02 39 12.7 +41 40 18; Per
V = 13.9; Size 0.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 114°
18" (12/18/06): fairly faint, fairly small, very
elongated 3:1 or 7:2 NW-SE, 0.7'x0.2'.
With direct vision a faint stellar nucleus is visible. Occasionally I thought the nucleus was
double, but instead there appeared to be an extremely faint star at the NW
edge. Located 4.7' E of
17.5" (11/1/86): faint, small, very elongated
WNW-ESE. An extremely faint mag
15.5 star is at the west end or an extremely faint companion (appears elongated
on the POSS). A mag 13.5 star is
1.4' SE. NGC 999 lies 4.7' W in
the
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 1001 = St. 3-16, along with
******************************
02 38 55.7 +34 37 21; Tri
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 140°
17.5" (11/27/92): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, larger brighter core, irregular surface brightness. Collinear with a mag 12.5 star 1.2' NE and a mag 13 star 2.8' NE.
Édouard Stephan found NGC 1002 = St. 12-21 on 5 Nov 1875 and
measured an approximate position 3' to the ENE. His published position (list 12, #21) was reduced on 14 Dec
1881 with description "very faint, very small, irr round, condensation
around a bright central nucleus."
He made an earlier discovery in 1871 (list 3, #11), but misidentified
his comparison star, so the position for
******************************
02 39 16.9 +40 52 20; Per
V = 11.5; Size 5.5'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 97°
18" (12/18/06): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated
3:1 ~E-W, 2.5'x0.9', broad concentration with a large, brighter core. The core brightens slightly to the
center but there is no distinct nucleus, although the center has a mottled
appearance with an occasional sparkle or two (possibly a faint, superimposed
star or a slightly brighter knot).
A mag 13 star is just off the NE edge of the core. Located 2' NE mag 10
17.5" (11/1/86): moderately bright, elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, bright core. A mag 13 star is involved at the NE side, just 0.8' from center. Located 2' NE of a mag 10 star.
13.1" (12/22/84): moderately bright, elongated ~E-W, weak concentration. A mag 13 star is on the NE edge 0.8' from center. An extremely faint knot is at the NW edge.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1003 = H. II-238 = H. III-198 = h240 on 6 Oct 1784 (sweep 283). He recorded III-198 as "Suspected, but the haziness will not permit to verify it." The observation was made with the telescope off the meridian, pointing towards the east, so he could observe objects in Andromeda and Perseus that normally transit close to the meridian. But due to the orientation he wasn't able to fix a position (offsets from known stars). He found the galaxy again on 17 Oct 1786 (sweep 614) and logged H. II-238 as "pB, much elongated nearly in the parallel [E-W], mbM, near 4' long and about 1' br." On the following night (sweep 618) he noted. "cB, mE, very gradually much brighter middle, near 4' l." John Herschel combined the two H-designations in the GC, so there is only a single NGC designation.
According to Wolfgang Steicke, Herschel accidentally found NGC 1003 in November 1805, while observing M34 with his X-foot telescope (24" f/5). He noted "the brightest part of it is very small. It has a resolvable nucleus with very faint extensive braches. With 0.75" glass the braches extend beyond the field of view."
Fritz Zwicky discovered the type-Ia SN 1937D, in his early search using the 18-inch Schmidt telescope at Paloomar.
******************************
02 37 41.8 +01 58 31; Cet
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 115°
18" (11/18/06): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, 0.5'x0.4', weak concentration. A mag 12 star is attached at the west edge of the halo. Observation through thin clouds.
18" (10/21/06): fairly faint, small, round, bright
nearly stellar nucleus. A mag 12
star is barely off the WSW edge.
Located 13' SW of
17.5" (10/8/94): faint, very small, round, 0.5'
diameter. A mag 12 star is just
off the WSW edge 25" from the center. Forms a pair with
17.5" (10/17/87): fairly faint, very small, round, small bright core. A mag 12 star is just 25" WSW of the center. Member of the NGC 1016 cluster with NGC 1008 8' NNE and NGC 1016 13' NE.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 1004 = St. 11-3 = Sw. 3-14,
along with
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02 39 27.7 +41 29 36; Per
V = 13.6; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.4
18" (12/18/06): fairly faint, small, round, 25" diameter, increases to a samll bright core. Located on the SE side of the NGC 995-1005 group, 3' E of a 40" pair of mag 11.5-12 stars.
