12 07 57.4 -30 20 22; Hya
V = 12.2; Size 1.9'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 84°
18" (5/28/06): fairly faint, moderately large, round, fairly low surface brightness, 1' diameter, broad concentration to an ill-defined core. A 9' string of a half-dozen mag 13/14 stars extends to the south-southwest from the galaxy. Located 38' SE of IC 3010.
Lewis Swift discovered IC 3010 = Sw. 11-134 on 11 Apr 1898 and noted "eeeF; cS; R; D * sf; v diff." Based on an observation in 1900 with the 20" refractor in Denver, Herbert Howe reported "the "D * sf" is of mags 10-10.5, angle 45°, and distance 40"; it is 8' from the nebula. Just south of the nebula, and pointing at it is a row of five stars of average mag 11.5, the farthest being less than 10' away [mentioned in my observation]. The nebula is considerably brighter than the description "eeF, v diff." would imply."
******************************
12 08 09.7 +10 22 43; Vir
V = 11.3; Size 4.3'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 114°
See observing notes for
Arnold Schwassmann found IC 3011 = Sn. 124 on a plate taken
23 Feb 1900 with the 6" astrograph at the Königstuhl Observatory in
Heidelberg. His position matches
NGC 4124, although he and Dreyer missed the earlier NGC designation. Also see
******************************
12 09 00.3 -31 31 12; Hya
V = 12.3; Size 2.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 166°
18" (5/28/06): fairly faint, moderately large,
elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, 1.2'x0.4', bulging center, even surface brightness. A mag 13 star is just off the SSE
extension [45" from center].
Located 3.7' W of a mag 9.6 star and 19' ESE mag 6.8
Lewis Swift discovered IC 3015 = Sw. 11-135 on 31 Jan 1898
and recorded "pB; vF * close sf; vE at 45°." His position is poor (7' too far
southwest), as well as the position angle (P.A. 166°), but a star is close
southeast. Herbert Howe reported
in 1900 "the "* close sf" is of mag 10.5, and follows 2 seconds,
0.6' south." Howe also
measured an accurate position (used by Dreyer in the
******************************
12 12 11.8 +13 14 47; Vir
V = 13.5; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 160°
See observing notes for
Arnold Schwassmann found IC 3035 = Sn. 222 on plate taken 16 Nov 1900 with the 6" astrograph at the Königstuhl Observatory in Heidelberg. His position matches NGC 4165, although he and Dreyer missed the earlier NGC designation from d'Arrest. Also see NGC 4119.
******************************
12 12 32.6 +12 18 36; Vir
V = 14.8; Size 0.9'x0.35'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 22°
24" (6/3/19): at 322x; faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, ~20"x8". A mag 15.7 star is 1' NNE, a mag 14.8 star is 1.6' NE and a mag 11.1 star is 2.6' SW.
Royal Frost discovered IC 3039 = F. 820 on a plate taken at Harvard's Arequipa station on 7 May 1904.
******************************
12 12 46.4 +10 51 57; Vir
V = 11.4; Size 5.1'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 30°
See observing notes for
Arnold Schwassmann found IC 3042 = Sn. 151 on 6 Sep 1900 on a plate taken with the 6" astrograph at Heidelberg. His position matches NGC 4178. Neither he nor Dreyer noticed the equivalence in position so this galaxy was catalogued again as IC 3042.
******************************
12 13 47.5 +13 25 33; Com
V = 11.7; Size 2.7'x2.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 85°
See observing notes for
Arnold Schwassmann found IC 3050 = Sn. 227 on 16 Nov 1900
with a plate taken with the 6" astrograph at the Königstuhl Observatory in
Heidelberg. His position matches
NGC 4189, although he and Dreyer missed or didn't check the earlier NGC
designation. There are a number of
similar cases with Schwassmann's list of nebulae in the Virgo-Coma region
including nearby
******************************
12 13 53.6 +13 10 22; Vir
V = 12.3; Size 2.3'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 93°
See observing notes for NGC 4193.
Arnold Schwassmann found IC 3051 = Sn. 228 on 16 Nov 1900 using a plate taken with the 6" astrograph at the Königstuhl Observatory in Heidelberg. His position matches NGC 4193, although he and Dreyer missed or didn't check the earlier NGC designation. There are a number of similar cases with Schwassmann's list of nebulae in the Virgo-Coma region including nearby NGC 4189 = IC 3050.
******************************
12 15 04.5 +14 01 44; Com
V = 13.6; Size 2.2'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 122°
17.5" (4/25/98): very faint, small, elongated NW-SE,
0.9'x0.4'. Picked up with averted
vision 11' NW of
Arnold Schwassmann discovered IC 3061 = Sn 274 on 22 Nov 1900 with a plate taken using the 6" astrograph at the Königstuhl Observatory in Heidelberg. Based on a plate taken with Harvard's 24" photographic refractor at Arequipa station in July 1904, Frost described "spiral, edgewise, extends 1.5' at 135°."
******************************
12 15 16.7 +13 01 26; Vir
V = 12.2; Size 6.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 0°
See observing notes for
Arnold Schwassmann found IC 3064 = Sn. 230 on 14 Sep 1900 using a plate taken with the 6" astrograph at the Königstuhl Observatory in Heidelberg. His position matches NGC 4206 although he and Dreyer missed or didn't check the earlier NGC designation. There are a number of similar cases with Schwassmann's list of nebulae in the Virgo-Coma region.
******************************
12 15 12.6 +14 25 58; Com
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.75'; PA = 179°
24" (5/20/20): at 225x and 375x; fairly faint, fairly
small, slightly elongated N-S, even surface brightness, 0.6'x0.5'
diameter. A mag 10.7 star is 7'
NNE and a mag 11.2 star is 6' ESE.
Located 53' W of
Royal Frost discovered IC 3065 = F. 834 on a plate taken at Harvard's Arequipa station on 7 May 1904.
******************************
12 15 46.3 +10 41 50; Vir
V = 14.3; Size 2.3'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 160°
17.5" (5/14/88): very faint, moderately large, thin edge-on NNW-SSE, low even surface brightness with no central brightening.
Arnold Schwassmann discovered IC 3074 = Sn. 152 on 6 Sep 1900 using a plate taken with the 6" astrograph at the Königstuhl Observatory in Heidelberg. Based on a plate taken with Harvard's 24" photographic refractor at Arequipa station in July 1904, Frost reported "extends 2' at 170° (Sch. 152)."
******************************
12 15 56.3 +14 25 59; Com
V = 14.5; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 0°
24" (5/20/20): at 225x; extremely faint, fairly small,
very low surface brightness, requires averted vision to glimpse. Located 11' E of brighter IC 3065. Also, brighter
Royal H. Frost discovered IC 3077 = F. 839 on a plate taken at the Arequipa station on 7 May 1904. He noted "bM, magn 15". The UGC and CGCG list this galaxy but do not identify it as IC 3077.
******************************
12 17 09.8 +07 11 28; Vir
V = 11.6; Size 4.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 48°
See observing notes for
Arnold Schwassmann found IC 3098 = Sn. 5 on 30 Oct 1899 using a plate taken with the 6" astrograph at the Königstuhl Observatory. His position matches NGC 4235, though both he and Dreyer missed the earlier discovery by William Herschel. So, IC 3098 = NGC 4235.
******************************
12 17 09.3 +12 27 14; Vir
V = 14.3; Size 2.0'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 173°
48" (2/28/19): at 488x; almost moderately bright and large, edge-on 6:1 nearly N-S, at least 1.2'x0.2', brighter elongated core, patchy arms. A mag 15.8 star is close off the NE flank [30" from center]. Situated 7' SE of mag 9.0 HD 106785.
Arnold Schwassmann discovered IC 3099 = Sn. 235 on a plate taken with a 6" astrograph on 14 Sep 1900 at the Königstuhl Observatory in Heidelberg. Royal Frost called it "bM, ex. 1.5' at 170°" based on a plate taken at Arequipa.
******************************
12 17 25.8 +06 41 24; Vir
V = 11.9; Size 2.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 128°
17.5" (3/24/90): moderately bright, fairly small,
elongated WNW-ESE, bright core, larger faint extensions with averted. Located 5' N of mag 7.9
The galaxy described above is misidentified as
Arnold Schwassmann found IC 3102 = Sn. 6 on 30 Oct 1899
using a plate taken with the 6-inch astrographic refractor at Heidelberg. His position matches the galaxy
generally identified as NGC 4241.
But Corwin argues that the traditional NGC identification is incorrect
and it should be labeled as
******************************
12 18 46.0 -79 43 34; Cha
V = 12.8; Size 3.8'x1.8'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 45°
25" (3/31/19 - OzSky): this nearby galaxy (7.4 million l.y.) is located 25' S of mag 4.2 Beta Cha at the edge of the Chamaeleon III cloud in an obscured region. At 244x; fairly faint, fairly large, oval 2:1 SW-NE, ~1.3'x0.6'. The galaxy has a low surface brightness with no obvious core or zones but it appeared somewhat uneven or patchy with an occasional dim knot to the NE of center. A mag 13.2 star is superimposed on the SW side. A mag 10.6 star is 2.7' NW.
DeLisle Stewart discovered IC 3104 = D.S. 357 on a plate taken on 22 May 1900 at Harvard's Arequipa Station. He noted "eeF, cS, or v S Cl, * 12 sp 0.5'."
******************************
12 17 58.1 +07 11 08; Vir
V = 12.7; Size 2.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 83°
See observing notes for
Arnold Schwassmann found IC 3113 = Sn. 7 on 30 Oct 1899 using a plate taken with the 6-inch astrographic refractor at Heidelberg. His position matches NGC 4246. This galaxy was discovered by William Herschel, and his position is a few arcmin too far south, so perhaps Schwassmann and Dreyer assumed it was new or as Corwin suggested, both simply missed the earlier identity. Adelaide Ames listed in the identity in her 1930 catalogue of galaxies in the Coma-Virgo region.
