039, along with IC 2338 and 2339, on 2 Mar 1896.
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08 25 12.0 +20 20 05; Cnc
V = 13.0; Size 1.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.3
See observing notes for
Max Wolf found IC 2359 = Wolf I-12 on a Heidelberg plate taken 13 Feb 1901 and noted W. I-12 was identical to NGC 2582, but Dreyer mistakenly recatalogued it as IC 2359. So, NGC 2582 = IC 2359. See Corwin's notes.
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08 24 10.1 -18 46 32; Pup
V = 11.9; Size 2.4'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 55°
16" LX200 (4/14/07): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, ~1.0x0.65', broad concentration. Two faint stars (aligned N-S) are just off the NW side and a very faint star is at the west edge. Situated in a rich Puppis star field peppered with faint stars and a mag 10.6 star 7' NW. This is a relatively bright galaxy that was missed in the NGC.
E.E. Barnard discovered IC 2367 visually on 1 Dec 1888 with the 12-inch refractor at Lick Observatory. He wrote in his notebook,"Picked up a smallish pB nebula, not in NGC." and measured micrometric offsets from a nearby star. He notified Dreyer directly of the discovery.
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08 28 22.1 +30 26 36; Cnc
V = 15.3; Size 0.5'x0.45'; PA = 163°
18" (2/26/11): extremely faint to very faint, very
small, round, 15" diameter.
Forms the NW vertex of an equilateral triangle with
17.5" (2/22/03): marginal object in AGC 671, nearly on
a line with brighter
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2374 = J. 3-1043, along with IC 2376, 2378 and 2380, on 24 Jan 1898. CGCG doesn't equate 149-027 with IC 2374. The galaxy identified as IC 2374 in CGCG is actually IC 2376. The PGC also has the identifications confused and Megastar has all the IC designations on the wrong galaxies. Finally, it's odd that Javelle mentions "near star 11.5", but there is no brighter star near this galaxy. Corwin questions whether he could have seen an asteroid instead?
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08 26 19.7 -13 18 11; Pup
V = 13.1; Size 1.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 83°
24" (2/16/15): first in a striking trio of IC
galaxies. At 322x; appeared fairly
faint to moderately bright, fairly small, very elongated 7:2 E-W,
0.8'x0.25'.
In addition, I picked up
17.5" (2/8/97): first and brightest of a close trio with IC 2377 1.6' E and IC 2379 2.1' ENE. Faint, moderately large, elongated 3:1 E-W, 1.5'x0.5', even surface brightness. The group lies near two mag 11 stars oriented SW-NE.
Herbert Howe discovered IC 2375 = Ho I-9, along with IC 2377
and 2379, on 22 Feb 1898 with the 20" refractor at the Chamberlin
Observatory in Denver. He noted
"F, vS, elongated at 90°, 1st of 3" and his micrometric position
matches
******************************
IC 2376 = CGCG 149-029 = MCG +05-20-017 = PGC 23764
08 28 26.1 +30 24 28; Cnc
Size 0.7'x0.45'; PA = 65°
18" (2/26/11): faint to very faint, very small, elongated SW-NE, 18"x12". Located 25" NW of a mag 13.7 star and 1.8' SW of IC 2378 in the core of AGC 671.
17.5" (2/22/03): extremely faint and small, round, 10" diameter. Appears as a very small knot 24" NW of a mag 13.7 star. Located in the core of AGC 671, 1.9' SW of brightest member IC 2378.
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2376 = J. 3-1044, along with IC 2374, 2378 and 2380, on 24 Jan 1898. CGCG misidentifies this galaxy as IC 2374. See Harold Corwin's notes on IC 2374 for more.
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IC 2377 = MCG -02-22-015 = PGC 23683
08 26 26.1 -13 18 23; Pup
Size 0.7'x0.4'; PA = 36°
24" (2/16/15): at 322x; faint to fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 0.4'x0.3', even surface brightness. Faintest (lowest overall surface brightness) in a close trio with IC 2375 1.6' W and IC 2379 0.9' NNE. A mag 11 star is 1.6' ESE
17.5" (2/8/97): second and faintest in a trio with IC 2375 and IC 2379. Extremely faint, small, round, very low even surface brightness, 30" diameter. IC 2379 is just 0.9' NNE and IC 2375 1.6' W. A mag 11 star lies 1.5' ESE.
Herbert Howe discovered IC 2377 = Ho I-10, along with IC
2375 and 2379, on 22 Feb 1898 with the 20" refractor at the Chamberlin
Observatory in Denver. He noted
"eF, vS, 2nd of 3" and his micrometric position matches
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IC 2378 = CGCG 149-031 = MCG +05-20-018 = PGC 23771
08 28 31.6 +30 25 53; Cnc
V = 14.0; Size 1.1'x0.8'; PA = 30°
18" (2/26/11): faint to fairly faint, fairly small,
slightly elongated SW-NE, 45"x35", low surface brightness halo with
only a broad weak concentration, then sharply concentrated with a very small
brighter nucleus. IC 2378 is the
largest and brightest galaxy in the core of AGC 671 with a number of faint
galaxies nearby including IC 2374 2.2' WNW, IC 2376 1.8' SW, IC 2380 3' SE,
17.5" (2/22/03): very faint, small, round, 25" diameter, low even surface brightness. Brightest in AGC 671 with IC 2380 3.1' SE, IC 2376 1.9' SW and IC 2374 2.2' WNW. Other fainter members nearby.
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2378 = J. 3-1045, along with IC 2374, 2376 and 2380, on 24 Jan 1898.
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IC 2379 = MCG -02-22-016 = PGC 23681
08 26 27.8 -13 17 36; Pup
Size 0.9'x0.5'; PA = 144°
24" (2/16/15): at 322x; fairly faint, fairly small, oval 4:3 NW-SE, 0.45'x0.3', small bright core. Second brightest in the triplet with IC 2377 0.9' SSW and IC 2375 2' WSW. A mag 11 star lies 1.7' SE and a slightly fainter star is 1.9' NE.
17.5" (2/8/97): third in close trio with IC 2375 0.9' SSW and IC 2377 2.1' WSW. Very faint, small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 0.5'x0.3'. A mag 15 star lies 30" N. Located 1.9' SW of a mag 12 star and 1.7' NW of a mag 11 star.
Herbert Howe discovered IC 2379 = Ho I-11, along with IC 2375 and 2377, on 22 Feb 1898 with the 20" refractor at the Chamberlin Observatory in Denver. He noted "vF, vS, 2nd of 3" and his micrometric position matches MCG -02-22-016 = PGC 23681. The identifications of IC 2377 and IC 2379 are reversed in PGC but correct in MCG.
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IC 2380 = CGCG 149-032 = MCG +05-20-019 = PGC 23777
08 28 43.9 +30 24 16; Cnc
V = 14.4; Size 0.75'x0.6'; PA = 169°
18" (2/26/11): faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, weak concentration. Situated 1.4' NE of a mag 12 star and 3' SE of brighter IC 2378.
17.5" (2/22/03): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Second brightest in AGC 671 and just slightly fainter than IC 2378 3.1' NW, though similar in size. A mag 12.5 star is 1' SW. IC 2376 lies 3.8' due west.
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2380 = J. 3-1046, along with IC 2374, 2376 and 2378, on 24 Jan 1898. His micrometric position is accurate.
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08 39 56.5 +19 38 43; Cnc
Size 0.5'x0.3'
18" (1/13/07): extremely faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. Located 1.5' S of a mag 10 star in the Beehive cluster and forms the southwest vertex of a 3.5'x1.5' rectangle including two mag 10 stars (one mentioned above at 3.6' separation).
E.E. Barnard discovered IC 2388 and communicated the discovery directly to Dreyer. His position and description matches this faint galaxy, but the discovery date and telescope are unknown. IC 2388 was also reported as #153 in a catalog of new nebulae and clusters found on photographs taken by Keeler between 1898-1900 and published in the 1908 Publications of Lick Observatory, Vol VIII.
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08 47 58.2 +73 32 18; Cam
V = 13.4; Size 1.6'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 126°
17.5" (1/12/02): fairly faint, very elongated 7:2 NW-SE, 0.75'x0.2'. Situated just off the NW end of a curving 5' string of 5 stars oriented SE-NW, the brightest being a mag 11.8 star 2.3' SE. NGC 2646 lies 11' SE.
Guillaume Bigourdan discovered IC 2389 = Big. 269 on 3 Feb 1894. His position is accurate.
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08 41 51.7 +19 42 08; Cnc
V = 14.9; Size 0.7'x0.4'; PA = 21°
18" (1/13/07): very faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. Forms the western vertex of a small triangle with a mag 11.5 star 1' SE and a mag 14.5 star 1' NE. Located 10' S of a mag 7 star on the east side of the Beehive cluster with several bright stars in the field including a wide pair of mag 8.5/9.5 stars 4' SW.
17.5" (2/8/97): very faint, very small, round, 15"
diameter. Located 1.2' NW of a mag
11.5 star on the eastern side of
E.E. Barnard discovered IC 2390 and communicated the
discovery directly to Dreyer (not found in any of his published lists). His
position matches
IC 2390 was also reported as #155 in a catalog of new nebulae and clusters found on photographs taken by Keeler between 1898-1900 and published in the 1908 Publications of Lick Observatory, Vol VIII. Karl Reinmuth suggested the equivalence between NGC 2643 and IC 2390 in his 1926 photographic survey Die Herschel-Nebel.
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08 40 18 -52 55; Vel
V = 2.5; Size 50'
13.1" (1/30/06 - Costa Rica): very bright and large naked-eye cluster surrounding mag 3.6 Omicron Vel (just north of the False Cross). Resolved in 9x50 finder and my 15x50 IS binoculars. Includes 7 bright stars with a wide (1.3') bright pair of mag 5 stars on the east side. The border of this scattered group is not well defined but the fainter stars fill out over a degree in the 20mm Nagler 66' field.
13.1" (2/17/04 - Costa Rica): this very large naked-eye cluster appears as a fuzzy glow surrounding mag 3.6 Omicron Velorum (1.8° NNW of mag 2.0 Delta Velorum in the False Cross). This scattered 50' group contains perhaps three dozen stars and barely fits in the field of the 20mm Nagler. Perhaps a better view was obtained in the 9x50 finder or 10x30 IS binoculars which did a nice job of resolving the brighter stars, but the group was really too sparse and scattered to look impressive in the 13".
10x30mm Canon IS (3/28/19 - Tasmania): very bright naked-eye cluster with a few stars seen unaided. Excellent resolution in 10x30 binoculars but still scattered as spread out over 50'. Nice wide double star at edge. Includes a half-dozen brighter stars.
Naked-eye (3/16/18, West Texas): I noticed the Omicron Vel cluster was fairly easily visible naked-eye as a fuzzy patch, though only 7° (or less) elevation at a latitude of +30. It was partly resolved in 10x50 binoculars.