17.5" (11/1/86): fairly faint, very small, round, bright core. Located in the NGC 995-1005 group.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 1005 = St. 3-17 on 9 Dec 1871 (or earlier) with the 31" reflector at the Marseilles Observatory. Yann Pothier lists a possible discovery date as 10 Nov 1871. Sixth in a group of 6 NGC galaxies discovered by Stephan.
******************************
02 37 34.9 -11 01 31; Cet
Size 0.9'x0.9'
See observing notes for
Lewis Swift found NGC 1006 = Sw. 5-30 on 29 Sep 1886 with a 16" refractor. His position was 10 sec of RA west of NGC 1010, discovered 10 years earlier by Édouard Stephan. Frank Muller noted the equivalence with Tempel's object in a Sidereal Messenger article (Feb 1887) listing nebulae from Swift's 5th catalogue which had been discovered previously. Nevertheless, Dreyer assigned Sw. 5-30 to NGC 1006, resulting in two NGC designations.
******************************
02 37 52.2 +02 09 21; Cet
V = 15.1; Size 0.6'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 49°
18" (11/18/06): very faint, extremely small, round, 12" diameter. Located 7.2' WNW of NGC 1016 and 2.7' S of a mag 9.5 star. This is the faintest NGC galaxy in the cluster.
17.5" (10/17/87): extremely faint and small,
round. A mag 9 star (
Albert Marth discovered NGC 1007 = m 66 on 15 Jan 1865 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and reported "vF, stellar". Marth's position is 1' S of CGCG 388-069 = PGC 9967.
******************************
NGC 1008 = UGC 2114 = MCG +00-07-060 = CGCG 388-070 = PGC 9970
02 37 55.3 +02 04 47; Cet
V = 13.9; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 85°
18" (11/18/06): faint, small, slightly elongated, 0.4'x0.3', weak concentration, very faint stellar nucleus with direct vision. Located 6.5' WSW of NGC 1016 and 3' NW of a mag 11 star.
18" (10/21/06): fairly faint, small, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, 0.5'x0.35', weak even concentration. Located 3' NW of a mag 11 star and 7' WSW of NGC 1016 in the core of the cluster.
17.5" (10/8/94): very faint, small, round. A mag 10 star is 2.9' SE. Located between NGC 1004 7.1' SW and NGC 1016 6.5' ENE.
17.5" (10/17/87): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, weak concentration. NGC 1007 lies 4.6' NNW. Located 7' SW of NGC 1016 in the NGC 1016 cluster.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 1008 = m 67 on 15 Jan 1865 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and reported "vF, eS, stellar". His position is accurate.
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02 38 19.0 +02 18 35; Cet
V = 14.4; Size 1.4'x0.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 124°
18" (11/18/06): very faint, small, very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, 0.6'x0.2', low even surface brightness. Located 11.5' due north of NGC 1016 in a cluster.
18" (10/21/06): very faint, small, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE, 0.45'x0.15'. Brighter IC 241 lies 6' WNW. Located 11' due north of NGC 1016 in the cluster.
17.5" (10/17/87): extremely faint, small, elongated
WNW-ESE. A mag 11 star is 2'
SE.
Edward Swift, Lewis' 15 year-old son, discovered NGC 1009 =
Sw. 3-15 on 1 Jan 1886 with the 16" refractor at the Warner
Observatory. The Swifts' published
positon is 15 sec of RA west of
******************************
NGC 1010 = NGC 1006 = MCG -02-07-044 = Holm 62a = PGC 9949
02 37 34.9 -11 01 31; Cet
V = 14.4; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 14.0
17.5" (10/8/94): faint, fairly small, round, no
concentration. A mag 13 star is
3.7' NW. First in and brightest of
a trio with
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 1010 = St. 8b-6 (possibly along with NGC 1011), on 29 Oct 1875. His single rough position was 6' to the WNW, but his published position in 1877 is accurate. Swift rediscovered the pair on 29 Sep 1886 and reported both as new in his 5th discovery list (#30). Frank Muller noted the equivalence with Stephan's nebula in an 1887 article on Swift's duplicate catalogue entries (acknowledged by Swift in the errata to his 6th list). Nevertheless Dreyer assigned Sw. 5-30 to NGC 1006, so NGC 1006 = NGC 1010.