******************************
IC 3115 = NGC 4241 = UGC 7333 = VV 431 = MCG +01-31-040 =
12 17 59.8 +06 39 16; Vir
V = 13.1; Size 1.7'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.9
17.5" (3/24/90): extremely faint, oval, very low surface brightness. Forms a pair with NGC 4223 8' WNW. This galaxy is identified as IC 3115 in modern catalogues and the brighter, western galaxy is usually catalogued as NGC 4241. My identification (NGC 4241 = IC 3115 = UGC 7333) follows the historical record.
Arnold Schwassmann found IC 3115 = Sn. 8 on 30 Oct 1899 using a Heidelberg plate taken with a 6" astrograph. His position matches NGC 4241 = UGC 7333. This galaxy was discovered by William Herschel, and his position is pretty good, but the NGC position is not, so Schwassmann and Dreyer assumed it was new. Most modern sources identify this galaxy as IC 3115 only, though the NGC designation should take precedence.
******************************
12 18 56.1 +08 57 42; Vir
V = 14.2; Size 0.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.4
17.5" (5/14/88): faint, very small, round, broad concentration. A mag 15 star is 30" NE. Forms a pair with IC 776 6' SSE.
Arnold Schwassmann discovered IC 3134 = Sn. 41 on 12 Feb 1900 with a plate taken at the Königstuhl Observatory in Heidelberg. He noted "vF, vS, E 0°."
******************************
12 18 57.4 +06 11 04; Vir
V = 14.3; Size 1.2'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 33°
24" (4/28/14): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated
5:2 SSW-NNE, 30"x12", even surface brightness. Located 8' NW of
Auguste Voigt discovered IC 3136 = Voigt 2 = Sn. 2, along
with
Arnold Schwassmann discovered the galaxy on a plate taken on 5 Apr 1894 at the Königstuhl Observatory in Heidelberg. Bigourdan found it again visually on 31 Mar 1902. Schwassmann (Sn. 2) was credited with the discovery in the IC.
******************************
12 18 54.7 +12 28 12; Vir
V = 16.5; Size 1.0'x0.15'; PA = 44°
82" (5/5/19, McDonald Observatory): at 400x; low
surface brightness, thin edge-on, 5:1 oriented SW-NE, ~40"x8". Forms a line-of-sight pair with
Royal Frost discovered IC 3137 = F. 858, along with IC 3138, on a plate taken on 7 May 1904 at Harvard's Arequipa Observatory in Peru. He described it accurately as a "streak extending 1' at 45°."
******************************
12 18 56.2 +12 26 43; Vir
V = 15.7; Size 0.4'x0.3'
82" (5/5/19, McDonald Observatory): at 400x; fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 15"x12". A mag 17.0 star is off the SW edge. Forms a pair with IC 3137 1.5' NNW.
IC 3138 lies a distance of 1.2 billion l.y. but IC 3137 is 4 times closer.
Royal Frost discovered IC 3138 = F. 859, along with IC 3137, on a plate taken on 7 May 1904 at Harvard's Arequipa Observatory in Peru. He described it as "R, bM, magn. 15.5."
******************************
12 19 36.0 -26 08 44; Hya
V = 12.5; Size 1.8'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 40°
14.5" (4/12/21): at 226x; fairly faint, fairly small,
round, ~0.6' diameter, very small brighter nucleus. Located 3' SE of mag 8.4
Lewis Swift discovered IC 3152 = Sw. 11-136 on 1 Jan 1898
and reported "pB; S; R; bet 4 st sf and 8m * np." His position in his accumulated large
11th list is 2' SE of
******************************
12 19 36.8 +05 23 52; Vir
V = 14.8; Size 0.5'x0.45'
24" (4/28/14): faint, small, round, 15" diameter,
even surface brightness. Located
3.9' ENE of
17.5" (3/28/87): at 220x; very faint, small, almost
round, diffuse. Located 3' E of
NGC 4259 in the
Hermann A. Kobold discovered IC 3153 on 8 Apr 1894 with the
18" refractor at the Strasboug Observatory. He noted "vF, S, NGC 4273 near." His position is an exact match with
******************************
IC 3155 = MCG +01-32-003 = CGCG 042-022 = Holm 365b = WBL 392-011 = PGC 39708
12 19 45.3 +06 00 21; Vir
V = 14.0; Size 1.0'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 34°
24" (4/28/14): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated
5:3 SW-NE, very weak concentration, 30"x18". Slightly larger than
17.5" (3/24/90): very faint, very small, slightly
elongated SW-NE, even surface brightness.
Located 2.2' SSW of mag 7.7
Auguste Voigt discovered IC 3155 = Voigt 3 = Big. 290 on 27 Apr 1865 during an observation of NGC 4269. His logbook measure was accurate, but none of Voigt's discoveries with the 31-inch silver-on-glass reflector at Marseilles were published or forwarded to Dreyer. The same night he discovered IC 3136, 16' to the NW.
Hermann Kobold independently discovered IC 3155 on 5 Apr 1894 (published in 1907), as well as Bigourdan on 31 Mar 1902. Bigourdan was credited with the discovery in the IC.
******************************
12 20 24.1 +25 33 38; Com
V = 13.7; Size 0.7'x0.5'; PA = 55°
24" (5/30/16): at 225x; fairly faint, small, slightly
elongated SW-NE, 20"x15", slightly brighter nucleus. Located 14' SSE of brighter
Max Wolf discovered IC 3171 = W. IV-23 on a Heidelberg plate taken 23 Mar 1903. His position is very accurate.
******************************
12 20 42.1 +29 20 45; Com
V = 13.1; Size 1.6'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 150°
See observing notes for
Max Wolf found IC 3181 = W. IV-28 on a Heidelberg plate taken 23 Mar 1903 and reported "pF, pL, lE 150°." His position matches NGC 4286, so it's surprising that Dreyer didn't catch the equivalence IC 3181 = NGC 4286.
******************************
12 22 07.3 +08 59 26; Vir
V = 14.6; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.9
17.5" (3/24/90): extremely faint and small, round. Located 3' S of
Arnold Schwassmann discovered IC 3211 = Sn. 93 on 13 Feb 1900 from a plate taken with the 6" astrograph at the Königstuhl Observatory in Heidelberg. He noted "eF, S." Listed as NGC 4307A in the RNGC.
******************************
12 23 14.0 +28 53 38; Com
V = 14.7; Size 2.2'x0.3'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 175°
24" (5/30/16): at 225x; extremely faint, thin edge-on ~5:1 N-S, very low surface brightness, very slightly brighter elongated core, ~45"x9". Only visible part of the time, though pops clearly and can hold for a few seconds.
Max Wolf discovered IC 3247 = W. IV-69 on a Heidelberg plate taken 23 Mar 1903.
RNGC, PGC, RC3, SIMBAD and secondary sources such as
WikiSky, Uranometria 2000. Atlas and Megastar misidentify IC 3247 as NGC
4338. IC 3247 is located 20' south
of d'Arrest's erroneous position.
Reinmuth also questioned if
******************************
12 23 45.2 -34 37 20; Cen
V = 11.6; Size 2.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 23°
18" (5/28/06): very faint, fairly large, ~2'x0.8' SSW-NNE, very ill-defined glow without a well defined edge, low surface brightness, broad concentration but no core. Viewed at a low elevation west of the meridian, which may have compromised the view.
DeLisle Stewart discovered IC 3253 = D.S. 363 on a plate taken in 1901 at Harvard's Arequipa Station. He noted "eF, vL, vE at 20°, little brighter in the middle." Based on photographs taken at the Helwan Observatory in 1919-20, IC 3253 was described as "F, 2.5' x 1', E 25°; compact spiral with fant sharp ncl like a star, the whorls are fine and have dark lanes between them."
NED notes: IC 3253 has the standard morphology of a
multiple-armed spiral pattern in a highly inclined galaxy of late-luminosity
class, of the
******************************
12 23 29.8 +19 25 36; Com
V = 12.5; Size 2.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 162°
See observing notes for
Royal Frost found IC 3254 on an Arequipa plate taken on 7 May 1904 and described as "B, S, R, planetary". It was reported as number 884 in Harvard Annals 60 and his position is 2' north of NGC 4336. Likely, NGC 4336 = IC 3254, though there is some doubt given the discrepancy in position. See Harold Corwin's IC identification notes for the full story.
******************************
12 23 39.1 +07 03 14; Vir
V = 12.5; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 168°
17.5" (3/28/87): moderately bright, very small,
elongated NNW-SSE, bright core, stellar nucleus.
Guillaume Bigourdan found IC 3256 = Big. 291 on 23 Apr 1895. His position matches UGC 7466, which is often taken as NGC 4342. But see that number for the story.
******************************
12 23 44.5 +12 28 41; Vir
V = 13.1; Size 1.6'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 88°
24" (5/29/14): fairly faint, fairly small, round, low surface brightness, very weak concentration, 24" diameter.
17.5" (4/18/87): very faint, small, round, very diffuse. Forms a pair with NGC 4351 16' SSE.
Arnold Schwassmann discovered IC 3258 on 14 Sep 1900 using a plate taken with the 6" astrograph at the Königstuhl Observatory in Heidelberg. Frost also recorded it on a plate taken at the Arequipa station on 10 May 1904. He noted "R, little brighter middle, diam. 0.7' (Sch 241)."
IC 3258 has one of the highest blue-shifts: -437 to -473 km/sec
******************************
IC 3259 = UGC 7469 = MCG +01-32-040 = PGC 40273
12 23 48.6 +07 11 11; Vir
V = 13.5; Size 1.7'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 15°
17.5" (3/28/87): faint, fairly large, very diffuse. Located 3.2' ENE of a mag 10 star and 5' NNW of NGC 4341 = IC 3260 in the NGC 4343 group.
Guillaume Bigourdan discovered IC 3259 = Big. 293 = Sn. 16, along with IC 3267, on 23 Apr 1895. Schwassmann measured an accurate position (used in the IC 2) on 4 Nov 1899 using a plate taken by Wolf at the Königstuhl Observatory.
******************************
12 23 53.5 +07 06 25; Vir
V = 13.2; Size 1.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 96°
17.5" (3/28/87): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated ~E-W, even surface brightness. Member of the NGC 4343 group and midway between IC 3259 4.9' NNW and IC 3267 5.0' SSW. NGC identification uncertain and identified as IC 3260 in CGCG and MCG.