Persian astronomer Al-Sufi first mentioned IC 2391 = Lac II-5 in his "Book of Fixed Stars" (964 AD) as a "nebulous star." Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille first resolved it in 1751-1752 during his journey to the Cape into a "small heap of stars" with his 1/2-inch refractor. Surprisingly John Herschel doesn't mention the cluster in the Cape of Good Hope observations so it didn't receive a GC or NGC designation.
Solon Bailey also found the cluster on a photographic plate in 1896 using a 1" (f/13) Cook lens at the Boyden station in Arequipa. The discovery was reported in "A Catalogue of Bright Clusters and Nebulae" (Annals of Harvard College Observatory, Vol LX, No. VIII) and Bailey was credited with the discovery in the IC.
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08 42 31 -48 06 30; Vel
V = 4.6; Size 15'
13.1" (2/18/04 - Costa Rica): this bright naked-eye
group includes mag 5.5 HX Velorum on the west side. Resolved in the 9x50 finder. In the 13.1", roughly three dozen stars are visible in
a 10' field. The bright stars are
scattered mostly on the following side of the group in an elongated arrangement
extending to the southeast. There
is also a fairly rich gathering of stars within 4' of HX Vel.
Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille discovered IC 2395 = Lac. III-3 between 1751-1752 during his expedition to the Cape of Good Hope. He recorded "Star of 6th magnitude, connected to another more southern one by a nebulous trail." Solon Bailey rediscovered the cluster photographically in 1896 with a 1" Cook lens at the high-altitude Arequipa station in Peru. The discovery was published in his 1908 paper "A Catalogue of Bright Clusters and Nebulae, Annals of Harvard Observatory, Vol LX, No. VIII. Dreyer missed Lacaille earlier discovery and Bailey is credited in the IC.
Brent Archinal noted the equivalence of this cluster with vdB-Ha 47. The Lynga position for IC 2395 is incorrect but OK for vdB-Ha 47. Brian Skiff gives a centroid position of 08 42 31 -48 06.5 (2000).
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08 46 44.6 +17 45 18; Cnc
V = 14.9; Size 0.6'x0.3'; PA = 8°
48" (4/4/11): moderately bright, oval 5:3 N-S,
30"x18", broad concentration, brighter core. Three mag 12.5-14 stars within 1'
cradle the galaxy to the NE, SE and south. Located 2.2' NNW of a mag 10.9 star. The faint planetary
Max Wolf discovered IC 2398 = W. I-136 on a photographic plate taken on 13 Jan 1901 at the Heidelberg Observatory.
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08 48 24.7 +18 19 52 ; Cnc
V = 13.6; Size 1.0'x0.8'; PA = 148°
24" (3/6/21): at 375x; fairly faint, small, round, 0.6' diameter, very weak concentration. A distinctive string [1.2' length] of 3 mag 11.5/13/13.5 stars is close NNE.
Édouard Stephan discovered IC 2409 = W. I. 141 on 8 Mar 1886. His uncorrected position was 3' too far E. The discovery was made after his last published discovery list and it only appeared in his notebooks.
Max Wolf rediscovered IC 2409 on a plate taken on 13 Jan 1901 and reported in his first list.
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08 48 27.3 +19 01 09; Cnc
V = 14.1; Size 0.8'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 80°
24" (2/16/15): at 322x; fairly faint, fairly small,
elongated 5:2 E-W, 35"x14", low even surface brightness. Forms a pair with
17.5" (1/28/89): very faint, small, elongated E-W.
Max Wolf found IC 2410 = Wolf I-142, along with IC 2411, on
a Heidelberg plate taken 13 Jan 1901 and noted "pB, S, E 90°, stell
N". His position match CGCG
090-016, the brighter of the pair of galaxies. He made no reference to
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IC 2411 = NGC 2667B = MCG +03-23-009 = CGCG 090-018 = Holm 98b = WBL 196-004 = PGC 24755
08 48 30.2 +19 02 38; Cnc
V = 14.9; Size 0.8'x0.25'; PA = 43°
24" (2/16/15): at 322x; very faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 25"x12", very low surface brightness. Fainter of a pair with NGC 2667 1.6' SSW.
Ralph Copeland discovered IC 2411 on 26 Dec 1873 with LdR's 72-inch telescope and noted "cF, pS, lE pf; was thought to have an eF companion about 2' nf." Dreyer followed this up on 21 Feb 1876, saying, "eF; I think it is only a * 16 m +- nf." Because of his uncertainty Dreyer didn't assign this galaxy an IC designation.
Max Wolf discovered it again on a Heidelberg plate on 13 Jan 1901 and assumed it was new. Dreyer catalogued it as IC 2411, with no mention of the prior discovery. Corwin notes that "Had Dreyer been observing on a somewhat better night, or (perhaps) with a freshly-polished mirror, the fainter galaxy might also have received an NGC number." MCG doesn't label this galaxy as IC 2411.
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08 54 21.6 +32 40 51; Cnc
V = 13.3; Size 2.2'x2.0'; Surf Br = 14.8; PA = 147°
18" (4/4/12): at 175x appeared faint, moderately large,
roundish, ~40" diameter.
Pretty low nearly even surface brightness with very weak concentration
and no distinct core or zones, so appears fainter than V mag suggests. This pretty face-on two-armed spiral is
located 49' SE of
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2421 = J. 3-1060 on 6 Apr 1896 with the 30-inch refractor at the Nice Observatory. His micrometric position is accurate.
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08 56 47.7 +39 22 56; Lyn
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3
See observing notes for
Guillaume Bigourdan found IC 2424 = Big. 271 on 18 Mar 1892 while searching unsuccessfully for NGC 2704. As Herschel's position was 1.0 minute of RA too far east, he assumed Big. 271 (later IC 2424) was new, but likely NGC 2704 = IC 2424. The possible equivalence was mentioned by Dreyer in the IC description. See Corwin's identification notes.
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08 58 30.5 +02 55 32; Hya
V = 14.4; Size 0.6'x0.5'; PA = 119°
24" (2/13/18): at 375x; fairly faint, small, slightly
elongated, ~20"x15", very small brighter nucleus. Located 17.5' E of
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2426 = J. 3-1063 on 23 Mar 1900.
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09 04 35.4 +14 35 39; Cnc
V = 14.0; Size 0.55'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 32°
48" (2/21/12): at 488x this compact 25" quartet
was resolved into a trio of adjacent, extremely small "knots"
(galaxies) each ~8" diameter, within a common halo. The galaxy on the south side (LEDA
200246 at V = 15.7) appeared to have a stellar nucleus. The other two knots are very close west
and northwest (
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2431 = J. 3-1068 on 24 Feb 1896 with the 30-inch refractor at the Nice Observatory. His micrometric position is accurate. Javelle's third catalogue gives the observation date as 24 Feb 1906. If that's the case, it's his last discovery and a couple of years after the previous one.
UGC classifies IC 2431 as a quadruple system. The V-V Atlas of Interacting Galaxies II, has the note ""Browning". Three?" The name "Browning" probably refers to a Browning pistol, which it resembles in the atlas.
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09 05 33.1 -19 12 26; Hya
V = 12.9; Size 1.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 123°
17.5" (2/8/97): brightest of three galaxies in field
including
17.5" (3/25/95): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2
NW-SE, slightly brighter core.
Forms the vertex of an isosceles right triangle with two mag 12.5 stars
1.0' W and 0.9' S of center. A
line of three mag 9.5 stars follows in the field including
Herbert Howe discovered IC 2437 = Ho I-13 on 23 Feb 1898 and recorded "F, vS, R, 10' s of NGC 2754, 2757 and 2758." His micrometric position is accurate. It's odd that Muller viewed NGC 2754 and 2758 at the Leander-McCormick Observatory but missed this brighter galaxy about 10' north. This galaxy was found again on a photograph taken at Harvard's Arequipa station in Peru in 1900.
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09 07 06.3 -69 56 31; Car
V = 10.5; Size 11"x9"
24" (4/4/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this extremely bright, 10.5-magnitude compact planetary is located 34' SW of mag 1.7 Beta Carinae (Miaplacidus). At 350x it appeared ~10" diameter with a very high surface brightness disc and a faint, thin outer envelope increasing the diameter a couple of arc seconds.
Williamina Fleming discovered IC 2448 = Fleming 80 on a Harvard objective prism plate taken in 1898 at the Arequipa station and designated as "Planetary, stellar" based on its spectrum. Plates taken with the 72-inch Radcliff reflector in Pretoria "show a bright central star, with a small oval patch of luminosity placed slightly eccentric; dimensions 9"x7"." (Evans & Thackeray, 1950).
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09 13 32.9 +29 59 59; Cnc
V = 14.3; Size 1.9'x0.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 77°
24" (2/9/13): faint to fairly faint, thin edge-on 5:1
WSW-ENE, 50"x10", contains a small brighter core.
17.5" (2/8/97): second brightest of three visible in
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2449 = J. 3-1081 on 16 May
1903. There is nothing at his
position but Malcolm Thomson found that reversing the offset for his RA
separation lands on
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09 16 50.0 +20 11 55; Cnc
V = 12.9; Size 2.2'x2.0'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 60°
See observing notes for
Stephane Javelle found J. 3-1087 = IC 2455 on 9 Apr 1896. There is nothing at his position and Harold Corwin suggests that Javelle made a recording error and NGC 2804 = IC 2455, despite Javelle mentioning he also saw NGC 2804.
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09 19 19.0 +33 52 51; Lyn
V = 14.6; Size 0.8'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5" (3/12/94): extremely faint, small, elongated 3:2
N-S, low surface brightness, no central concentration. A mag 14 star is 1.3' NNW. Forms a pair with
Stephane Javelle found IC 2460 = J. 3-1091 on 28 Feb
1900. His position was 1.6' south
of
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09 23 01.1 -32 27 00; Pyx
V = 11.2; Size 4.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 37°
18" (3/17/07): moderately bright, very elongated 7:2 SW-NE, 2.5'x0.7', sharply concentrated with a bright 40"x30" core and much fainter extensions. A mag 12 star is superimposed on the southwest end. A mag 10 star lies 5.8' W.
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2469 = Sw. 11-93 on 28 Dec 1897 and recorded "pF, cS, vE, 10m * close sp." His RA is 36 seconds too small, but the identification is certain based on his description. In his 6th Lowe Observatory list in A.J. he made a 10° error in the declination, but it was correct in combined 11th list. It's surprising that John Herschel missed this relatively large and bright galaxy.
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09 25 12.2 -06 49 48; Hya
V = 14.5; Size 1.1'x0.6'; PA = 151°
24" (2/8/18): at 375x; fairly faint, small, round,
24" diameter, high surface brightness, stellar nucleus. Located 7' S of
Guillaume Bigourdan discovered IC 2471 = Big. 398 on 5 Mar
1899 and noted "two or three stars involved in nebulosity." His position in the Comptes Rendus list
is less than 1' north of
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09 27 11.4 +23 02 04; Leo
V = 15.1; Size 0.6'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 96°
17.5" (4/13/91): extremely faint and small, round. A mag 14 star is attached at the SE end
and interferes with viewing. Forms
a close pair with
Sir Robert Ball probably discovered IC 2474 = Big. 275 on 10
Jan 1867 using LdR's 72". He
noted "3 objects seen close together, of which one is probably a nebula,
the other possibly also, and third a star? All of these are eF, and would perhaps not be seen unless on
so good a night as this is."