******************************
NGC 1011 = MCG -02-07-045 = Holm 62b = PGC 9955
02 37 38.9 -11 00 20; Cet
V = 14.3; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5" (10/8/94): very faint, small, round. Located 1.5' NE of NGC 1010. Second of three with NGC 1017 2.7' E.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 1011 = St. 8b-7 = Sw. 5-31, along with NGC 1010, on 21 Nov 1876. His position is accurate. Lewis Swift independently found the pair on 29 Sep 1886. His position in his 5th list is just 10 seconds of RA too far west. Frank Muller noted the equivalence with Stephan's object in a Sidereal Messenger article (Feb 1887) that listed nebulae from Swift's 5th catalogue which had been discovered previously (acknowledged by Swift in the errata to his 6th list). Dreyer combined the two observations into NGC 1011 and credited both observers.
******************************
02 39 14.9 +30 09 05; Ari
V = 12.0; Size 2.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 24°
17.5" (11/27/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~N-S, broad concentration. Unusual appearance as a mag 13.5 star is embedded just east of the core.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1012 = H. III-152 = h241 on 11 Sep 1784 (sweep 266) and recorded "vF, pS, of equal light." On 11 Jan 1787 (sweep 680) he logged "F, irr figure, some stars visible, but they seem not to belong to it." On 16 Sep 1828 (sweep 178), John Herschel recorded "pB; irreg R; bM; 18"; resolvable. RA doubtful". R.J. Mitchell, Lord Rosse's assistant, made a sketch on 23 Nov 1857 that was included in the 1861 publication (plate XXV, figure 4).
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02 37 50.4 -11 30 26; Cet
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5" (12/28/94): faint, small, round, 30" diameter, weak concentration. Located 8.8' SW of a mag 8.5 star (∑288 = 8.9/11.9 at 12"). The galaxy is collinear with an elongated group of four mag 12-13 stars oriented SW-NE starting 6' SW.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1013 = Sw. 5-32 on 29 Sep 1886
with his 16" Clark refractor.
His position is 7 tsec west and 26" south of
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02 38 00.8 -09 34 24; Cet
V = 14.8/15.2; Size 10"
24" (2/5/13): this NGC designation applies to a close
pair of faint stars that was resolved at 282x. The two stars are both 15th magnitude (14.8/15.2) and at a
separation of 10" or less.
Located 3' SW of
Frank Muller discovered NGC 1014 = LM 2-342 in 1886 with the 26" refractor and reported "0.1' dia, irregularly round, and 1st of 2 [with NGC 1018]." With respect to NGC 1018, Muller's offset is 0.2 tmin west and 1' south. Just 1' further south is a very faint double star (separation ~11") and Corwin identifies this double as NGC 1014.
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02 38 11.5 -01 19 08; Cet
V = 12.1; Size 2.6'x2.6'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 10°
17.5" (11/14/87): moderately bright, fairly small,
slightly elongated, bright core, faint halo. Located 6.4' NW of mag 8.0
Wilhelm Tempel discovered NGC 1015 = T. 1-13 = T. 5-1 on 27
Dec 1875 with an 11" refractor at the Arcetri Observatory. His micrometric position in list V is a
precise match with
******************************
NGC 1016 = UGC 2128 = MCG +00-07-067 = CGCG 388-076 = WBL 081-005 = PGC 9997
02 38 19.5 +02 07 09; Cet
V = 11.6; Size 2.0'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.2
18" (11/18/06): fairly bright, moderately large, round, 1.5' diameter. Contains a bright 20" core that increases to the center. Located 8' SE of a mag 9.6 star. Brightest and largest member of the NGC 1016 cluster (WBL 081 = USGC U137) at a distance of ~300 million l.y.
18" (10/21/06): moderately bright, fairly large, round. The bright 30" core increases to the center. Surrounding the core is a fairly large, low surface brightness halo ~2' in diameter. This is the dominant galaxy in the cluster. A parallelogram of four mag 14 stars is just south.