Bigourdan found IC 3260 = Big. 294 = Sn. 17 on 23 Apr 1895
and his position matches
******************************
12 23 58.8 +07 48 14; Vir
V = 13.4
17.5" (3/24/90): this number refers to a mag 13 star
1.2' NNW of the center of
Arnold Schwassmann discovered IC 3265 = Sn. 48 on a Heidelberg plate taken with a 6" astrograph in 1900. His position corresponds with a mag 13.4 star 1.2' NNW of the center of NGC 4353. CGCG mistakenly places the IC designation (as well as IC 3266) on NGC 4353.
******************************
12 24 00.2 +07 47 05; Vir
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 67°
17.5" (3/24/90): faint, oval SW-NE. A mag 13 star is 1.2' NNW.
Arnold Schwassmann found IC 3266 = Sn. 49 on 20 Nov 1899
using a plate taken with the 6" astrograph at the Heidelberg
observatory. His position matches
NGC 4353, although the NGC position is not very accurate. The position was measured on 3 plates
and there is no question on this identification.
******************************
IC 3267 = UGC 7474 = MCG +01-32-044 = PGC 40317
12 24 05.6 +07 02 27; Vir
V = 13.4; Size 1.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5" (3/28/87): faint, moderately large, round, quite diffuse, low even surface brightness. Last of five galaxies in the NGC 4343 group. Located 5.0' SSE of NGC 4341 = IC 3260 and 6.6' E of NGC 4342 = IC 3256.
Guillaume Bigourdan discovered IC 3267 = Big. 295 = Sn. 18, along with IC 3259, on 23 Apr 1895. Schwassmann measured an accurate position (used in the IC 2) on 4 Nov 1899 using a plate taken by Wolf at the Königstuhl Observatory.
******************************
12 24 14.9 +08 32 16; Vir
V = 13.3; Size 2.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 40°
17.5" (3/24/90): faint, edge-on SW-NE, low surface brightness. A mag 13 star is involved at the east edge of the core.
Arnold Schwassmann found IC 3273 = Sn. 95 on a plate taken
23 Jan 1900 with a 6" astrograph at Heidelberg. His position matches
******************************
12 24 14.7 +09 16 00; Vir
V = 14.3; Size 0.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.4
17.5" (3/24/90): very faint, extremely small, round,
low surface brightness, just non-stellar.
Located just 2' SW of brighter
Arnold Schwassmann discovered IC 3274 = Sn. 96 on 15 Feb
1900 using a plate taken with the
6" astrograph at the Königstuhl Observatory in Heidelberg. He noted "eF, vS, ?." Identified as
******************************
12 24 57.5 -26 01 51; Hya
V = 13.1; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0
14.5" (4/12/21): at 158x; faint, fairly small, round,
30" diameter, low surface brightness. At 226x, contains a very small brighter nucleus. A mag 14.5 star is close off the NE
side [0.8' from center]. Located
5' SW of mag 6.9
Lewis Swift discovered IC 3289 = Sw. 11-138 on 1 Jan 1898 and reported "eF; vS; R bet 7m * f and 8m * np." He was confused on the directions of the nearby stars; the 7th mag star is northeast (reported as SE in his 7th Lowe discovery list in MNRAS) and the 8th mag star is nearly due W.
******************************
12 25 09.0 -39 46 32; Cen
V = 12.0; Size 2.0'x1.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 43°
18" (3/28/09): faint, fairly small, round, 25"
diameter. Located just 2' SW of
Joseph Turner discovered IC 3290 = Sw. 11-137 on 16 Apr 1877 with the 48" Melbourne Telescope while observing and sketching NGC 4373 (p. 136 of his logbook). He noted "the south-preceding [IC 3290] shown above was not noticed by Herschel and is here considered as a new nebula. It is very faint as compared with 2928 [NGC 4373] - elongated and brighter at north-following extremity." Cannot resolve any of them." In a final list of 6 "New Nebulae discovered by Mr Turner" (end of his logbook), an offset is given of 9 seconds preceding in RA and 60" south with the description "extremely faint, very small, a little elongated; a little brighter at the following end." Pietro Baracchi reobserved this galaxy with the GMT on 8 Feb 1886 and called it "pB; S; lE; gradually little brighter middle." Neither of these two observations were published
Lewis Swift rediscovered IC 3290 on 30 Jan 1898 and reported Sw. 11-137 as "pF; vS; R; close p [NGC] 4373. Note." His note mentions this object (and others) "appear at first glance like double stars 6" or 8" apart." His position is 1 minute of RA too far west, but the identification is certain. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1900 (used in the IC 2). Swift is credited with the discovery in the IC.
******************************
12 25 15.3 +12 42 51; Vir
V = 13.8; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 73°
24" (4/28/14): faint to fairly faint, small, elongated
4:3 WSW-ENE, 24"x18".
Located 8.3' WNW of
17.5" (1/31/87 and 4/25/87): very faint, very small,
slightly elongated, can just hold steadily with averted. Located 8.4' WNW of NGC 4388 and 10'
SSE of
Arnold Schwassmann discovered IC 3303 = Sn. 244 on 14 Sep 1900 using a plate taken with the 6" astrograph at the Königstuhl Observatory in Heidelberg. Royal Frost also reported it on a plate taken at the Arequipa station on 10 May 1904. He noted "bM, magn 14 (Sch 244)".
******************************
12 25 55.3 +15 40 49; Com
17.5": IC 3310 is probably a mag 14 star at the
northwest end of
Guillaume Bigourdan discovered IC 3310 = Big. 297 on 1 Apr 1894. He made an error for the position of his reference star, but once corrected his offsets matches this star. See Malcolm Thomson's IC Corrections and Harold Corwin's identification comments.
******************************
12 25 33.1 +12 15 37; Vir
V = 14.3; Size 1.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 135°
24" (5/29/14): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SW, 0.5'x0.25', low even surface brightness. Located 24' SSW of NGC 4388 in the central region of the Virgo Cluster.
Arnold Schwassmann discovered IC 3311 = Sn. 185 on 12 Sep 1900 using a plate taken with the 6" astrograph at the Königstuhl Observatory in Heidelberg. Royal Frost also reported it on a plate taken at the Arequipa station on 10 May 1904. He noted "streak; 1.2' by 0.2' at 135° (Sch 185)".
******************************
12 25 50.7 +10 27 33; Vir
V = 12.6; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 95°
17.5" (4/20/87): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly
elongated E-W, diffuse, even or almost even surface brightness. Located 26' NNE of
Arnold Schwassmann found IC 3320 = Sn. 155 on 6 Sep 1900
using a plate taken with the 6" astrograph at the Königstuhl Observatory
in Heidelberg. His position
matches
******************************
12 25 54.1 +07 33 17; Vir
V = 13.5; Size 2.4'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 156°
14.5" (4/10/21): extremely faint, very elongated 4:1
NNW-SSE, ~1'x0.25', only occasionally pops into view. A mag 10.3 star is 4.6' WNW. Located 25' NE of
Arnold Schwassmann discovered
******************************
12 26 30.0 +08 52 20; Vir
V = 12.7; Size 2.0'x1.9'; Surf Br = 14.1
See observing notes for
Arnold Schwassmann found IC 3339 = Sn. 99 on a Heidelberg
plate taken 23 Jan 1900. His
position matches NGC 4411, discovered by Christian Peters in 1881, though both
Schwassmann and Dreyer assumed it was new. See NGC 4411 for more on this number. Gerard de Vaucouleurs used the letter
suffixes
******************************
12 26 47.1 +12 27 14; Vir
V = 14.4; Size 0.9'x0.8'
24" (4/28/14): very faint, very small, round, 12"
diameter, low surface brightness.
Located 10' SSE of
Royal H. Frost discovered IC 3349 = F. 904 on a plate taken on 10 May 1904 at Harvard's Arequipa station using the 24" f/5.6 Bruce photographic refractor. He noted "vS, R, little brighter middle, magn 15."
******************************
12 26 51.1 +13 10 33; Vir
V = 14.9; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 168°
24" (5/29/14): extremely faint, small, round?,
~20" diameter, very low surface brightness. Situated 16.6' NE of
Arnold Schwassmann discovered IC 3355 = Sn. 251 on 17 Nov 1900 using a plate taken with the 6" astrograph at the Königstuhl Observatory in Heidelberg. Royal Frost also reported it on two plates taken at the Arequipa station in May 1904. He noted "streak; 1.0' by 0.2' at 170° (Sch 251)".
******************************
12 27 12.1 +09 24 37; Vir
V = 15.8; Size 0.35'x0.15'; PA = 154°
48" (3/1/19): at 488x; between faint and fairly faint,
small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, ~15"x7". Situated just 40" S of the center of
Arnold Schwassmann discovered IC 3366 = Sn. 105 on a plate
taken with a 6" astrograph on 15 Feb 1900 at the Königstuhl Observatory in
Heidelberg. His published RA is
about 4 seconds too large. This galaxy is too faint to be included in the CGCG
or MCG, so does not have a standard PGC number. As a result HyperLeda doesn't recognize
******************************
12 27 37.3 -39 20 17; Cen
V = 11.0; Size 2.9'x2.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 45°
18" (3/28/09): fairly bright, moderately large,
elongated 4:3 SW-NE. Appeared
unusually bright for an IC galaxy that was missed by John Herschel. Located 28' NW of mag 7.8
Lewis Swift discovered IC 3370 = Sw. 11-139 on 30 Jan 1898 and logged "pB; pL; R; 7m * with distant companion near p[receding]." Howe reobserved the galaxy in 1900 and reported "I see no "7m * nr p", but found one of mag 8.5, which precedes 15 seconds, 1.5' south." Howe measured an accurate micrometric position that was used in the IC 2.
******************************
12 28 14.9 +11 47 22; Vir
V = 13.4; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 110°
17.5" (4/18/87): faint, small, slightly elongated, weak
concentration. Located 2.2' S of a
mag 7.7
Arnold Schwassmann discovered IC 3381 = Sn. 192 on 12 Sep 1900 using a plate taken with the 6" astrograph at the Königstuhl Observatory in Heidelberg. Royal Frost also reported it on a plate taken at the Arequipa station on 10 May 1904. Frost noted "bM, R magn 14 (Sch 192)".