The second and third objects are probably IC 2474 and
CGCG and UGC misidentify NGC 2885 = IC 538 = CGCG 121-098 as IC 2474.
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09 27 54.3 +29 47 31; Leo
V = 14.6; Size 1.0'x0.3'; PA = 112°
24" (2/5/21): at 260x; faint, elongated 2:1 ~E-W,
~30"x15", slightly brighter core. With averted vision, the low surface brightness extensions
increase to ~45"x15". IC
2480 lies 7' SE and
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2475 = J. 3-1103 on 10 Jan 1900.
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IC 2476 = UGC 5043 = MCG +05-23-001 = CGCG 151-086 = CGCG 152-005 = KUG 0924+302 = WBL 224-003 = PGC 26854
09 27 52.8 +29 59 09; Leo
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x1.4'
24" (2/5/21): at 260x; fairly faint, fairly small,
round, 30" diameter, moderate surface brightness but very weak
concentration. Brightest in a trio
with
Édouard Stephan discovered IC 2476 = J. 3-1104 on 8 Mar 1886. His uncorrected position was 3' too far E. The discovery was made after his last published discovery list and it only appeared in his notebooks.
Stephane Javelle rediscovered it on 14 Apr 1896, along with IC 2478 and IC 2479, with the 30" refractor at Nice. Javelle measured an accurate position.
******************************
09 28 17.8 +29 42 22; Leo
V = 14.6; Size 0.7'x0.5'; PA = 170°
See observing notes for
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2477 = J. 3-1105 on 1 May 1896. There is nothing at his positon, but 18 seconds of RA east is IC 2480 and Harold Corwin suggest this is likely IC 2477 due to an error in his measurement or reduction of his RA.
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IC 2478 = CGCG 151-088 = CGCG 152-007 = MCG +05-23-003 = WBL 224-004 = PGC 26865
09 28 00.9 +30 02 13; Leo
V = 14.9; Size 0.55'x0.4'; PA = 140°
24" (2/5/21): at 260x; between faint and fairly faint, very small, round, 18" diameter. Second brightest of a small trio with IC 2479 2.9' SSE and IC 2476 3.6' SW. Equally spaced with two mag 12.2/12.8 stars 1' E and 2' E.
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2478 = J. 3-1106, along with IC 2476 and IC 2479, on 14 Apr 1896.
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IC 2479 = CGCG 151-089 = CGCG 152-008 = MCG +05-23-002 = WBL 224-006 = PGC 26866
09 28 04.1 +29 59 29; Leo
V = 15.0; Size 0.55'x0.3'; PA = 152°
24" (2/5/21): at 260x; extremely faint, very small, roundish. Faintest in trio with IC 2476 2.5' W and IC 2478 2.8' NNW.
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2479 = J. 3-1107, along with IC 2476 and IC 2478, on 14 Apr 1896.
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IC 2480 = IC 2477: = CGCG 151-094 = CGCG 152-013 = KUG 0925+299 = PGC 26883
09 28 17.8 +29 42 22; Leo
V = 14.6; Size 0.7'x0.5'; PA = 170°
24" (2/5/21): at 260x; between faint and fairly faint, small, round, 20" diameter at most, slightly brighter nucleus. IC 2475 lies 7' NW.
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2480 = J. 3-1108 on 14 Apr 1896. IC 2477, found by Javelle on 1 May 1896 may be a duplicate observation. Harold Corwin notes that the declination is identical, though the RA is 18 seconds too small.
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09 26 59.2 -12 06 32; Hya
Size 2.4'x1.5'; PA = 145°
24" (2/24/20): at 200x and 260x; moderately bright,
fairly large, oval 3:2 NW-SE, strong concentration with a bright oval core and
a large, low surface brightness halo.
I was surprised by its relative brightness for an IC galaxy. Two 10th mag stars are 5' NW and 10'
NW.
Herbert Howe discovered IC 2482 = Ho. 2-3 on 14 Mar 1899 and noted "F, vS, 10m * preceding 7 seconds, 0.8' N."
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09 27 27 -56 57 24; Vel
Size 70'
24" (4/10/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): very
large, very bright cluster at 84x but fairly scattered. The most striking portion are two
bright ~N-S strings of stars, each ~5' in length, on the SE side of the
cluster. These two strings are
connected on the north end by a couple of stars forming a "U"
outline. Many of the other stars
are also arranged in strings including streams of stars that extend to the NW
on both the north and south side of the cluster. The most prominent string starts at the northern end of the
western row and extends NW to a mag 9.4 star. The outline of the cluster then meanders south on the west
side before heading back SE towards the two parallel strings. Although the listed diameter is 70', my
description applies to the central 15' portion of the cluster. Located 30' W of mag 3.1 N
Velorum. The irregular planetary,
10x30mm Canon IS (3/28/19 - Tasmania): moderately bright, large, a few stars resolved over the hazy glow of unresolved stars. Picked up 0.5° W of mag 3.2 N Vela.
Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille discovered IC 2488 = Lac III-4 = D 330 between 1751-1752 using a 1/2-inch telescope at 8x during his expedition to the Cape of Good Hope. He described it as a "Faint star surrounded by nebulosity"
James Dunlop made two observations on 8 May and 3 Jul 1826 with summary description "A faint cluster of small stars of mixed magnitude, with two or three pretty bright stars in it. This answers to 485 Argus (Bode) and is described as a small star surrounded by a nebula." John Herschel didn't record this large naked eye cluster during his observations at the Cape of Good Hope, so it didn't receive a JH, GC or NGC designation.
Solon Bailey found the cluster again on a photographic plate in 1896 using a 1" f/13 Cook lens at Harvard's Arequipa station in Peru. The discovery was reported in "A Catalogue of Bright Clusters and Nebulae" (Annals of Harvard College Observatory, Vol LX, No. VIII). Dreyer credited Bailey with the discovery in the IC.
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09 36 17.5 +37 21 50; LMi
V = 13.9; Size 0.9'x0.65'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 0°
17.5" (3/12/94): faint, very small, round, 30"
diameter, smooth unconcentrated glow.
A mag 14 star is 1.4' NW.
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2493 = J. 3-1115 on 14 May 1903. His micrometric position is accurate.
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09 36 05.8 -12 26 13; Hya
V = 12.4; Size 1.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 25°
See observing notes for
Lewis Swift found IC 2494 = Sw. 11-95 on 20 Feb 1898 and
recorded "pB, pL, R, 2 st nr f". There is nothing at his position but 10 seconds of RA east
and 3' south is NGC 2947, which was discovered by Leavenworth in 1886 though
his RA was 2 minutes too large.
Javelle also found the galaxy and placed J. 1-165 (later
******************************
09 41 04.1 +34 43 58; LMi
V = 15.1; Size 0.6'x0.3'; PA = 116°
82" (5/4/19, McDonald Observatory): at 613x; moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, 0.5'x0.35'. Contains a bright core that increases to a stellar nucleus.
48" (4/1/11): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, 0.4'x0.3', brighter core. This galaxy is located just 20" N of Hanny's Voorwerp! 2MASX 094106.75+3443565 lies 33" E.
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2497 = J. 3-1118 on 14 May
1903. HyperLeda doesn't identify
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09 38 47.2 -60 05 31; Car
V = 10.4; Size 2"
24" (4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at
200x, this very compact planetary appeared as a very bright, mag 10.5 blue
"star" that was slightly out of focus. Although it was barely non-stellar at this power, it was
obvious by its "soft" nature and blue color that it was a planetary. Good contrast gain with a UHC
filter. At 350x, IC 2501 was
clearly resolved as a very small 3" disc with a crisp edge and extremely
high surface brightness. Located
15' SE of mag 6.9
Williamina Fleming discovered IC 2501 = HN 101 in 1904 on a Harvard objective prism plate taken at the Arequipa station.
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09 44 33.9 -31 47 24; Ant
V = 12.7; Size 1.7'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 49°
24" (4/13/18): at 225x; fairly faint, moderately large,
elongated 5:3 SW-NE, ~45"x27", irregular surface brightness. A very faint 16th mag star is
superimposed on the south side, and there seemed to be a knot(s) or clumpiness
on the SW end. Two mag 13.8 and
15.2 stars are just off the NE end.
A mag 10.3 star is 2.7' NW.
Located 39' SSW of
Forms a pair with UGCA 180, just 3.5' SE. It appeared as an extremely faint glow, seems moderately large but the surface brightness was too low to see any structure. Both IC 2507 and UGCA 180 are members of the NGC 2997 group (LGG 180)
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2507 = Sw. 11-96 on 19 Feb 1898
and recorded "eF; S; R; vF * close nf; pB * near sp." Swift's position is 32 seconds of RA
west of
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09 47 43.5 -32 50 15; Ant
V = 12.5; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 148°
18" (3/17/07): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated
3:2 NW-SE, weak concentration.
Located 3.7' E of a mag 9.8 star.
DeLisle Stewart discovered IC 2510 = DS 320 on a plate taken in Apr 1900 at Harvard's Arequipa Station. He noted "eF, vS, considerably elongated at 140°, bM, susp."
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IC 2511 = IC 2512 = ESO 374-049 = MCG -05-23-018 = PGC 28246
09 49 25.4 -32 50 31; Ant
V = 12.3; Size 2.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 41°
18" (3/17/07): fairly faint, moderately large, very
elongated 4:1 SW-NE, 1.2'x0.3'.
Forms a pair with
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2511 = Sw. 11-97, along with IC 2514, on 30 Dec 1897. He recorded "pB; pS; eeE; spindle; 7m * np; not 3038; np of 2 [with IC 2514]." His position is at the southwest end of the galaxy and the bright star (HD 85117) is 5.6' nearly due west. He found the pair again just a month and a half later (12 Feb 1898), though called Sw. 11-98 (later IC 2512) the "north-following of 2", instead of "north-preceding of 2." amd position was over 5' too far south. DeLisle Stewart found only one pair on an Harvard plate taken at Arequipa in 1900 but Dreyer included two pairs of numbers in the IC. So, IC 2511 = IC 2512 and IC 2514 = IC 2513.
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IC 2512 = IC 2511 = ESO 374-049 = MCG -05-23-018 = PGC 28246
09 49 25.4 -32 50 31; Ant
V = 12.3; Size 2.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 41°
See observing notes for IC 2511.
Lewis Swift found IC 2512 = Sw. 11-98, along with IC 2513,
on 12 Feb 1898 and reported "eeeF; pS; vE; between below * and 8m *
p[receding]; north-following of 2."