******************************
12 28 28.1 +12 49 25; Vir
V = 14.5; Size 0.7'x0.5'; PA = 73°
24" (4/28/14): very faint to faint, small, round,
15"-18" diameter, low even surface brightness. Located 15' SE of
Royal H. Frost discovered IC 3388 = F. 918 on a plate taken on 10 May 1904 at Harvard's Arequipa station using the 24" f/5.6 Bruce photographic refractor. He noted "R, little brighter middle, 0.2' dia, magn 15."
******************************
12 28 27.3 +18 24 54; Com
V = 13.3; Size 1.2'x0.9'; PA = 70°
14.5" (4/12/21): at 158x and 226x; nearly fairly faint
(visible continuously at 226x), fairly small, slightly elongated, ~40"
diameter. A mag 15 star is just visible at the SW edge. Mag 8.5
Édouard Stephan discovered IC 3391 = F. 919 on 2 May 1878. His uncorrected notebook position was nearly 4' SE, very similar to other errors that evening. Stephan didn't publish an accurate reduced position, so failed to receive credit.
Royal Frost recorded IC 3391 again on a plate taken on 7 May 1904 at Harvard's Arequipa Station. His description for #919 reads, "cS, vlE, suddenly brighter in the middle to a faint star [nucleus], ? spir." There is a faint star involved, though it's at the edge of the galaxy. The SDSS images shows a ring of HII knots with only a very faint, star-like nucleus at the center.
******************************
12 28 43.3 +14 59 58; Com
V = 12.2; Size 2.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 40°
17.5" (5/23/87): faint, fairly small, elongated SW-NE,
weak concentration. Located 14' E
of
Édouard Stephan discovered IC 3392 = F. 920 on 16 Apr 1879. His uncorrected position was 2' too far E (M85, the previous galaxy logged, was 3' too far E). Stephan never published the discovery, so this galaxy didn't receive a NGC designation.
Royal H. Frost rediscovered IC 3392 on a plate taken on 7 May 1904 at Harvard's Arequipa station using the 24" f/5.6 Bruce photographic refractor. He described #920 as "possible spiral, elliptical, 1.5' by 0.3' at 225°, Bright star in the middle." The star is certainly the nucleus.
******************************
IC 3393 = MCG +02-32-081 = CGCG 070-113 = PGC 41054
12 28 41.7 +12 54 57; Vir
V = 14.0; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 132°
24" (4/28/14): faint, small, elongated 5:3 NW-SE, 25"x15", low even surface brightness. Located 15' ESE of NGC 4438 in the core of the Virgo cluster. IC 3388 lies 6.5' SSW.
Royal H. Frost discovered IC 3393 = F. 921 on a plate taken on 10 May 1904 at Harvard's Arequipa station using the 24" f/5.6 Bruce photographic refractor. He noted "Elliptical, 0.5' by 0.2' at 125°, bM, magn 14."
******************************
12 30 10.4 +10 46 46; Vir
V = 12.7; Size 1.7'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 145°
17.5" (4/21/90): faint, fairly small, oval 3:2 NW-SE, almost even surface brightness.
Arnold Schwassmann found IC 3427 = Sn. 158 on 6 Sep 1900
using a plate taken with a 6" astrograph at Heidelberg, and later by Frost
at Harvard in 1904. William
Herschel made the original discovery on 15 Mar 1784 (sweep 174) but his
position for H. III-40 (later
******************************
12 30 59.7 +08 04 40; Vir
V = 12.6; Size 1.7'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.5
See observing notes for
Arnold Schwassmann found IC 3438 = Sn. 65 on 23 Jan 1900 using a plate taken with the 6" astrograph at the Königstuhl Observatory in Heidelberg. His position matches NGC 4492 (on a different plate he identified Sn. 64 as NGC 4492) and Dreyer recatalogued Sn. 65 as IC 3438 without noticing the positions were virtually identical. CGCG, UGC, CGCG, RC1, RC2, and PGC all equate IC 3438 = NGC 4492.
******************************
12 31 20.2 +14 06 55; Com
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.7'; PA = 20°
18" (5/12/07): this Virgo cluster dwarf was surprisingly
faint and appeared extremely faint, small, round, 20" diameter, low
surface brightness. Located 20' SW
of
Royal H. Frost discovered IC 3442 = F. 936 on a plate taken on 10 May 1904 at Harvard's Arequipa station using the 24" f/5.6 Bruce photographic refractor. He noted "F, R, little brighter middle, 0.2' dia." It was also discovered on plates taken with the Crossley reflector in 1898-1900, but not reported until 1908 (Publications of Lick Observatory, Vol VIII) as #457 of 744 new nebulae. Keeler wasn't mentioned in the IC II as the publication date was too late.
******************************
12 31 32.5 +11 37 29; Vir
V = 12.5; Size 2.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 65°
See observing notes for
Arnold Schwassmann found IC 3452 = Sn. 199 on 8 Sep 1900 using a plate taken by Wolf with the 6" astrograph at the Königstuhl Observatory in Heidelberg. His position (measured on two plates) matches NGC 4497, although both Schwassmann and Dreyer missed the earlier discovery.
******************************
12 32 14.2 +10 15 05; Vir
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x1.1'
48" (2/28/19): at 488x; bright, fairly large, round, 1.0' diameter, strong sharp concentration with a very bright core. A mag 15.5 star is 1.3' NE. Located 12' WSW of a mag 6.3 20 Virginis.
Royal H. Frost discovered IC 3468 = F. 948 on a plate taken on 10 May 1904 at Harvard's Arequipa Observatory in Peru.
******************************
12 32 23.4 +11 15 47; Vir
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.9'
24" (5/20/17): fairly faint, small, round, 18"
diameter, very weak concentration.
Picked up 6.6' NE of
24" (6/4/16): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 20" diameter, weak concentration. Located 6.7' NE of NGC 4503.
Royal Frost discovered IC 3470 = F. 950 on a plate taken on 10 May 1904 at Harvard's Arequipa Observatory in Peru. He noted, "bM, magn 13.5."
******************************
12 32 36.5 +02 39 41; Vir
V = 14.2; Size 2.3'x0.25'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 36°
24" (5/20/17): at 200x; very faint, moderately large, very elongated 5:1 SW-NE, 1.1'x0.2', very low surface brightness, no core or zones. A mag 11 star is 1.5' SSE. Located 23' due west of NGC 4527.
Isaac Roberts discovered IC 3474 on a photograph taken 25 Mar 1892 with his 20-inch reflector. He noted "pretty faint; elongated north following to south preceding; no structure or nucleus; 17th mag star on the north preceding side and a bright star on the south following side. 1894 March 25th."
******************************
12 32 41.9 +14 03 02; Com
V = 12.7; Size 2.1'x1.8'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 30°
48" (4/5/13): at 488x, this irregular galaxy appeared bright, fairly large, irregular, elongated ~2:1 SSW-NNE. Unusual asymmetric appearance with an extension to the southwest, which includes a small HII knot (possibly double), roughly 0.6' SW of center. The overall size is roughly 1.5'x0.8'. The noted HII region was the site of SN 1970A. Located 25' SSE of M88.
24" (5/20/17): at 200x; fairly faint, moderately large,
irregularly round, elongated ~4:3 SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.7'. Uneven surface brightness or knotty, very weak central
brighening with no distinct core or nucleus. Located 25' SSE of M88.
17.5" (4/25/87): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~N-S. Appears diffuse with just a weak concentration. Forms a pair with IC 3478 8' N.
Arnold Schwassmann discovered IC 3476 = Sn. 288 on 22 Nov 1900 using a plate taken by Wolf with the 6" astrograph at the Königstuhl Observatory in Heidelberg. Royal Frost also reported it on a plate taken at the Arequipa station on 10 May 1904. He noted "Fan-shaped, 1.0' by 0.5', bM (Sch 288)." Finally it was also discovered on plates taken with the Crossley reflector in 1898-1900, but not reported until 1908 (Publications of Lick Observatory, Vol VIII) as #464 of 744 new nebulae.
******************************
IC 3478 = UGC 7696 = MCG +02-32-126 = CGCG 070-158 = PGC 41614
12 32 44.2 +14 11 46; Com
V = 13.6; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 105°
24" (5/20/17): faint, small, irregular round, diffuse, 0.4' diameter, very faint stellar nucleus. Located 17' SE of M88 and 8.8' N of IC 3476.
Arnold Schwassmann discovered IC 3478 = Sn. 289 on 22 Nov 1900 using a plate taken by Wolf with the 6" astrograph at the Königstuhl Observatory in Heidelberg. Royal Frost also reported it on a plate taken at the Arequipa station on 10 May 1904 and noted "bM, magn. 15 (Sch. 289)." Finally it was also discovered on plates taken with the Crossley reflector in 1898-1900, but not reported until 1908 (Publications of Lick Observatory, Vol VIII) as #465 of 744 new nebulae.
******************************
12 32 52.2 +11 24 15; Vir
V = 13.6; Size 0.9'x0.8'
24" (6/4/16): fairly faint to moderately bright, small, round, fairly high surface brightness, 20" diameter, fairly bright stellar nucleus. Based on my size estimate, I only noticed the bright core region.
IC 3481 is the first of three in a linear trio (
Royal Frost discovered IC 3481 = F. 953 on a plate taken 10 May 1904 at Harvard's Arequipa Observatory in Peru. He noted, "bM, magn 13."
Fritz Zwicky first discussed the interaction between IC
3481, 3481A and 3483, in his 1952 paper "Luminous Intergalactic
Matter". It was also
discussed in his 1956 paper "Multiple Galaxies"
(1956ErNW...29..344Z). The trio is
identified as "Zwicky's Triplet" in the RC2, although
******************************
IC 3483 = Arp 175 NED03 = VV 43c = MCG +02-32-129 = CGCG 070-160 = PGC 41670 = Zwicky's Triplet
12 33 10.1 +11 20 50; Vir
V = 14.5; Size 0.85'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 177°
24" (6/4/16): faint to fairly faint, elongated 5:2 N-S, 36"x15", low surface brightness. Situated just southwest of a mag 10 star. Third in a linear trio (Zwicky's System or Triplet) with IC 3481A 4.1 NW and IC 3481 5.5' NW. The latter two galaxy are interacting, but IC 3483 lies well in the foreground.