His position is 5.4' S of IC 2511, discovered by Swift on 30 Dec 1897,
and the description matches although he has a typo; "nf of 2" should
read "np of 2". Also
there was confusion on the discovery date as he first reported 12 Jan 1898 in
his 8th discovery list from Lowe Observatory. Although Stewart found only one
pair on an Harvard plate at Arequipa, Dreyer included two pairs of numbers in
the IC. So, IC 2511 = IC 2512 and
******************************
IC 2513 = IC 2514 = ESO-374-050 = MCG -05-23-019 = PGC 28290 = PGC 28283
09 50 00.7 -32 53 01; Ant
Size 1.5'x0.3'; PA = 62°
See observing notes for IC 2514.
Lewis Swift found IC 2513 = Sw. 11-99 on 12 Feb 1897 and reported "eeeF; eeeS; R; D * close sf; sp of 2" His RA was 10 seconds of time too small, and his dec 3' too far south, but the comment about the double star clearly applies to IC 2514, which Swift discovered on 30 Dec 1897. His typo "sp of 2" should read "south-following of 2" and there was also confusion on the discovery date as he first reported 12 Jan 1898 in his 8th discovery list from Lowe Observatory in MNRAS.
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IC 2514 = IC 2513 = ESO-374-050 = MCG -05-23-019 = PGC 28290 = PGC 28283
09 50 00.7 -32 53 01; Ant
Size 1.5'x0.3'; PA = 62°
18" (3/17/07): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WSW-ENE, 0.45'x0.3' (core region) with possibly very faint extensions, brightens to a quasi-stellar nucleus. Two mag 12/13 stars are close following and a faint star is at the ENE end. Forms a pair of edge-ons with IC 2511 = IC 2512 8' WNW. NGC 3038 lies 17' NE and a mag 10.7 star lies 3' E.
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2514 = Sw. 11-100, along with IC 2511, on 30 Dec 1897. He recorded "eeF; eS; 3 F st close f; sf of 2 [with IC 2511]." His position and description is good though Dreyer mistakenly wrote "north-following of 2". Swift found the pair again on 12 Feb 1898 and reported them as new. As a result, IC 2514 = IC 2513.
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09 56 20.1 +27 13 39; Leo
V = 13.8; Size 0.7'x0.6'
24" (3/23/22): relatively bright, fairly small, round, 30" diameter, overall good surface brightness, small bright core increases to the center. A mag 10.2 star is 1.8' SW. Located in the Lynx-Cancer Void.
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2520 = J. 3-1132 on 26 Mar 1900. He recorded "faint, round, about 20" diameter, gradual condensation, granular appearance, core of mag 13.5-14." His position is 1.5' too far north, but there is no question on the identification.
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09 55 08.9 -33 08 14; Ant
V = 11.9; Size 2.8'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 0°
17.5" (4/15/93): fairly faint, large, round, diffuse,
just a weak concentration. Forms a
pair with
DeLisle Stewart discovered IC 2522 = DS 322, along with IC 2523, on a plate taken in Apr 1900 at Harvard's Arequipa Station. He noted "vF, cL, R, * 8 n, susp."
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IC 2523 = ESO 374-011 = MCG -05-24-005 = KTS 37C = PGC 28607
09 55 09.5 -33 12 37; Ant
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 25°
17.5" (3/28/87): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated. One or two faint stars are off the east end. Forms a pair with IC 2522 4.5' N.
DeLisle Stewart discovered IC 2523 = DS 323, along with IC 2522, on a plate taken in Apr 1900 at Harvard's Arequipa Station. He noted "vF, vS, considerably elongated at 20°, susp."
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09 57 03.0 -32 15 25; Ant
V = 12.6; Size 2.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 55°
24" (4/14/18): at 282x; fairly faint to moderately
bright, very elongated 3:1 SW-NE, ~1'x0.35', strong concentration with a small
high surface brightness core.
Situated in a rich Antlia star field with numerous nearby faint stars
including a string that begins at the south side and curls to the
southeast. Located 8' E of mag 8.5
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2526 = Sw. 11-101 on 30 Dec 1897 and wrote "vF; S; R; 7.5m * nf; 2 or 3 F st near." The bright star he mentions is HD 86229 (mag 8.5), situated 8' WNW. In his earlier 8th discovery list published in MNRAS, he correctly placed the star "preceding". There was also confusion on the discovery date; he reported 19 Feb 1898, but gave 30 Dec 1897 in his large accumulated 11th list. The galaxy was found again in 1900 on a plate taken at Harvard's Arequipa station.
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09 59 06.4 -27 07 44; Ant
V = 12.3; Size 1.7'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 2°
See observing notes for
Lewis Swift found IC 2528 = Sw. 11-102 and reported "eeeF; eeS; R; double star south; 3078 in field; ee diff." His position is 30 sec of RA west and 3.5' south of NGC 3084. The double star may refer to a faint and unequal 5" pair that is 2.5' SE of NGC 3084. Harold Corwin suggested this identification. John Herschel discovered NGC 3084 on 26 Mar 1835 and his identification is certain, though MCG doesn't label this galaxy as NGC 3084.
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09 59 29.5 -22 49 35; Hya
V = 12.0; Size 2.1'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 158°
See observing notes for
Lewis Swift found IC 2529 = Sw. 11-103 on 11 Apr 1898 and recorded "eeF; eS; eF * in contact." His position is just 1' south of NGC 3081 = ESO 499-031, though Corwin notes there is no star in contact. William Herschel discovered this galaxy on 21 Dec 1786 (sweep 660) and recorded "vF, S, little brighter in the middle. South of a triangle of unequal small stars." Caroline's reduced position is 7 seconds of time west of ESO 499-031.
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09 59 55.4 -29 37 02; Ant
V = 12.0; Size 6.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 75°
17.5" (2/1/03): large, low surface brightness streak,
1.5'x0.3', oriented WSW-ENE; broad, weak concentration. In a field with a number of mag 10-11
stars. Located 6' SE of a wide mag
10.7/13.5 pair and a similar distance south of a quartet of mag 11/12
stars. At the southwest edge of
the 220x field are a trio of mag 9-10 stars. Member of the
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2531 = Sw. 11-104 on 15 Feb 1898 and logged "eeeF; pS; cE; trapezium n and nf; D * np." His position is poor, but the identification is certain.
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10 00 31.7 -31 14 42; Ant
V = 12.0; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 1°
17.5" (3/28/87): moderately bright, small, almost
round, strong bright core, possible stellar nucleus. Located 31' N of
E.E. Barnard discovered IC 2533 = D.S. 325 visually on 13
May 1890 using the 12-inch refractor at Lick Observatory. He noted "Indef. 12m. A 7 1/2m star 10' p and 5' S. His rough pointing (9h 56m -30.9 for
1890) lands 12'-14' from NGC 3095, NGC 3100 and IC 2533. Barnard has the note "= NGC
3100" in his notebook, but his description of the mag 7.5 star only fits
IC 2533. Mag 7.2
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10 03 30.1 -33 57 00; Ant
V = 13.8; Size 1.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 45°
17.5" (4/1/00): very faint glow close NW of a mag 14
star. This is an edge-on but
appeared too faint in unsteady seeing to clearly view any details. An evenly matched pair of mag 11.5
stars lie 5' NE. Located 28' NW of
DeLisle Stewart discovered IC 2536 = DS 327 on a plate taken 1 May 1900 at Harvard's Arequipa Station. He noted "F, S, E at 50°, considerably brighter middle."
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10 03 51.9 -27 34 15; Ant
V = 12.1; Size 2.6'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 26°
18" (2/19/09): at 175x; fairly faint, moderately large, oval 3:2 SSW-NNE, ~2'x1.5', broad weak concentration. The Antlia Dwarf lies 15' NNE.
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2537 = Sw. 11-105 on 14 Feb 1898 and reported "eeF; L; cE; no B * near; no triangle as per [NGC] 3113." I'm surprised that John Herschel missed this relatively bright galaxy.
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10 03 56.5 -34 48 28; Ant
V = 13.9; Size 1.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 1°
17.5" (4/1/00): extremely faint, very small, slightly elongated N-S, 0.4'x0.3'. Probably viewed brighter core region only. A mag 12.5 star lies 1' SW of center. Located 4' N of mag 8.3 SAO 201012.
DeLisle Stewart discovered IC 2538 = DS 328 on a plate taken 1 May 1900 at Harvard's Arequipa station. He noted "vF, vS, R, considerably brighter middle."
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10 05 48.0 -17 26 04; Hya
Size 1.3'x0.5'; PA = 4°
14.5" (4/10/21): IC 2541 was noticed immediately at 158x and was not difficult to hold; elongated ~5:2 N-S. At 226x, ~45"x18", ill-defined brighter core, irregular surface brightness? A mag 13.4 star is 1.4' SW and a small group of mag 13-14 stars is ~3' NW.
Delisle Stewart discovered IC 2541 = D.S. 330 on a plate taken at Harvard's Arequipa Station in May 1900.
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10 09 20.9 -62 36 48; Car
V = 10.4; Size 11"x7"
18" (7/8/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 171x
this small, high surface brightness planetary was immediately seen in a rich
star field. It appeared bright (V
= 10.4), very small, slightly elongated, ~8"x6", with a bluish tinge. Excellent contrast gain with a UHC
filter. Located 58' directly west
of
Williamina Fleming discovered IC 2553 = Fleming 70 in 1893 on a Harvard objective prism plate taken at the Arequipa station. Initially announced erroneously as a Type V star.
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10 08 50.6 -67 01 51; Car
V = 11.8; Size 3.1'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 7°
24" (4/4/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): IC 2554
is a remarkable interacting multiple system or a single merger remnant with a
tidal tail. At 260x it
consists of what appeared to be a contact pair of edge-ons with just slightly
different orientations (both ~SSW-NNE) that run into each other. The southern portion was brighter and
larger, ~1.4'x0.3', while the northern component was perhaps half as long,
though they appeared nearly merged so it was difficult to clearly
distinguish. With averted vision,
the appearance was even more confusing as there was a strong impression of an
additional component or feature in the chain.
DeLisle Stewart discovered IC 2554 = DS 334 on a plate taken 20 Mar 1901 at Harvard's Arequipa station. He noted "cF, S,2-branch spiral, considerably elongated at 10°, N."
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10 11 42.4 -31 38 34; Ant
V = 13.2; Size 2.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 38°
See observing notes for
DeLisle Stewart found IC 2555 = D.S. 336 on a plate taken 1 May 1900 at Harvard's Arequipa station and reported "eF, vS, extremely elongated at 45°, considerably brighter middle." His position matches NGC 3157 = ESO 435-051. This galaxy was discovered by John Herschel in 1835 and accurately placed in his Cape of Good Hope catalogue, but the position in the GC and NGC is 40' too far north. As a result Stewart thought it was new, but NGC 3157 = IC 2555.
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10 16 18.7 -33 33 50; Ant
V = 11.7; Size 3.2'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 45°
18" (4/10/04): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 1.4'x0.8', moderate concentration with a small brighter core and much fainter extensions. Nestled within a neat asterism of 5 stars forming a rough rectangle including two mag 12 stars 1.3' NE and 1.9' ENE of center. This Seyfert galaxy (type 2) is a possible outlying member of the Antlia Cluster (ACO S636).