Royal Frost discovered IC 3483 = F. 955, along with IC 3481, on a plate taken 10 May 1904 at Harvard's Arequipa Observatory in Peru. He noted, "bM, magn 14."
******************************
12 33 45.0 +10 59 45; Vir
V = 13.3; Size 1.4'x0.45'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 125°
24" (5/20/17): at 375x; fairly faint to moderately
bright, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE, ~45"x15". Contains a relatively large bright elongated core that
gradually increases to a small bright nucleus with direct vision. Situated 10' NW of mag 7.6 HD
109401.
Royal Frost discovered IC 3499 = F. 959 on a plate taken on 10 May 1904 at Harvard's Arequipa Observatory in Peru. He noted, "bM, wisps extend each side 0.3' at 130°."
******************************
IC 3510 = UGC 7728 = MCG +02-32-142 = CGCG 070-173 = PGC 41803
12 34 14.8 +11 04 17; Vir
V = 14.2; Size 0.8'x0.6'; PA = 0°
24" (5/20/17): at 375x; very faint, fairly small, low surface brightniess, no structure, 15" diameter. A mag 13.5 star at the northeast edge interferes with viewing. IC 3499 lies 8.6' NE.
Royal Frost discovered IC 3510 = F. 963 on a plate taken on 10 May 1904 at Harvard's Arequipa Observatory in Peru. He noted, "bM, magn. 15, 10 magn. star nf." His position is accurate.
******************************
12 34 55.9 +15 33 56; Com
V = 14.4; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5" (5/23/87): extremely faint and small, round. Forms the fainter member of a pair 2'
ENE of
Royal H. Frost discovered IC 3528 = F. 970 on a plate taken on 7 May 1904 at Harvard's Arequipa station. He noted "bM, magn 14."
******************************
12 35 41.2 +26 31 23; Com
V = 12.1; Size 1.9'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 125°
See observing notes for
Max Wolf found IC 3545 = W. IV-211 on a Heidelberg plate taken on 23 Mar 1903. His position is a perfect match with NGC 4555, discovered by William Herschel. Wolf mistakenly labeled a much fainter nearby galaxy as NGC 4555, and assumed he had found a new one. So, IC 3545 = NGC 4555.
******************************
12 35 41.7 +26 13 20; Com
V = 14.3; Size 0.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 139°
17.5" (5/13/88): very faint, very small, roundish. Forms the east vertex of an equilateral
triangle with two mag 15 stars 1.3' WSW and 1.3' WNW. Located 17' NW of
17.5" (5/10/86): faint, small, roundish at 222x.
Max Wolf discovered IC 3546 = W. IV-222 on a Heidelberg plate taken 23 Mar 1903. He reported "F, S, lE 150°." It was also discovered on plates taken with the Crossley reflector in 1898-1900, but not reported until 1908 (Publications of Lick Observatory, Vol VIII) as #513 of 744 new nebulae. Keeler wasn't mentioned in the IC II as it was already being published.
******************************
12 35 52.1 +27 55 55; Com
Size 0.2'
48" (4/7/13): IC 3550 appeared as a faint, very small,
8" HII knot in
Max Wolf discovered IC 3550 = W. IV-218, along with
******************************
12 35 53.7 +27 57 51; Com
Size 10"
48" (4/7/13): IC 3551 is a faint, 10" HII knot on the west side of the core of NGC 4559, 0.9' WNW of center.
Max Wolf discovered IC 3551 = W. IV-219 on a Heidelberg plate taken 23 Mar 1903.
******************************
12 35 55.2 +27 55 38; Com
48" (4/7/13): this mag 15 star is off the south side of NGC 4559, 2.0' from center. IC 3550 = NGC 4559C, an HII region, lies 0.8' WNW.
Max Wolf discovered IC 3554 = W. IV-222 on a Heidelberg plate taken 23 Mar 1903. This is the only object he catalogued within NGC 4559 that is not an HII region or star cloud.
******************************
12 35 55.9 +27 59 20; Com
Size 0.3'x0.1'
48" (4/7/13): IC 3555 is faint, 20"x10" HII
region in NGC 4559, extended NW-SE, situated 1.8' NNW of center in the
halo.
Max Wolf discovered IC 3555 = W. IV-223 on a Heidelberg plate taken 23 Mar 1903. The identification is certain.
******************************
12 35 58.5 +26 57 57; Com
V = 14.7; Size 0.8'x0.5'; PA = 177°
18" (5/12/07): very faint, small, slightly elongated
N-S, 20"x15". Located 2'
SE of
Max Wolf discovered IC 3556 = W. IV-225 on a Heidelberg
plate taken 23 Mar 1903. He
reported "F, S, R, bM."
Although his position is accurate, the
******************************
12 36 03.4 +26 59 14; Com
V = 15.7; Size 0.5'x0.2'; PA = 69°
18" (5/12/07): this marginal object was only glimpsed knowing the exact location in the NGC 4556 group. Located 2.4' E of NGC 4558 and 1.7' NE of IC 3556 in a tight group of a half dozen galaxies.
Max Wolf discovered IC 3559 = W. IV-226 on a Heidelberg plate taken 23 Mar 1903. He reported "vF, vS, R, bM." MCG, PGC and HyperLeda omit the NGC label, although the identification is certain.
******************************
12 36 04.8 +26 53 58; Com
V = 14.7; Size 0.6'x0.2'; PA = 71°
18" (5/12/07): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Located 4.2' ESE of NGC 4556 in a small group of galaxies.
Max Wolf discovered IC 3561 = W. IV-228 on a Heidelberg plate taken 23 Mar 1903. He reported "cF, vS, R, bM *."
******************************
12 36 07.2 +27 55 38; Com
Size 6"
48" (4/7/13): IC 3563 is a very compact HII region and
Max Wolf discovered IC 3563 = W. IV-229 on a Heidelberg plate taken 23 Mar 1903.
******************************
12 36 08.1 +27 55 42; Com
Size 15"
48" (4/7/13): IC 3564 is a stellar association attached to IC 3563 near the southeast end of NGC 4559. At 375x, both objects were easily visible, but not resolved, as a fairly faint 20" patch, 3' from center.
Max Wolf discovered IC 3564 = W. IV-230 on a Heidelberg plate taken 23 Mar 1903.
******************************
12 33 06.7 +82 33 50; Cam
V = 10.6; Size 18"
48" (11/1/13 and 4/29/22): at 488x unfiltered; extremely high surface brightness disc, ~8" diameter. The mag 13.5 central star was only occasionally visible in very soft seeing. A fairly bright outer halo increased the diameter 2.5 times to roughly 20". A mag 13 star is just off the west side, ~15" from center (forms the double A 9001).
18" (11/7/07): at 450x unfiltered a very bright, high surface brightness disc 6"-8" in diameter is surrounded by a much fainter 15"-18" halo. With direct vision, the difficult mag 13.5 central star was sometimes visible within the very high surface brightness glow. The outer envelope appeared round, though with a uneven or fuzzy edge. A mag 13.5-14 star is close off the west edge just 15" from the center and a mag 11.5 star lies 1.6' SSW.
18" (2/16/07): at 323x unfiltered, this small planetary is dominated by a 6"-8" high surface brightness disc. Surrounding this well-defined disc is a much fainter, round outer halo of 15"-18". A mag 13.5 star is just off the west edge of this outer halo. With direct vision what appeared to be the central star occasionally popped out in the center of the very high surface brightness glow.
17.5" (5/15/99): at 220x unfiltered, appears as a very small, high surface brightness disc, ~10" diameter with a mag 13.5-14 star close off the west edge. At 380x, the disc is concentrated to a quasi-stellar nucleus, but it was difficult to distinguish the central star due to the high surface brightness glow. Surrounding the central region is a much fainter, round, outer shell that increases the diameter to 15"-20". Seeing not steady enough for higher power.
13.1" (3/17/85): at 144x; bright, small, round, high surface brightness disc 15" diameter. A mag 13.5 star is almost in contact at the west edge 15" from the center.
8": just non-stellar at 100x, definite disc seen at 165x. This planetary can take high power due to its high surface brightness.
Robert G. Aitken discovered IC 3568 visually on 31 Aug 1900 while examining Comet Borrelly-Brooks (1900 b) with the 12-inch refractor at Lick Observatory. The next night he examined it with the 36-inch and found a nebulous star or planetary with a mag 10.5-11 central star (BD +83°.357) within a 5"-6" halo. He noted it formed a 14.8" double (A 9001) with a mag 13 star. This object is Aitken's only discovery in the IC.
Based on Crossley photographs at Lick, Curtis (1918) reported "the nucleus is surrounded by very bright matter in a disk 18" in diameter, apparently perfectly round, and fading out a little at the edges."
In the 1956 book "Gaseous Nebulae", Lawrence Aller
stated that IC 3568 most closely approximated the "theoretician's
planetary nebula". The 1987
study "The shapes and shaping of the planetary nebulae IC 3568,
Brian Skiff notes the UGC misidentification (
******************************
12 36 08.2 +19 19 20; Com
V = 12.5; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 30°
See observing notes for
Royal Frost found IC 3569 = F.978 on a plate taken 9 May 1904 at Arequipa on a Bruce 24-inch plate. He reported it in Harvard Annals 60 as new, though his position is just 11 seconds of RA east of NGC 4561. Dreyer apparently thought it was new, but NGC 4561 = IC 3569.
******************************
12 36 37.7 +06 37 15; Vir
V = 13.5; Size 2.3'x2.1'; Surf Br = 15.0
24" (5/20/17): very faint, moderately large, very diffuse, very low surface brightness, ~1' diameter. On the SDSS, this galaxy appears to be a blue, barred Magellanic-type irregular.