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2560 = Sw. 11-106 on 28 Dec 1897 and reported "eeF; pS; iR; in center of trapezium." His RA is 30 seconds too small, but the identification is certain based on the description. Howe measured a more accurate position in 1899 or 1900, though it was still 1' too far north. Based on a Harvard plate taken at the Arequipa station in 1900, Delisle Stewart described IC 2560 as "F, small, considerably elongated at 20°, ellip. oval form."
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10 21 35.1 -34 16 01; Ant
V = 11.0; Size 4.1'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 135°
See observing notes for
Lewis Swift found IC 2571 = Sw. 11-107 on 30 Dec 1897 and recorded "vF; cS; R; mag 9 star p[retty?] close following." There is nothing at his position but 28 seconds of RA east is NGC 3223 and his description applies. Herbert Howe followed up on Swift's observation, measured an accurate position (Monthly Notices, Nov. 1900), and noted the mag 9 star follows by 9 sec. John Herschel discovered this galaxy in 1835 and measured a fairly accurate position, so the equivalence NGC 3223 = IC 2571 is certain.
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10 25 07.3 +28 05 40; LMi
V = 14.3; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 27°
17.5" (3/25/95): extremely faint, small. Appears very elongated ~N-S, although
it was difficult to determine the exact orientation due to faintness. Located 4.7' NNE of
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2572 = J. 3-1156 on 7 May 1896.
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10 28 22.4 +68 24 58; UMa
V = 10.4; Size 13.2'x5.4'; Surf Br = 14.8; PA = 50°
48" (2/21/12): This large, low surface brightness dwarf
irregular in the
17.5" (3/12/94): faint, very large, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, 7.0'x2.5', low surface brightness, no concentration. Four faint stars are near the north side. There is a fairly bright nonstellar HII region, [HK83] #15, that is clearly visible at the NE end as a high surface brightness knot. Member of the M81 group (distance ~12 million l.y.).
Edwin Coddington discovered IC 2574 at Lick Observatory on a plate of the M81/82 region taken on 17 and 20 Apr 1898 with the 6" Crocker telescope (Willard Lens). The discovery was announced in PASP 10, 123 (1898). Coddington and William Hussey observed it visually on the 22nd using the observatory's 12-inch refractor and he mentioned it appeared "large, irregular, very faint, and composed of a number of condensations." Also, on 19 May, Coddington obtained an additional photograph that showed "the different condensations to be connected by faint nebulous matter, and the whole to extend over an area fully 4' in width and 12' in length."
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10 29 16.8 +26 05 57; Leo
V = 13.3; Size 2.0'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 55°
See observing notes for
Stephane Javelle found IC 2579 = J. 3-1158 on 2 Apr 1900 and recorded "pB, elongated in pa 260°, 1' to 1.5' diameter, stellar nucleus of mag 13.5." His position and description matches NGC 3251 = UGC 5684. Heinrich d'Arrest made the initial discovery in 1862, but he made a 1.0 minute error in RA. His description pins down the equivalence of NGC 3251 = IC 2579. Dreyer must have realized the possible equivalence with NGC 3251 as he added the note "?3251" to the description of IC 2579. UGC labels this galaxy IC 2579, instead of NGC 3251.
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10 28 18.0 -31 31 05; Ant
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 154°
18" (4/25/09): faint, moderately large, round, 50"
diameter. Appears as a diffuse,
low surface brightness hazy glow with only a weak central brightening. Located 9.4' NW of brighter
DeLisle Stewart discovered IC 2580 = DS 346 on a plate taken 1 May 1900 at Harvard's Arequipa station. He noted "cB, S, bM."
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10 27 26.1 -57 37 32 ; Car
V = 4.3; Size 25'
14" (4/4/16 - Coonabarabran, 73x and 145x): very bright
group of stars, dominated by mag 4.7 supergiant V399 Car. This yellow star forms the eastern
vertex of an equilateral triangle with a mag 7.1 star 4.3' NW and a mag 8.7
star 4' SW. In a 5' region there
are roughly 35 stars, including a few mag 10-11 just south of the mag 4.7
star. A curving star chain with
fainter stars extends north of V399 Car.
The
Williamina Fleming discovered IC 2581 on a Harvard plate of the Eta Carina region taken at the Arequipa station in Peru on 10 May 1893. It was mentioned in the description of plate V in the 1897 Annals of Harvard College Observatory, vol. 26, p207.
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10 29 11.0 -30 20 33; Ant
V = 13.0; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.3
14.5" (4/1/21): at 182x; very faint, moderately large,
~45" diameter, roundish, diffuse with a low surface brightness and no
core. An equilateral triangle of mag 11-11.5 stars (sides ~3.5') is directly
south. The southern star in the
triangle is a wide pair. First in
a similar trio with
Delisle Stewart discovered IC 2582 on a plate taken at Harvard's Arequipa station in Peru on 1 May 1900. Although Stewart noted it was indistinct and at the edge of the plate, his position is at the east edge of the galaxy.
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10 29 51.5 -34 54 42; Ant
V = 12.7; Size 2.0'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 133°
14.5" (4/10/21): at 226x; fairly faint, fairly small,
elongated NW-SE, ~35"x15".
IC 2584 has a higher surface brightness than
Pietro Baracchi discovered IC 2584 = D.S. 348 on 8 Feb 1886 while observing the region of the Antlia Cluster with the Great Melbourne Telescope. He labeled it "S" on his sketch and called it "pF; L; E; gradually brighter in the middle, narrow." He wrote in his notebook that it precedes [NGC 3281] by 121 seconds and is 3' 40" S of it. The discovery was never published, though he wrote "The nebula S is very probably new [underlined]." The observation was confirmed on 1 Mar 1886.
DeLisle Stewart found this galaxy again on a plate taken 1 May 1900 at Harvard's Arequipa station. Stewart is credited with the discovery in the IC.
******************************
10 30 26.3 -35 21 35; Ant
V = 11.8; Size 3.1'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 106°
See observing notes for
DeLisle Stewart found IC 2585 = D.S. 349 on a plate 1 May
1900 at Harvard's Arequipa station.
His position matches
******************************
10 31 02.4 -28 43 00; Hya
V = 12.5; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 79°
14.5" (4/1/21): at 182x; fairly faint, fairly small, oval 4:3 ~WSW-ENE, slightly brighter core. Using 226x; it gradually increases to a very small, circular nucleus. Situated at the vertex of an isosceles triangle with two mag 10 stars 4.6' SSW and 4.7' S.
This outlying member of the Hydra I cluster (
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2586 = Sw. 11-109 on 1 Jan 1898 and noted "pF; vS; R; trapezium near sp." His RA was 20 seconds of time too small, but his declination is pretty close and the distinctive quadrilateral of brighter stars (sides 2' to 3.5') is roughly 5' SSW.
******************************
IC 2587 = ESO 375-051 = MCG -06-23-047 = PGC 31020
10 30 59.5 -34 33 47; Ant
V = 12.3; Size 2.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 10°
14.5" (4/10/21): at 158x; fairly faint (visible continuously), slightly elongated, ~40"x30". At 226x, increases to a small brighter nucleus. Three mag 11.5-12.5 stars in a SW-NE string are close east, along with a mag 10.5 star 5' ENE. Located 20' NW of NGC 3281 in the Antlia Cluster (ACO S636).
DeLisle Stewart discovered IC 2587 = DS 350 on a plate taken 1 May 1900 at Harvard's Arequipa station. He noted "cB, bM."
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IC 2588 = ESO 436-033 = MCG -05-25-009 = PGC 31088
10 31 50.1 -30 23 04; Ant
V = 12.7; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 150°
14.5" (4/1/21): at 182x and 226x; very faint, moderately large, round, ~1.0' diameter, very diffuse with a low even surface brightness. I was just able to hold it steadily with concentration and averted vision. A 15" pair of mag 11-11.5 stars is ~6' SE. Located 32' NE of mag 5.6 Delta Antlia.
ESO 436-029, located 19' W, is faint, moderately large, round, ~45" diameter, diffuse, low surface brightness. A mag 13.5 star is close off the NW side. This galaxy is situated nearly at the midpoint of similar IC 2582 16' WNW and IC 2588 18' E and a similar distance NE of mag 5.6 Delta Ant.
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2588 = Sw. 11-110 on 1 Jan 1898 and called it "eeeF; pL; R: D * near sf; * with distant companion f[ollowing] and p[receding]." His position and description is an excellent match.
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10 32 20.8 -24 02 15; Hya
V = 13.4; Size 0.9'x0.6'; PA = 12°
14.5" (4/1/21): at 226x; fairly faint, fairly small, oval 3:2 N-S, 0.6'x0.4', slightly brighter nucleus. A mag 14.5 star is just off the SE side. Situated just 0.9' E of a mag 10.7 star.
Member of a scattered galaxy group (LGG 209), which includes NGCs 3313, 3331 and 3335.
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2589 = Sw. 11-111 on 15 Feb 1898 and reported "eeeF; eS; eE; 8m * close p; eee diff." Howe reported in his Nov. 1900 Monthly Notices review of Swift's nebulae that the comment "eE" may be due to a star of mag 13 close south following.
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10 35 08.4 -43 41 30; Vel
V = 11.3; Size 2.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 37°
18" (2/19/09): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2
SW-NE, ~0.6'x0.4' (viewed brighter core region). Located just 1.7' S of mag 6.1
DeLisle Stewart found IC 2592 = D.S. 351 on an Arequipa
plate around 1899 and reported "F, pL, considerably elongated 15°,
spir?". His position matches
******************************
10 36 04.2 -24 19 23; Hya
V = 12.4; Size 1.7'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.3
14.5" (4/10/21): picked up immediately at 158x; fairly faint, moderate size, slightly elongated, ~40" diameter, increases gradually to a brighter core. At 226x the core increases slightly to the center. Several stars are near including two mag 14.6 stars off the NW side and a mag 13.5 star 1.5' SE.
Member of a group (LGG 209), along with
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2594 = Sw. 11-112 on 15 Feb 1898 and noted "eF; pS; R; bet 2 D st sp and nf." His position is 14' too far north, but Howe apparently measured an accurate position (used in the IC). It also appears the two double stars that Swift mentions are not SW and NE, but NW and SE.
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10 37 47.3 -27 04 53; Hya
V = 11.8; Size 2.6'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 5°
24" (3/28/17): fairly bright, moderately large, oval
4:3 N-S, sharp, strong concentration with a very bright core and a diffuse halo
extending ~1.2'x0.9'. A mag 14
star is just off the SE edge. One
of the brightest members of
17.5" (4/1/00): moderately bright, elongated 3:2 N-S,
1.0'x0.7', fairly sharp concentration with a small bright core. A mag 14 star is close SE [40"
from center]. This is the
brightest member of HCG 48 along with
E.E. Barnard discovered IC 2597 on 13 May 1890 with the
12-inch refractor at Lick Observatory.
With respect to 5th magnitude
******************************
10 37 27.1 -58 44 00; Car
24" (4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): I only
took a quick look at the "Gabriela Mistral" Nebula nebula at 200x and
a UHC filter, but the brightest portion appeared like a cartoon drawing of a
whale with a huge, very bright bulbous "head" forming the northern
end of the nebula. The brightest
portion is perhaps 15'x6' in size, but quite an extensive amount of fainter
nebulosity spreads out the east and southeast of the main body, significantly
increasing the size to ~15'x11', elongated N-S. Some faint nebulosity also spreads to the west of the main
portion. At the south end is the
mag 5.5 star
13.1" (2/18/04 - Costa Rica): striking HII region and
cluster 30' SE of
Williamina Fleming found IC 2599 = southern part of
******************************
10 43 00 -64 24; Car
V = 1.9; Size 60'
13.1" (2/18/04 - Costa Rica): with the naked-eye, an obvious halo is visible around mag 2.7 Theta Car but only a few stars are resolved naked eye. In the 9x50mm finder, a couple of dozen stars are resolved in a 1° region. The "Southern Pleiades" is too large and scattered for an impressive view in the 13.1". The cluster includes about a dozen mag 6-7.5 stars scattered in the field and a couple of mag 5 stars, along with blue-colored Theta (B-V = -0.2), a well known Blue Straggler. Most of the bright stars are located in two main groups; a 45' string extending N and SW of Theta and a large, detached, rectangular group of stars on the E end of the cluster, roughly 25' from Theta. Melotte 101 lies 40' SSW and is described below.
10x30mm Canon IS (3/28/19 - Tasmania): very bright naked-eye cluster visible as a bloated glow around Theta Carinae with a few individual stars. Gorgeous in 30mm binoculars with at least three dozen stars resolved at only 10x.
Melotte 101
14.5" (4/4/16 - Coonabarabran, 73x and 147x): beautiful, very large cluster, centered 12' E of a mag 5.5 star. Roughly 120-150 stars are resolved, depending on the assumed size. There is no distinct boundary so the size is pretty arbitrary but most of the brighter stars are within a 8'-10' circle. Many of the stars are arranged in long chains and loops. The brightest mag 9.7 star is at the west end, but the majority of the stars are 12-13 magnitude.
Nicolas-Louis de Lacaille discovered IC 2602 = Lac II-9 in 1751-1752 with a 1/2-inch telescope at 8x during his expedition to the Cape of Good Hope. He recorded "The star Theta Navis, of the third magnitude or less, surrounded by a large number of stars of 6th, 7th & 8th magnitude, which resemble the Pleiades." The nickname "Southern Pleiades derives from this description. John Herschel did not record this large naked eye cluster during his observations at the Cape of Good Hope, so it did not receive a GC or NGC designation.
Solon Bailey found the cluster again on a photographic plate in 1896 using a 1" (f/13) Cook lens at Harvard's high altitude Arequipa station in Peru. The discovery was reported in "A Catalogue of Bright Clusters and Nebulae" (Annals of Harvard College Observatory, Vol LX, No. VIII) and Bailey was credited with the discovery in the IC.
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10 49 49.6 +32 58 43; LMi
48" (5/4/16): this number refers to the brighter
southwestern spiral arm of
Guillaume Bigourdan discovered IC 2605 = Big. 402 on 11 Apr 1899 while observing NGC 3395. According to Harold Corwin, Bigourdan commented, ""Nebulous rounded object, about 20 arcsec across, it would be nearly impossible to make measurements." and estimated an offset of 0.5 seconds of time west and 17" south from the nucleus. Corwin identifies this with the brighter inner spiral arm just south of the core of the galaxy.
The identification of IC 2605 as part of the arm of NGC 3395 was made by Francis Pease in his 1920 paper on descriptions of nebulae photographed with the 60-inch at Mt. Wilson.
******************************
10 50 18.0 -12 06 31; Hya
V = 13.1; Size 2.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 84°
18" (3/29/03): fairly faint, edge-on 4:1 ~E-W,
1.4'x0.3', bright core.
Guillaume Bigourdan found IC 2609 = Big. 403, a rediscovery
of
******************************
10 49 50.1 +32 58 58; LMi
V = 12.1; Size 2.1'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 50°
See observing notes for NGC 3395.
Stephane Javelle found IC 2613 = J. 3-1169 on 13 May 1896 but made a sign error in the RA offset from his comparison star. So, Dreyer assumed it was new. Once corrected his position matches NGC 3395, discovered by William Herschel on 7 Dec 1785.
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11 00 20.2 -65 14 58; Car
V = 11.4; Size 5"
18" (7/10/05 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): picked
up by blinking with an OIII filter at 76x (27 Panoptic) and appeared as a
slightly fuzzy bluish "star".
Excellent contrast gain using the filter. Situated in the middle of a string of 3 stars with a mag
11.5 star 1' NW and a mag 10.8 star 75" SE. Appears ~0.5 magnitudes fainter than the SE star (giving an
estimated V mag of 11.3) but significantly brighter using the OIII filter. Appears quasi-stellar at 228x, perhaps
3" diameter at most. Located
2° SE of
Joseph Lunt discovered IC 2621 = HN 106 visually in 1901 with the Cape Observatory 24-inch Grubb refractor fitted with an object-glass prism. He noted "a stellar nebula found visually with the 24-inch o.g. prism. Mag 10-11." Williamina Fleming independently discovered it in 1907 on a Harvard objective prism plate taken at the Arequipa station (Harvard Circular 124).
******************************
11 02 59.7 -16 17 22; Crt
V = 13.2; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 15°
See observing notes for
Lewis Swift found IC 2622 = Sw. 11-117 on 14 Jan 1898 and
noted "eeF; eeS; looks like a D *." His position is poor but refers to NGC 3508, which is 0.5
minutes of RA west and 3' south.
The "D[ouble] *" comment refers to the 13th magnitude star at
the north edge.
******************************
11 07 18.1 -19 28 19; Crt
V = 11.9; Size 2.6'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.2
See observing notes for
Lewis Swift found IC 2624 = Sw. 11-118 on 11 Apr 1898 and
recorded "cB, pS, round, n of 2 [with
******************************
IC 2625 = NGC 3529 = ESO 570-007 = MCG -03-28-038 = PGC 33671
11 07 19.1 -19 33 20; Crt
V = 14.2; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.5; PA = 55°
See observing notes for NGC 3529.
Lewis Swift found IC 2625 = Sw. 11-119 on 11 Apr 1898 and recorded "eeeF; vS; R; s of 2 [with IC 2624 = NGC 3528]. His position is just 1' SE of NGC 3529, so IC 2625 = NGC 3529. This galaxy was discovered by John Herschel on 22 Mar 1835.
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11 09 53.4 -23 43 33; Crt
V = 12.0; Size 2.4'x2.3'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 66°
48" (4/20/17): fairly bright, fairly large, asymmetric face-on spiral. IC 2627 has a very lopsided appearance with one long, prominent arm and a second arm that is shorter and less contrasty. The central section consisted of a bright, oval core highlighted by a stellar nucleus. A strong, knotty arm emerged on the southeast side of the core and gracefully unfurled counterclockwise towards the west on the south side. It significantly faded just east of a mag 16 star [50" WSW of center]. With averted vision, though, the arm could be followed about 1' further north of this star, but the surface brightness was extremely low. The second arm was more subtle and seemed detached from the core. It extended E-W, ~30" length, on the north side of the core and displayed a sharp northern edge. Several mag 16.5 stars were superimposed or nearby.
18" (3/29/03): fairly large, but fairly faint roundish
glow. The surface brightness was
irregular at 300x with a patchy appearance (face-on spiral with an asymmetrically
brighter arm and knotty appearance on the DSS). Located 8.4' ESE of mag 9.9
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2627 = Sw. 11-120 on 10 Apr 1898 and reported "eF; L; R; sev st in L semi circle n, in finder field with Beta Crateris." Herbert Howe noted it has "a stellar nucleus of mag 13.5." This was discovered in the last couple of months of Swift's observing career.
******************************
11 11 37.9 +12 07 19; Leo
V = 15.0; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.9
17.5" (5/4/02): extremely faint, very small, requires
averted. Located 0.9' WNW of a mag
13.5 star that interferes with viewing this faint galaxy. Much brighter
Max Wolf discovered IC 2628 = W. VII-1 on a Heidelberg plate taken in March 1906. His position is accurate.
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11 09 52.8 -76 36 51; Cha
Size 10'
24" (4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia):
surprisingly bright, very large reflection nebula surrounding the mag 9.0
pre-main-sequence star
Several star fields to the south of IC 2631 were strangely devoid of stars due to the huge molecular Chamaeleon Dark Cloud. Only a few brighter stars were visible in the 30' field at 200x (13mm Ethos). The center is roughly 40' S of IC 2631 and the dark cloud appears elongated 2:1, roughly 90'x45' N-S.
The Chamaeleon dark cloud complex is a complicated structure
consisting of 3 large molecular clouds (designated Cha I, II, III by
Hoffmeister 1963) and a number of smaller clumps and globules. The region I observed corresponds with
Cha I and contains the reflection nebula
DeLisle Stewart discovered IC 2631 = D.S. 352 on a plate taken on 22 May 1900 at Harvard's Arequipa Station. He noted "* 9 involved in neb of 2' radius."
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11 15 08.7 +13 41 41; Leo
V = 16.3; Size 0.4'x0.25'; PA = 131°
48" (5/1/19): at 545x; between faint and fairly faint,
small, slightly elongated, 15"x12". At 813x the galaxy was clearly elongated at least 3:2 and
nearly 2:1 NW-SE. A mag 12.9 star
is 1' NW and a very faint mag 17.5 star is 20" S. Located 3.4' S of a mag 10.3 star.
Max Wolf discovered IC 2657 = Wolf VII-33, along with IC 2661, on a plate taken 27 Mar 1906. His position is an exact match with this distant galaxy and he noted "between *11 np and *14 sf, difficult".
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IC 2661 = CGCG 067-043 = PGC 34330
11 15 29.2 +13 36 31; Leo
V = 16.5; Size 0.8'x0.2'; PA = 110°
48" (5/1/19): at 545x and 813x; faint, very elongated 4:1 WNW-ESE, ~30"x7", broad concentration, low nearly even surface brightness with a slightly brighter central region.
SDSSJ111529.53+133634.5, a virtually stellar galaxy (V = 16.1) is at the north edge. IC 2657 lies 7' NW.
Max Wolf discovered IC 2661 = Wolf VII-37 on a plate taken
on 27 Mar 1906. His position (on
the companion at the north edge) and description matches
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11 15 32.3 -14 10 16; Crt
Size 1.4'x0.6'; PA = 140°
14.5" (4/13/23): at 226x; very faint, moderately large,
elongated ~5:2 NNW-SSE, low surface brightness, broad concentration with a
slightly brighter center but no nucleus, ~1' along major axis. An arc of 4 stars is roughly 7' S to
SW.
Herbert Howe discovered IC 2668 on 25 Apr 1898 with the 20" Clark refractor at Denver. His position is accurate.
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11 18 05.1 +17 38 58; Leo
V = 14.8; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 14.3
24" (3/23/22): at 226x; between extremely and very
faint, round, fairly low uniform surface brightness, 0.4' diameter.