Arnold Schwassmann discovered IC 3576 on a plate taken 8 Nov 1899 with the 6" astrograph at the Konigstuhl Observatory in Heidelberg. His position is accurate.
******************************
12 36 43.5 +13 15 34; Vir
V = 12.8; Size 2.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 0°
24" (6/4/16): at 322x; faint, fairly small, roughly
oval 5:3 N-S, low even surface brightness, diffuse appearance with no
structure. A mag 13 star is at the
southeast edge and a mag 11 star is 1' NE of the geometric center. Located 6' NNW of
Isaac Roberts discovered IC 3583 on a photograph taken 29 Apr 1892 with a 20" reflector at his Starfield observatory in Crowborough, Sussex. He described "a streak of nebulosity extending in north preceding direction from a 13th mag star; two 12th mag stars near, and the faint comes of the one on the north following side seems to touch the nebulosity." Frost also catalogued it based on a plate taken 10 May 1904 at Harvard's Arequipa station. He noted "Elliptical, 1.1' x 0.2' at 185°, a 13 mag * f[ollows] 2 or 3 s[econds]."
******************************
12 36 39.9 +26 49 48; Com
V = 13.4; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 126°
18" (5/12/07): faint, small, round, 20" diameter, weak even concentration. A mag 12-12.5 star lies 0.8' S. Located 13' SE of NGC 4556 in a group.
Max Wolf discovered IC 3585 = W. IV-239 on a Heidelberg plate taken 23 Mar 1903. He noted "cF, S, neb *."
******************************
12 36 56.4 +14 13 02; Com
V = 11.3; Size 3.6'x3.2'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 55°
See observing notes for
Arnold Schwassmann found IC 3588 = Sn. 293 on 12 Sep 1900 using a plate taken by Wolf the 6" astrograph at the Königstuhl Observatory in Heidelberg. His position matches NGC 4571, although he misidentified the nearby 14th mag star to the west (Sn. 292) as NGC 4571 and assumed Sn. 293 was new, despite a good position in the NGC. So, IC 3588 = NGC 4571.
******************************
12 37 41.1 +27 07 44; Com
Size 0.7'x0.4'; PA = 134°
18" (5/12/07): very faint, extremely small, round, 10" diameter. Located to the NE of the core of the NGC 4556 group (29' NE of NGC 4556).
Max Wolf discovered IC 3600 = W. IV-240 on a Heidelberg plate taken 23 Mar 1903. He noted "F, vS, neb *."
******************************
12 40 52.9 -36 45 21; Cen
V = 12.2; Size 1.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.4
24" (5/22/17): moderately bright, fairly small, round,
0.6' diameter, small bright nucleus.
A mag 13.5 star is off the southwest edge [37" from center]. IC 3639 forms a pair with ring galaxy
ESO 381-009 appeared very faint, very small, roundish, 20" diameter. Only the core/nucleus was seen and not the halo/ring. A mag 13.7 is at the east edge [25" from center].
Lewis Swift discovered IC 3639 = Sw. 11-140 on 15 Feb 1898 and recorded "pF; pS; 2 or 3 vF st in contact." Herbert Howe reobserved this object in 1900 and reported "Instead of "2 or 3 vF st in contact," I noticed only one of mag 12.5 south and a little preceding." Howe's micrometric position is accurate.
******************************
12 41 15.7 +11 23 14; Vir
V = 13.6; Size 0.7'x0.7'
24" (5/22/17): at 375x; fairly faint, fairly small,
round, 20" diameter. Moderate
surface brightness with only a broad, weak concentration and no distinct
core/nucleus. Located 19' SW of
Royal Frost discovered IC 3653 on taken 10 May 1904. His position is accurate.
******************************
12 41 39.4 +12 14 51; Vir
V = 15.1; Size 0.9'x0.55'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 175°
24" (5/24/20): at 225x; extremely faint, small,
roundish, very low even surface brightness, 15"-20" diameter. Located 19' WSW of
Royal Frost discovered IC 3663 = F. 1014 on a plate taken at
Harvard's Arequipa Station on 10 May 1904. This galaxy is not in PGC and HyperLEDA fails to label PGC
42586 as IC 3663. Corwin notes IC
3663 has sometimes been misapplied to
******************************
12 41 32.5 +41 09 02; CVn
V = 10.8; Size 4.2'x3.4'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 25°
See observing notes for
Max Wolf found IC 3667 = W. V. 1 on a Heidelberg plate taken 21 Mar 1903. His position is identical to NGC 4618, so apparently both Wolf and Dreyer completely missed the earlier identity.
******************************
12 41 32.9 +41 07 26; CVn
V = 14.9; Size 0.4'x0.2'; PA = 31°
48" (4/7/13): IC 3668 is a bright, elongated HII region(s) at the south end of the singe prominent arm of NGC 4618 = Arp 23, ~20"x10". Situated 1.7' S of center.
18" (5/15/10): extending mostly to the south side of the central bar of NGC 4618 is a faint, beefy arm that often appears detached and barely connected on the east end of the central region. This broad arm winds counterclockwise from east to south roughly 100° with IC 3668, the brightest region or knot, near the south end of the arm, ~1.8' from the center of the bar.
William Herschel possibly discovered IC 3668 = Wolf V-2 on 9 Apr 1787 in his observation of NGC 4618. He recorded "Two. The most north considerably or very bright. The most south pretty bright. Their nebulosities run into each other; the most north very much brighter in the middle." The southern object may be IC 3668, the HII complex on the south end of the galaxy, or it could refer to the halo on the south side.
John Herschel also called this galaxy double. On 12 Apr 1830 he logged, "Double; a bright, large nebula, gradually brighter middle, with a faint one attached, 70° sf, so as to run together into one; moonlight." JH included two GC designations, but Dreyer combined them in the NGC.
NGC 4618 was observed several times at Birr Castle and two knots were clearly noted on the south side, probably IC 3668 and 3669. On 10 Apr 1855, R.J. Mitchell wrote, "The s branch is patchy, having 2 B spots near p end." Three nights later he added "Seen as before, I susp a * in the f of the 2 knots in s branch." On 27 Mar 1868, C.E. Burton remarked, "The s end of annulus suspected to have two B patches in it." Max Wolf independently discovered IC 3668 on a Heidelberg plate taken 21 Mar 1903 and is credited in the IC. He noted "pF, pS, iF, N."
******************************
12 41 35.9 +41 08 10; CVn
48" (4/7/13): IC 3669 is a brighter arc or section of the single broad arm on the southeast side about 1' SE of the core of NGC 4618.
R.J. Mitchell probably discovered IC 3669, along with IC 3668, during an observation of NGC 4618. On 10 Apr 1855, he wrote, "The s branch is patchy, having 2 B spots near p end." Three nights later he added "Seen as before, I susp a * in the f of the 2 knots in s branch." A later observation in 1868 by C.E. Burton also noted, "The s end of annulus suspected to have two B patches in it.; S st inv." Max Wolf independently discovered IC 3669 = W. V-3 on a Heidelberg plate taken 21 Mar 1903. Wolf is credited with the discovery in the IC.
******************************
12 42 08.7 +11 45 15; Vir
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.9'
48" (4/19/17): at 697x; moderately to fairly bright, fairly large, slightly elongated 5:4 NW-SE, contains a large brighter core but no nucleus, and a low surface brightness outer halo ~50"x40". A mag 10.9 star is 1.2' SSW. Picked up 6.6' NNE of M59.
24" (5/22/17): at 375x; fairly faint, fairly small, round, 25" diameter, fairly even surface brightness. Situated 1.2' NNE of an 11th magnitude star and 6.5' NNE of M59.
Arnold Schwassmann found IC 3672 = Sn. 213 on a plate taken
by Max Wolf with a 6-inch astrograph at the Heidelberg Observatory in Sep
1900. He noted "F, S, R,
li[ke] *12." His position (2 measures)
matches
******************************
12 41 52.7 +41 16 26; CVn
V = 12.3; Size 2.2'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.8
See observing notes for
Max Wolf found IC 3675 = W. V. 4 on a Heidelberg plate taken on 21 Mar 1803. His position matches NGC 4625, but both Wolf and Dreyer missed the equivalence. So, IC 3675 = NGC 4625 (similarly, IC 3667 = NGC 4618).
******************************
12 42 37.2 +14 21 31; Com
V = 13.1; Size 2.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 30°
See observing notes for
Arnold Schwassmann found IC 3688 = Sn. 295 on 23 Nov 1900 using a plate taken by Wolf with a 6" astrograph at the Heidelberg Observatory. His position matches NGC 4633, discovered earlier by Edward Swift. Lewis and Dreyer assumed Sn. 295 was new, possibly due to the discrepancy in RA. All modern sources equate NGC 4633 = IC 3688.
******************************
12 46 56.8 +09 51 26; Vir
V = 14.5; Size 0.7'x0.55'; Surf Br = 13.2
24" (6/3/19): at 322x; fairly faint, small, round,
24" diameter, contains a very small brighter core. Slightly smaller than similar
Arnold Schwassmann rediscovered IC 3764 = Sn. 149 on a Heidelberg plate taken 20 Feb 1900 with the 6" Astrocamera. This galaxy was discovered by Lewis Swift, along with IC 816, on 5 May 1888. Neither Schwassmann or Dreyer noted the close agreement in position with IC 816. So, IC 3764 = IC 817.
******************************
12 47 32.1 +54 22 29; UMa
V = 13.4; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 80°
See observing notes for
Lewis Swift found IC 3791 = Sw. 11-141 on 23 May 1897 and
reported "eeeF; S; cE; [
******************************
12 48 45.9 +35 19 58; CVn
V = 13.4; Size 1.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 40°
16" LX200 (4/14/07): fairly faint, moderately large,
elongated 2:1 SW-NE, broad weak concentration.
17.5" (4/28/89): fairly faint, elongated SW-NE,
gradually brighter halo. Located
6.2' WNW of mag 7.7
17.5": fairly faint, fairly small, elongated SSW-NNE, weak concentration. Located 7' W of mag 8 star.