Hermann Kobold discovered IC 2703 = K. 2-2 around 21 Apr 1894 (1894.3) with the 18-inch refractor at Strasbourg.
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11 17 25 -62 43 18; Car
Size 12'
24" (4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this was a surprisingly appealing cluster, roughly 13' in diameter and framed nicely in the 30' field at 200x in the 13mm Ethos. The stars are fairly uniform in brightness with a large number of mag 11-12.5 stars and they give the impression of being connected in numerous loops and chains over the entire cluster. The cluster is not concentrated, though there are several mag 11 stars near the center and a close double. Mel 105 is located 48' SSE.
James Dunlop discovered IC 2714 = D 281 on 27 Apr 1826, the first night he recorded nebulae and clusters with his 9-inch reflector. He made 4 observations and described it on 5 June as a "cluster of very small stars, a little elongated preceding and following or rather elliptical, about 10' diameter; the stars are congregated towards the centre, a pretty bright star south, and a double star south following this."
Apparently John Herschel never observed the cluster,
although Dunlop's position was reasonably close. Solon Bailey rediscovered it
in 1896 on a photographic plate using a 1-inch f/13 Cook lens at Harvard's
Arequipa station in Peru. The
discovery was reported in "A Catalogue of Bright Clusters and Nebulae"
(Annals of Harvard College Observatory, Vol LX, No. VIII). Bailey was credited with the discovery
in the IC. His description reads
"cluster, pretty compressed."
In 1927, Harry Wood reported that based on a Franklin-Adams plate, the
cluster doesn't agree in appearance with Bailey's description. "This cluster is an open large
cluster (12' in diameter) and is the same magnitude and is of the (?) Carinae
type. It lies immediately north of
CPD -62 1953." In the same
note he described the nearby cluster
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11 21 04.0 +34 20 37; UMa
V = 14.5; Size 1.0'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 100°
17.5" (2/13/88 and 3/12/88): very faint, small, edge-on
~E-W, weak concentration. Located
midway on line between a mag 12 star 2.0' E and a mag 15 star 2.2' W. First of six on a line in the core of
galaxy cluster
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2735 = J. 3-1177, along with ICs 2738, 2744 and 2751, on 22 May 1903 with the 30-inch refractor at the Nice Observatory.
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IC 2738 = CGCG 185-042 = MCG +06-25-049 = PGC 34797
11 21 23.0 +34 21 24; UMa
V = 14.3; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5" (2/13/88 and3/12/88): very faint, extremely small, small bright core, faint stellar nucleus, slightly elongated. A mag 13.5 star is close off the west edge 35" from the center. Second of six in the core of AGC 1228 with IC 2735 4.0' WSW and IC 2744 4.0' E. Mag 9 SAO 62507 lies 3.5' directly north.
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2738 = J. 3-1178, along with ICs 2735, 2744 and 2751, on 22 May 1903.
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IC 2744 = CGCG 185-045 = MCG +06-25-052 = PGC 34833
11 21 42.5 +34 21 46; UMa
V = 14.4; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5" (2/13/88 and 3/12/88): very faint, very small,
round. A mag 13.5 star is close
off the south edge 35" from the center. Third of six on a line in the core of AGC 1228 with IC 2738
4.0' W, IC 2735 8.0' WSW and
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2744 = J. 3-1179, along with ICs 2735, 2738 and 2751, on 22 May 1903.
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IC 2751 = CGCG 185-047 = PGC 2048050
11 22 07.4 +34 21 59; UMa
V = 14.8; Size 0.4'x0.4'
17.5" (2/13/88 and 3/12/88): extremely faint and small,
nearly stellar, round. Located
3.2' NNE of
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2751 = J. 3-1180, along with
ICs 2735, 2738 and 2744, on 22 May 1903.
His re-reduced position matches
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11 22 13.3 +24 19 02; Leo
V = 14.1; Size 0.35'x0.35'; Surf Br = 11.0
48" (4/18/15): at 488x; moderately bright, small,
round, 18" diameter, sharply concentrated with a small bright core. First of 7 in
17.5" (5/11/96): faint, very small, round, 20"
diameter, moderate surface brightness.
This member of HCG 51 forms a close pair with HCG 51B = MCG +04-27-026
1.0' S. A mag 13 star lies 2.0'
NW. Located 3.2' NW of brightest
member
HCG 51B = MCG +04-27-026 appeared very faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 N-S, 0.9'x0.6', very weak concentration. Larger of close pair with IC 2759 1.0' N, though has a significantly lower surface brightness. Modern catalogues misidentify this galaxy as IC 2759.
Guillaume Bigourdan discovered IC 2759 = Big. 405 on 24 Apr
1897 and noted "strong stellar object that appears accompanied by
nebulosity; a mag 13 star at p = 300 °, d = 2'.5." His position is close to HCG 51B and
51E (similar in brightness). Based
on my visual observation I suggested to Harold Corwin that IC 2759 = HCG 51E =
******************************
11 27 05.0 -28 58 49; Hya
V = 12.2; Size 1.6'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.0
18" (3/19/04): fairly faint, fairly small, round,
35" diameter, weak concentration.
A mag 11 star is just off the northeast edge 48" from the
center. A mag 9 star (
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2764 = Sw. 11-121 on 1 Jan 1898 and reported "pB; pS; R; 10m * close nf; 7m * f[ollowing]." There is nothing near his position, but 5 minutes of time following is this relatively bright galaxy that matches his description. MCG doesn't identify this galaxy as IC 2764, but it is correctly identified in modern sources.
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11 28 12.9 +09 03 44; Leo
V = 14.3; Size 0.7'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.1
18" (5/3/11): faint, very small, round, 15"
diameter. Located 0.5' NW of mag
14 star. First of 6 IC galaxies in
the
17.5" (2/28/87): very faint, elongated NW-SE, very
small, requires averted. A mag
14.5 star is just off the SE edge 33" from the center. Fifth brightest in the IC 698 group and
forms a pair with
Max Wolf discovered IC 2850 = W. VII-222, along with IC 2853 and 2857, on a Heidelberg plate taken on 27 Mar 1906. He reported "pB, S, E at 120°, bM, * 13 sf 1/2'."
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IC 2853 = UGC 6470 = MCG +02-29-031 = Holm 257c = PGC 35302
11 28 14.9 +09 08 48; Leo
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 15°
18" (5/3/11): faint to fairly faint, small, oval 3:2
SSW-NNE, ~25"x15", slightly brighter core. Located less than 1' SSW of a mag 10 star (
17.5" (2/28/87): faint, small, oval SSW-NNE, weak
concentration. Located just 0.9'
SSW of a mag 10 star. A mag 14
star is 0.9' E. First of four
brighter galaxies in the IC 698 group with IC 2850 5.1' S and
Max Wolf discovered IC 2853 = W. VII-225, along with IC 2850 and 2857, on a Heidelberg plate taken on 27 Mar 1906. He reported "pB, pS, E in 160°, bM, forms a triangle with 2 stars."
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IC 2857 = UGC 6475 = MCG +02-29-033 = FGC 1253 = Holm 257e =
11 28 31.1 +09 06 14; Leo
V = 14.5; Size 1.9'x0.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 161°
18" (5/3/11): extremely faint, moderately large,
edge-on NNW-SSE, required averted and can only glimpse for moments so not well
seen. Located 2.2' W of
17.5" (2/28/87): extremely faint, edge-on NNW-SSE, visible only part of time with averted. A mag 14.5 star is off the north end 1.3' from center. Sixth brightest in the IC 698 group with IC 2853 4.8' NW.
Max Wolf discovered IC 2857 = W. VII-229, along with IC 2850 and 2853, on a Heidelberg plate taken on 27 Mar 1906. He reported "F, pL, 2' x 1/4' in PA 160°, bM." Rudolph Spitaler missed this galaxy when he went through the field visually on 31 Mar 1892 with the 27-inch refractor at the Wien Observatory.
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11 31 51.3 -30 24 39; Hya
V = 13.0; Size 0.8'x0.8'
48" (4/21/17): at 488x; fairly bright, round, 0.6'
diameter, moderate even surface brightness but no obvious core/nucleus. Located 7.4' SE of
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2913 = Sw. 11-122 on 12 Feb 1898 and recorded "vB; pS; R; sf of 3717." His position is 1.5' too far southeast, but the identification is certain.
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11 36 42.3 +54 50 45; UMa
V = 14.7; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.1
17.5" (3/19/88): very faint, very small, round, weak
concentration. Forms a close pair
with brighter
Hermann Kobold discovered IC 2943 visually on 6 Jul 1896 with the 18-inch refractor at the Strasbourg Observatory.
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11 35 47 -63 01 11; Cen
V = 4.5; Size 40'x20'
See
Royal H. Frost discovered IC 2944 = F. 789, along with IC 2948, on a 24-inch photographic plate taken at the Arequipa station on 5 May 1904. He noted nebulosity but not the scattered cluster. Images reveal several interesting dark blobs called Thackeray's Globules (dense star forming regions). The IC designations refer to different parts of the same HII complex. See Harold Corwin's notes on this object.
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IC 2948 = ESO 094-005 = RCW 62 = Gum 42 = Lambda Cen Nebula = Running Chicken Nebula
11 39 05 -63 26 36; Cen
Size 40'x35'
13.1" (2/18/04 - Costa Rica): this is a bright and
fascinating HII region SE of Lambda Cen using a 20mm Nagler with an OIII
filter! It surrounds open cluster
Cr 249 = Lambda Cen cluster is a bright group of two dozen stars elongated NW-SE, ~12'-15' diameter, centered ~30' SE of 3rd magnitude Lambda Cen. Situated in the midst of a fascinating field of nebulosity and dark lane which run just north of the cluster and which spreads out to the east of the cluster! The field seems riddled with dark lanes and brighter patches. Mag 6.5 HD 101205 is near the center of the group and a mag 7 star lies 4.6' NW.
10x30mm Canon IS (3/28/19 - Tasmania): prominent region in 10x30 binoculars. Includes Lambda Centauri and 4 bright stars in a string to the southeast. These stars are involved in an extremely large nebulous haze (unfiltered).
Royal H. Frost discovered IC 2948 = F. 790, along with IC 2944, on a photographic plate taken 5 May 1904 with the 24-inch refractor at the Arequipa station. He noted nebulosity only. See notes on IC 2944.
Based on a photograph taken with the Franklin-Adams camera in June 1910 at the Union Observatory in Johannesburg, H.E. Woods described "A very large nebulous region - irregular in shape, somewhat resembling a pear. The star Lambda Centauri is involved in the nebula at the narrow end of the of the pear. The stars CPD -62°, 2154, 2168, 2164, 2186, 2184, 2206 and 2142 are also surrounded by nebulosity. There are rifts through the nebula breaking it up into three main portions. The bright portion of the nebula covers about 40' in declination and 5 minutes in RA, but there are fainter extensions about 1° from the main body."