Max Wolf found IC 3804 on a Heidelberg plate taken on 21 Mar
1903. His position and description matches
******************************
12 48 55.5 +14 54 28; Com
V = 13.6; Size 1.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 177°
17.5" (5/14/94): faint, small, elongated 2:1 N-S,
1.0'x0.5', no concentration. A mag
10 star is 9.1' SSE. Picked up
viewing
Royal H. Frost discovered IC 3806 = F. 1039 on two plates taken from May 1904 at Harvard's Arequipa station. He noted "R, 0.2' diam, bM, mag 13.5."
******************************
12 50 02.3 -25 55 14; Hya
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 179°
14.5" (4/12/21): at 158x and 226x; fairly faint, fairly
small, round, 25" diameter, small brighter core/nucleus. A small group of 5 mag 13-14 star is a
couple of arc minutes E. Mag 8.4
Member of a group (LGG 310) of mostly ESO galaxies, but
which also includes
Lewis Swift discovered IC 3813 = Sw. 11-143 on 1 Jan 1898
and recorded "eeeF; S; E; 8m * nf." His position was 18 seconds of
time too large, but accurate in declination and an 8th magnitude star is 5'
NNE. Howe measured an accurate
position the following year that was used in the
******************************
12 50 52.1 -14 29 31; Crv
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 60°
18" (5/16/09): very faint, small, slightly elongated
~N-S, 24"x20". A mag
14.7 star is just 34' S of center.
Located 10' S of the
Herbert Howe found IC 3827 = Ho I-15 on 20 Apr 1898. He gave a micrometric position in the
notes to list III (MN LX. 2), though it's 5.5 seconds of time too large. According to Harold Corwin, Bigourdan's
#304 (later
******************************
12 52 13.3 -29 50 26; Hya
V = 11.6; Size 2.7'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 9°
14.5" (4/12/21): relatively bright, moderately large and surprisingly easy at 226x. Contains a strong bright core with faint extension ~5:2 N-S, ~1.0'x0.4'. Two mag 14/13.5 stars, situated 2' NNE and 3' NNE, are collinear with the galaxy and several mag 13.5-14.5 stars are 2'-3' S.
Lewis Swift discovered IC 3829 = Sw. 11-144 on 31 Jan 1898
and wrote "B; S; lE." (11th AN list). The nearest galaxy to his position is
******************************
IC 3831 = MCG -02-33-027 = PGC 43536
12 51 18.6 -14 34 25; Crv
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 151°
18" (5/16/09): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated
5:3 NW-SE, gradually increases to the center with a small bright core. IC 3827 lies 8' NW.
Guillaume Bigourdan discovered IC 3831 = Big. 301 = Ho II-10 on 14 Apr 1895. Herbert Howe independently discovered it in on 11 May 1899, noted "F; vS; R" and measured an accurate position (used in the IC 2).
******************************
12 51 32.3 -13 19 48; Crv
V = 12.9; Size 1.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 35°
18" (5/16/09): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, 1.2'x0.5'. Contains a round bright core that increases to the center with direct vision.
17.5" (3/16/96): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated
2:1 SW-NE, 1.0'x0.4', small bright core.
A mag 14 star lies 1.1' E of center. In field with
Guillaume Bigourdan found IC 3833 = Big. 302 on 15 Apr
1895. His position matches PGC
43560, which was likely one of two galaxies discovered by Wilhelm Tempel in
1882 and catalogued as
******************************
12 51 32.3 -14 13 15; Crv
V = 13.6; Size 0.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 85°
18" (5/16/09): faint, small, round, low even surface brightness. A mag 15 star lies 43" W of center. Located 11' NE of NGC 4727/4724 pair.
Guillaume Bigourdan discovered IC 3834 = Big. 302 on 14 Apr
1895. His position matches PGC
43559, a galaxy often taken as
******************************
12 54 12.3 +18 57 05; Com
V = 17.9; Size 0.2'x0.15'; PA = 146°
48" (4/2/11): IC 3864 is one of the very faintest
entries in the entire IC. This
galaxy is located at the west end of
Max Wolf discovered IC 3864 = W. VI-80, along with several other faint IC galaxies within AGC 1638, on a Heidelberg plate taken 27 Jan 1904. He reported "vF, vS, iF, * 14 s 30"; many other neb about."
******************************
12 54 19.6 +18 56 30; Com
V = 15.6; Size 0.5'x0.3'; PA = 115°
48" (4/2/11): fairly faint, small, oval 4:3 NW-SE,
20"x15". Brightest of 7
in AGC 1638 along with IC 3864,
Max Wolf discovered IC 3867 = W. VI-83, along with several other faint IC galaxies within AGC 1638, on a Heidelberg plate taken 27 Jan 1904. He reported "vF, S, iF, N."
******************************
12 54 21.3 +18 58 17; Com
V = 16.4; Size 0.3'x0.2'
48" (4/2/11): very faint, very small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 0.3'x0.2'. Located 1.8' NNE of IC 3867 in a faint group of IC galaxies within AGC 1638.
Max Wolf discovered IC 3869 = W. VI-85, along with several other faint IC galaxies within AGC 1638, on a Heidelberg plate taken 27 Jan 1904. He reported "vF, vS, iF, N."
******************************
12 54 25.7 +18 55 45; Com
V = 15.9; Size 0.4'x0.4'; PA = 13°
48" (4/2/11): faint, very small, round, 9" diameter. Located 1.6' SE of IC 3867 in a 5' group of 6 IC galaxies at the west side of AGC 1638
Max Wolf discovered IC 3871 = W. VI-87, along with several other faint IC galaxies within AGC 1638, on a Heidelberg plate taken 27 Jan 1904. He reported "vF, vS, R, bM."
******************************
12 54 30.6 +18 57 47; Com
V = 15.9; Size 0.3'x0.3'
48" (4/2/11): faint, very small, round, 12" diameter. IC 3874 lies 1' ESE. A mag 16-16.5 star lies 1.2' ESE. Located on the west side of AGC 1638 in a 5' group of a half-dozen IC galaxies.
Max Wolf discovered IC 3872 = W. VI-88, along with several other faint IC galaxies within AGC 1638, on a Heidelberg plate taken 27 Jan 1904. He reported "vF, vS, iF, N."
******************************
12 54 34.4 +18 57 25 ; Com
V = 15.9; Size 0.4'x0.3'; PA = 101°
48" (4/2/11): faint, very small, round, 12" diameter. Similar IC 3874 lies 1' WNW. This pair of galaxies is at the east end of 5' circlet of 6 IC galaxies on the west side of AGC 1638. A mag 16.3 star lies 22" SE of center.
Max Wolf discovered IC 3874 = W. VI-90, along with several other faint IC galaxies within AGC 1638, on a Heidelberg plate taken 27 Jan 1904. He reported "vF, vS, iF, * 15 sf 0.3'."
******************************
12 55 00.3 +19 00 42; Com
V = 17.4; Size 0.2'x0.2'
48" (4/2/11): extremely faint and small, 6"
diameter. This galaxy was chosen
to track down as it one of the faintest galaxies listed in the IC! Located 17' ESE of mag 7.1
Max Wolf discovered IC 3886 = W. VI-98, along with several other faint IC galaxies within AGC 1638, on a Heidelberg plate taken 27 Jan 1904. He reported "vF, vS, iF, bM.", with the note "Ch!! conn 1'n, &&, viF." Harold Corwin translates this description as "Very remarkable chain connecting 1 arcmin north, very irregular figure." Although there are two stars 1' north, they are not connected in any way to this extremely faint galaxy.
******************************
12 56 43.2 -50 20 49; Cen
V = 10.9; Size 2.5'x1.9'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 10°
24" (4/11/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at
260x, this galaxy appeared fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 ~N-S,
1.2'x0.8'. Sharply concentrated
with a very small, very bright core ~10" diameter.
Royal H. Frost discovered IC 3896 = F. 1040 on two plates taken in May 1904 at Harvard's Arequipa station. He noted "bM, magn 14."
******************************
12 55 41.4 +27 15 02; Com
V = 14.0; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 177°
17.5" (5/14/94): fairly faint, very small, round, high
surface brightness, weakly concentrated, occasional stellar nucleus. Collinear with a mag 13 star and a mag
10.5 star 1.3' S and 3.1' S of center, respectively. Easily picked up 14.5' SW of
Stephane Javelle discovered IC 3900 = J. 3-1228 on 25 Jun 1903 with the 30-inch refractor at the Nice Observatory.
******************************
12 58 10.4 -22 52 34; Hya
V = 12.6; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 170°
24" (3/31/22): at 226x; relatively bright for an IC
galaxy, easily held with direct vision, bright core, elongated 4:3 or 3:2 N-S,
~40" length. A mag 12.3 star
is 1.5' N and a similar star is 2' NNW.
Located 11' SE of mag 6.3
Lewis Swift discovered IC 3927 = Sw. 11-145 on 21 Apr 1898 and called it "eeeF; eeeS; 3 vF stars north; 7m * south, another north preceding." His position is off by 3' (too far SE), but his detailed description of the nearby stars is a perfect match.
Herbert Howe followed up in his large series of observations in 1899-1900 with the 20-inch refractor in Denver: "This is larger and much brighter than the description "eeeF, eeeS" impllies. The nearest of the "3 very faintstars north" is of mag 10, and precedes 5 seconds, 1.0' north. The "7m *" is 10' distant." Howe measured an accurate position used in the IC2.
******************************
12 58 12.7 +26 23 49; Com
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 175°
See observing notes for
Stephane Javelle found IC 3935 = J. 3-1230 on 12 Jun
1895. His position matches UGC
8086. This galaxy was originally
discovered by Truman Safford on 16 May 1866 and listed as #23 in his discovery
list (later NGC 4849). His RA was
8 seconds too large. Both d'Arrest
and Spitaler also measured this galaxy, but neither gave an accurate
position. CGCG mislabels this
galaxy as
******************************
12 58 36.4 +28 06 49; Com
V = 14.5; Size 0.7'x0.2'; PA = 59°
24" (6/3/19): at 322x; faint, fairly small, elongated
2:1 or 5:2 SW-NE, ~24"x10".