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11 43 24.5 +19 44 59; Leo
V = 13.6; Size 1.4'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 80°
17.5" (2/20/88): very faint, small, edge-on E-W. A mag 13 star is at the east edge
41" from the center. Forms a
close pair with
Friedrich Bidschof discovered IC 2951 visually in February 1897 using the 27-inch Grubb refractor at the Vienna Observatory. His micrometric position in 1898AN....147..257B is very accurate.
Stephane Javelle found the galaxy again on 9 May 1904, along with UGC 6683, and included it in his unpublished 4th catalogue as J. 1735. He apparently missed the equivalence with IC 2951.
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11 44 25.8 +33 21 18; UMa
V = 14.0; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 65°
17.5" (4/14/01): faint, small, round, 0.8', low even surface brightness
17.5" (2/24/90): very faint, very small, round, low
surface brightness. On a line with
two mag 14 stars located 6'-7' SE.
In a group (USGC U418) with
Stephane Javelle found IC 2953 = J. 1189 on 11 Jun
1896. His position matches UGC
6709.
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11 45 03.9 +19 37 14; Leo
V = 14.0; Size 0.2'x0.2'; Surf Br = 10.3
17.5" (3/12/88): faint, very small, round, weak
concentration. This is the fainter
member of a very close pair with
13.1" (2/25/84): very faint, extremely small, round, requires averted. Located just off NNW edge of NGC 3862.
Guillaume Bigourdan discovered IC 2955 = Big. 406 on 28 Mar 1886 in an observation of NGC 3862.
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11 46 10.2 +33 06 31; UMa
V = 14.3; Size 1.3'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 105°
17.5" (2/24/90): very faint, very small, elongated
E-W. First of four and forms the
west vertex of an equilateral triangle with sides 4' length with
Stephane Javelle found IC 2959 = J. 3-1194 on 11 Jun 1896. His position matches NGC 3871, discovered by John Herschel on 3 Apr 1831 but with a very poor RA. As a result Javelle assumed it was new, although Rudolph Spitaler corrected the RA in 1891 at the Wein Observatory. So, IC 2959 = NGC 3871.
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11 54 01.5 -19 34 09; Crt
V = 11.8; Size 3.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 173°
See observing notes for
Lewis Swift found IC 2965 = Sw. 11-124 on 20 Feb 1898 and reported "B, S, eE, a ray." There is nothing at his position, but 3.5 minutes of time east (same declination) is NGC 3957 and the description fits. Harold Corwin suggests NGC 3957 = IC 2965, the only plausible candidate he could find.
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11 50 13.5 -64 52 23; Mus
Size 3'x2'
24" (4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly
faint, fairly large elongated glow surrounding a 43" pair of stars
oriented E-W (viewed unfiltered).
This reflection nebula extends at least 2'x1' and perhaps 2.5'x1.25'. Located 22' NW of mag 4.9
Royal H. Frost discovered IC 2966 = F. 791 = D 266? on a photographic plate taken 5 May 1904 with the 24-inch refractor at the Arequipa station.
James Dunlop possibly discovered it on 8 May 1826. He made a second observation on 4 Jun and recorded "A very small nebula, very bright immediately at the center; the bright point is nearly equal in brightness to one of the (two) minute stars north of the nebula. I do not think the bright point is a star, but a very high condensed nucleus, surrounded by a faint chevelure, not more than 10" diameter. Another very minute nebula precedes it." Dunlop's position is 16' NW of IC 2966 and it may be too faint to have been picked up in his 9-inch speculum reflector (equivalent to a 6" or so), so this identification is uncertain.
Van den Bergh and Herbst included this object as No. 56 in their Catalogue of Southern Stars Embedded in Nebulosity (AJ, 1975), noting that it had a high surface brightness and was equally bright on both the red and blue plates. The maximum diameter on the red plate was 2.4' and the blue plate was 2.6'.
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11 52 30.5 +20 37 31; Leo
V = 14.8; Size 0.9'x0.4'; PA = 80°
17.5" (4/7/89): very faint, small, very elongated
E-W. Located 3' W of
Hermann Kobold discovered IC 2968 on 2 Apr 1894 with the
18-inch refractor at the Strasbourg Observatory. The CGCG and UGC notes to NGC
3937 misidentify this galaxy as
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11 52 31.3 -03 52 20; Vir
Size 1.2'x0.8'; PA = 108°
24" (5/20/20): at 375x; fairly faint, fairly small,
slightly elongated E-W, ~40"x30", low nearly even surface
brightness. Located 14' W of mag
8.1
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2969 = Sw. 11-125 on 4 May 1897
and recorded "eF; pS; R; B[right] * f[ollows] 55 sec; np of 2." There is nothing at his position but
8.6' S is
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IC 2972 = NGC 3952 = MCG -01-30-044 = PGC 37285
11 53 40.6 -03 59 46; Vir
V = 13.1; Size 1.6'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 85°
See observing notes for NGC 3952.
Lewis Swift found IC 2972 = Sw. 11-127 on 23 Mar 1895 at Lowe Observatory and reported "vF; pS; R; 2 B stars n and np; s of 2 [with IC 2969]." His position is just 1.2' N of NGC 3952 and the description of the nearby stars matches. This galaxy was discovered by William Herschel on 11 Mar 1787 and his position has a comparable accuracy, so its surprising that neither Swift nor Dreyer noticed the equivalence.
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11 53 48.7 -05 10 04; Vir
V = 12.9; Size 2.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 100°
14.5" (4/10/21): at 182x and 226x; fairly faint, fairly
large, very thin and attractive edge-on ~8:1 E-W, ~1.5'x0.25'. Bulges slightly in the modestly
brighter center. A mag 14.9 star
is just beyond the eastern tip.
Located 7' SE of mag 9.3
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2974 = Sw. 11-128 on 23 Mar 1895
and reported "eeeF, vS, lE, ray; in vacancy, 4 F sts in line s; 1 B and 3
F sts n." His position is
less than 3' NNE of
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11 56 01.1 -02 43 15; Vir
V = 12.9; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 112°
See observing notes for
Lewis Swift found IC 2976 = Sw. 11-129 on 23 May 1897 and reported "vF; vS; R; vF * near nf." There is nothing at his position but 1.5 minutes of RA east is NGC 3979 and the star close northeast clinches this identification. Swift also found this galaxy in 1886, but the original discovery goes to Edward Holden in 1881.
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11 55 14.7 -37 41 47; Cen
V = 12.3; Size 2.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 121°
14.5" (4/10/21): at 158x; fairly faint, fairly small,
slightly elongated NW-SE, ~0.6'x0.4'.
Contains at slightly brighter nucleus at 226x. A mag 13.2 star is 1' NW and several mag 11 and 12 stars are
in the field to the east and west.
Located 10' ENE of mag 6.5
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2977 = Sw. 11-130 on 29 Dec 1897 and reported "eF; vS; 7m * south-preceding." His position is quite poor; 13' too far south and 35 seconds of RA too small. But mag 7.5 HD 103437 is southwest of this galaxy, confirming the identification.
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11 56 54.3 +32 09 33; UMa
V = 13.8; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 0°
17.5" (2/24/90): very faint, very small, slightly
elongated N-S, even surface brightness.
Located 3' SE of mag 8.0
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2979 = J. 3-1201, along with
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IC 2981 = MCG +05-28-048 = CGCG 157-056 = PGC 37462
11 55 42.6 +32 11 21; UMa
V = 14.9; Size 0.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.2
17.5" (2/24/90): very faint, very small, round. Two mag 13/14 stars are 1.3' W. Member of the
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 2981 = J. 3-1202, along with
IC 2979, on 12 Jun 1896. He used
the same comparison star (BD +33 2172) for IC 2979 for which there was a one
degree error its north polar distance, but after making this correction there
is nothing at the position for IC 2981.
None of the major galaxy catalogues include a listing for IC 2981 except
for MOL (Master Optical List) and NGC 2000 (at the incorrect IC declination). However, Corwin found that reversing
the sign of the RA offset points directly at
To further confuse the issue,
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11 57 51.4 +27 52 07; Leo
V = 14.2; Size 0.65'x0.4'; PA = 75°
17.5" (4/9/99): faint, very small, elongated
20"x15" SW-NE. Just
follows a mag 11 star [45" to center] which is the brightest star in an
inverted "L" asterism and which detracts from viewing. Located 3.1' W of
J.L.E. Dreyer probably discovered IC 2982 = Big. 285 = NGC 4004B on 5 Apr 1877. A sketch reproduced in the 1880 LdR Monograph shows GC 2633 [later NGC 3988] and a second nebula close following a star. Dreyer assumed this was GC 2645 [later NGC 4004], but the placement with respect to the included stars matches IC 2982.
Guillaume Bigourdan "officially" discovered IC 2982 again on 28 Apr 1894. The IC position is 3' too far south but Corwin's re-reduced position is a good match and his description fits. Bigourdan is credited with the discovery in the IC.
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12 04 34.0 +01 48 05; Vir
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 30°
24" (4/15/23): at 327x; fairly faint, elongated 2:1
SSW-NNE, 30"-35" major axis, broad concentration with a slightly
brighter core. Fainter and smaller of a pair with
17.5" (5/10/86): faint, very small, elongated 2:1
SW-NE, small bright core. Forms a
close pair with NGC 4077 just 1.3' NW in a group. Located 6.0' SSE of
Guillaume Bigourdan found IC 2989 = Big. 287 on 29 Mar
1895. This was the third discovery
of
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12 05 46.9 -27 56 25; Hya
V = 12.2; Size 3.2'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 117°
18" (4/29/06): faint, fairly large, very elongated
WSW-ENE. In poor seeing appears as
a low surface brightness, elongated strip with an irregular, patchy surface
brightness and a slightly brighter bulging center but no defined core. Mag 9.5
Lewis Swift discovered IC 2995 = Sw. 11-131 on 30 Dec 1897 and noted "vF; L; cE; 8m * near f[ollowing]; np of 2 [with Sw. 11-133]." The second entry was actually observed 2 nights later, so he may have added the comment "np of 2" when preparing his manuscript. Howe observed the field in 1899-00 and reported, "These were discovered on different nights; their positions agree closely, and their descriptions fairly. I examined the locality on two nights, and found only one nebula, which is elongated at 120°, is about 1.5' long, and points toward a star of mag 9, which follows 15 or 20 seconds." So, Sw. 11-133 is a duplicate entry for IC 2995.
DeLisle Stewart found this galaxy again on an Arequipa plate in 1899, measured the position, and noted "F, cL, ellip. sp form, E at 125°." In 1921 it was described at the Helwan Observatory as "F, 3' x 1', E 115°; irr. spiral; the south-following portion is probably absorbed."
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12 05 48.6 -29 58 19; Hya
V = 13.5; Size 1.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 21°
18" (5/28/06): very faint, very small, slightly elongated, 0.4'x0.3', low surface brightness. A mag 13 star is attached at the south edge. Located 17' SW of NGC 4105/4106 pair.
DeLisle Stewart discovered IC 2996 = D.S. 357 on a plate taken in July 1899 at Harvard's Arequipa Station. He noted "F, vS, E at 20°, * sp."
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