Located 3.8' SE of
18" (4/20/12): at 282x this Coma cluster member appeared faint, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 21"x10". Situated at the midpoint of a mag 14.8 star 1.3' SSW and a mag 13.5 star 1.3' NNE.
17.5" (4/21/90): very faint, very small, slightly
elongated. Located between two mag
13 and 15 stars. Member of AGC
1656 with the
Hermann Kobold discovered IC 3943 = K. 2-7 on 28 May 1895 with the 18-inch refractor at the Strasbourg Observatory.
******************************
12 58 48.7 +27 48 37; Com
V = 14.0; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 80°
17.5" (4/21/90): very faint, small, elongated 2:1
WSW-ENE. A mag 14 star is 1.1'
NW. Located in AGC 1656 with IC
3949 2.1' NE and
Hermann Kobold discovered IC 3946 = K. 2-8, along with IC 3947 and 3949, on 12 May 1896 with the 18-inch refractor at the Strasbourg Observatory. He noted "F, pS, bM." and measured an accurate micrometric position.
******************************
IC 3947 = CGCG 160-211 = PGC 44515
12 58 52.1 +27 47 05; Com
V = 14.5; Size 0.3'x0.2'
17.5" (4/21/90): extremely faint and small, round. Located in AGC 1656 with IC 3946 1.7'
NNW and
Hermann Kobold discovered IC 3947 = K. 2-9, along with IC
3946 and 3949, on 12 May 1896 with the 18-inch refractor at the Strasbourg
Observatory. His micrometric
position matches
******************************
IC 3949 = UGC 8096 = MCG +05-31-052 = PGC 44524
12 58 56.1 +27 49 59; Com
V = 14.3; Size 1.0'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 73°
17.5" (4/21/90): very faint, fairly small, edge-on
SW-NE, weak concentration. A mag
12.5 star is 1.5' N. Located in a
rich section of AGC 1656 with IC 3946 2.1' SW,
13.1" (4/28/84): very faint, elongated. Situated between two stars in AGC 1656.
Hermann Kobold discovered IC 3949 = K. 2-10, along with IC 3946 and 3947, on 12 May 1896 with the 18-inch refractor at the Strasbourg Observatory. He described it as "F, pS, E."
******************************
12 59 06.0 +27 59 48; Com
V = 14.4; Size 0.6'x0.4'; PA = 41°
18" (4/20/12): faint, small, elongated 5:3 SSW-NNE,
~20"x12". Located 7' WNW
of
17.5" (4/21/90): extremely faint and small, round. Located 2' NW of the NGC 4864/
Hermann Kobold discovered IC 3955 = K. 2-11 on 22 Apr 1895 with the 18-inch refractor at Strasbourg and recorded "vF, S, N 14 mag."
******************************
12 59 07.5 +27 46 04; Com
V = 14.8; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7
48" (5/10/18): at 610x; moderately bright, fairly
small, round, 0.3' diameter, very small bright nucleus. Forms the SW vertex of a small triangle
with similar
17.5" (4/28/90): extremely faint and small, round. In a close trio with
Hermann Kobold discovered IC 3957 = K. 2-12 on 12 May 1896 with the 18-inch refractor at Strasbourg and recorded "cF, vS, R, bM."
******************************
IC 3959 = MCG +05-31-059 = CGCG 160-218 = PGC 44553
12 59 08.2 +27 47 02; Com
V = 14.3; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.8
48" (5/10/18): at 610x; moderately bright, fairly small, round, 25" diameter, very small bright core. Forms the NW vertex of a small isosceles triangle with IC 3957 1' S and IC 3963 1.3' SE.
QSO
17.5" (4/21/90): very faint, very small, round. A mag 12.5 star is 1.6' NNW. In a close trio with IC 3957 1.0' S and IC 3963 1.3' SE, also IC 3947 lies 3.5' W. Located in a rich section of AGC 1656.
Hermann Kobold discovered IC 3959 = K. 2-13 on 12 May 1896 with the 18-inch refractor at Strasbourg and recorded "F, pS, R, little brighter in the middle."
******************************
IC 3960 = MCG +05-31-055 = CGCG 160-219 = PGC 44551
12 59 07.9 +27 51 18; Com
V = 14.9; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5" (4/21/90): extremely faint, very small,
round. Located 8.8' SW of
Hermann Kobold discovered IC 3960 = K. 2-14 on 12 May 1896 with the 18-inch refractor at Strasbourg and recorded "vF, pS, diffic."
******************************
12 59 01.8 +34 51 39; CVn
V = 12.3; Size 4.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 15°
48" (4/7/13): very unusual appearance at 488x as the
galaxy is dominated by a very high surface brightness HII region (
17.5" (1/23/93): faint, very elongated SSW-NNE, even low surface brightness. Located between two mag 12 stars at low power. The "star" at the SSW end is slightly nebulous at 166x and appears as a definite nonstellar knot at 332x. UGC and CGCG misidentify this HII region as NGC 4861 (and the galaxy as IC 3961). This is one of the few extragalactic HII regions which responds to OIII filtration.
13.1" (2/23/85): faint, elongated streak SSW-NNE. Stretches between two 12th magnitude "stars". The star at the south end is actually a giant HII region and it appears slightly fuzzy at 166x and clearly nonstellar at 312x.
Max Wolf found IC 3961 = W. V-103 in 1903 on a Heidelberg plate. His postion, comments ("pL, pF, elongated in PA 30°) and note ("between two mag 12 stars") matches NGC 4861. Harold Corwin notes that one of the mag 12 stars is the prominent HII region. See NGC 4861.
UGC and CGCG identify the main galaxy as IC 3961 and the bright HII knot as NGC 4861 (Webb Society Quarterly Journal #45, July 1981). Although LdR noted a "bright little knot" at the south end, the HII complex was not given a separate designation in the NGC or IC.
******************************
IC 3963 = MCG +05-31-061 = CGCG 160-220 = PGC 44567
12 59 13.5 +27 46 29; Com
V = 14.8; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.8
48" (5/10/18): at 610x; moderately bright, fairly small, oval 4:3 E-W, ~0.4'x0.3', very small bright nucleus. Forms the eastern vertex of a small isosceles triangle with IC 3959 1.3' NW and IC 3957 1.4' WSW.
17.5" (4/28/90): extremely faint and small, elongated E-W. Third of three in equilateral triangle with IC 3959 1.4' WNW and IC 3957 1.4' WSW in AGC 1656.
Hermann Kobold discovered IC 3963 = K. 2-15 on 12 May 1896 with the 18-inch refractor at Strasbourg and recorded "vF, vS, R, bM."
******************************
12 59 30.8 +27 53 03; Com
V = 14.4; Size 0.5'x0.3'; PA = 160°
18" (4/20/12): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated NNW-SSE, 20"x15". Situated 4.7' SSW of NGC 4874 in the swarm of small galaxies that surround 4874 in the Coma cluster.
17.5" (4/21/90): very faint, very small, slightly
elongated WNW-ESE. Located in the
central core of AGC 1656 just 4.6' S of NGC 4874. Also first of three on a SW-NE line with
13.1" (4/28/84): at 220x; extremely faint and small.
Hermann Kobold discovered IC 3973 = K. 2-18 on 20 May 1895 with the 18-inch refractor at Strasbourg and recorded "F, vS, R, N 13 mag.."
******************************
13 05 20.2 -35 20 17; Cen
V = 11.8; Size 2.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 10°
See observing notes for
Lewis Swift found IC 3974 = Sw. 11-146 on 28 Mar 1898 and recorded "eeF; pS; lE". There is nothing near his position but exactly 5 min of RA east is NGC 4947 and Harold Corwin suggests IC 3974 is most likely a duplicate observation of NGC 4947.
******************************
IC 3976 = CGCG 160-226 = PGC 44603
12 59 29.4 +27 51 00; Com
V = 14.8; Size 0.5'x0.2'; PA = 160°
18" (4/20/12): very faint, small, oval NNW-SSE, 18"x12". Located 2' SSW of brighter IC 3973 in the Coma cluster.
17.5" (4/21/90): very faint, extremely small, elongated NW-SE. Located in core of AGC 1656 6.7' SSW of NGC 4874. IC 3973 lies 2.0' N.
Hermann Kobold discovered IC 3976 = K. 2-19 on 13 May 1896 with the 18-inch refractor at Strasbourg and recorded "*14 inv in vF neb."
******************************
13 01 00.8 -32 26 29; Cen
V = 11.8; Size 1.9'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 165°
14" (4/4/16 - Coonabaraban, 178x): moderately bright to
fairly bright, fairly small, slightly elongated NNW-SSE, 40"x30",
small bright nucleus. A mag 11.6
star is 1.2' NW of center, a mag 11.1 star is 2' WNW and a mag 7.9 star is 10'
SE. A 5' string of stars extends
to the south-southwest.
This galaxy is the brightest member of the galaxy group LGG
324, which includes three members of HCG 63 as well as
17.5" (5/22/93): fairly faint, small, round, weak concentration, crisp-edged. Forms part of the "Bowl" of a "Dipper" asterism formed by an 8' group of stars mostly to the south. HCG 63 lies 25' SE.
Lewis Swift discovered IC 3986 = Sw. 11-147 on 31 Jan
1898. His description read
"eeF; pS; R; 10m * nr nf."
His RA is over 1.0 minute west of ESO 443-032 (the usual
identification), which is not unusual for discoveries during his last year of
observing. But there isn't a
brighter star near this galaxy, casting doubt on the identification. A good candidate is
******************************
12 59 46.8 +27 58 26; Com
V = 14.8; Size 0.8'x0.5'; PA = 10°
18" (4/20/12): one of the numerous galaxies in the halo
of NGC 4874 (2.6' ENE of center), this member of the Coma cluster is located
about a third of the way from NGC 4874 to
17.5" (4/21/90): located in the central core of AGC
1656 between NGC 4874 and NGC 4889.
Extremely faint and small, round.
Forms a close pair with
13.1" (4/28/84): extremely faint, very small, between NGC 4874 and NGC 4889 in core of AGC 1656.
Hermann Kobold discovered IC 3998 = K. 2-20 on 22 Apr 1895 with the 18-inch refractor at Strasbourg and recorded "eF, pS."
******************************