17.5" (10/17/87): fairly bright, moderately large, slightly elongated, bright core. This galaxy is the brightest and largest in the NGC 1016 cluster.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 1016 = m 68 = Sf. 103 = T. 1-12
on 15 Jan 1865 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and reported "F, S, R,
pretty suddenly brighter in the middle." His position matches
******************************
NGC 1017 = MCG -02-07-047 = Holm 62c = PGC 9964
02 37 49.8 -11 00 37; Cet
V = 13.9; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8
17.5" (10/8/94): extremely faint, small, round. Last and faintest of three with NGC 1011 2.7' W and NGC 1010 3.8' WSW.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1017 = Sw. 5-33 = LM 1-61 on 29
Sep 1886 with the 16" refractor at Warner Observatory and recorded
"eeeF, vS, R, eee dif 3rd of 3 [with NGC 1010 and 1011]. His
position was 1.4' NNE of
******************************
NGC 1018 = MCG -02-07-048 = PGC 9986
02 38 10.3 -09 32 38; Cet
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 5°
24" (2/5/13): faint to fairly faint, small, oval 4:3 N-S, 20"x15", weak concentration. A group of stars lies immediately to the east. NGC 1014, a close pair of stars, is 3' SW.
17.5" (12/28/94): extremely faint, very small, slightly
elongated N-S, unconcentrated.
Requires averted vision and cannot hold steadily. A mag 12 star is 2.2' SE. Located 22' NW of mag 6.7
Frank Muller discovered NGC 1018 = LM 2-343 in 1886 with the
26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag
15.0, 0.2'x0.1', E 180 (N-S), 2nd of 2 [with NGC 1014]." His position is 0.1 tmin west and 2'
north of
******************************
NGC 1019 = UGC 2132 = MCG +00-07-068 = CGCG 388-079 = PGC 10006
02 38 27.5 +01 54 27; Cet
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 40°
18" (10/21/06): fairly faint, moderately large,
irregularly round, 1.0'x0.8', low surface brightness. Located 13' SSE of NGC 1016.
17.5" (10/17/87): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated, broad concentration. Located 13' S of NGC 1016 in cluster.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 1019 = St. 11-4, along with NGC 1014, on 1 Dec 1875. An accurate micrometric position was measured (list 11, #4) 5 years later on 1 Dec 1880 with description "vF; irregular oval; very slightly brighter core with an eccentric nucleus."
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02 38 44.3 +02 13 52; Cet
V = 14.3; Size 0.8'x0.2'; PA = 20°
18" (11/18/06): faint, small, elongated 2:1 N-S,
0.6'x0.35', sharply concentrated with a very small bright core surrounded by a
low surface brightness halo. Forms
a very close pair with
18" (10/21/06): faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 N-S, 0.7'x0.25', very faint stellar nucleus or a faint star is superimposed at the center. Located 9' NE of NGC 1016 on the NE side of the cluster. Forms a pair with NGC 1021 1' SE.
17.5" (10/17/87): very faint, very small, oval ~N-S, weak concentration. Forms a close pair with NGC 1021 1.2' SE in the NGC 1016 cluster.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 1020 = m 69, along with NGC 1021, on 15 Jan 1865 with Lassell's 48" on Malta. He noted it as "eF, vS" and recorded an accurate position. Édouard Stephan logged it on 1 Dec 1875 (noted as "Lassell 69") when he observed the galaxy group.
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NGC 1021 = CGCG 388-084 = PGC 10027
02 38 48.0 +02 13 02; Cet
V = 14.4; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 160°
18" (11/18/06): extremely faint, small, slightly elongated, 25"x20", low surface brightness with no concentration. Forms a close pair with brighter NGC 1020 1.2' NW.
18" (10/21/06): very faint, small, elongated 4:3 ~N-S, 0.5'x0.35', low even surface brightness. Fainter member of a close pair with NGC 1020 1' NW.
17.5" (10/17/87): extremely faint, very small, oval ~N-S, diffuse. Forms a close pair with NGC 1020 1.2' NW in the NGC 1016 cluster.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 1021 = m 70, along with NGC 1020, on 15 Jan 1865 with Lassell's 48" on Malta. He noted "eF, S" and recorded an accurate position. Édouard Stephan logged it on 1 Dec 1875 (noted as "Lassell 70") when he observed the galaxy group.
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02 38 32.6 -06 40 39; Cet
V = 11.3; Size 2.7'x2.7'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5" (10/29/94): fairly bright, moderately large,
elongated 4:3 WNW-ESE, 1.5'x1.2'.
Broadly concentrated halo contains a well-defined fairly bright 30"
core. The core increases to a
stellar nucleus. At times the
elongation appears more pronounced.
A mag 13 star lies 2.1' NE of center. Member of the
8" (10/31/81): faint, small, diffuse, broad concentration, slightly elongated.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1022 = H. I-102 = h244 on 10 Sep 1785 (sweep 436) and recorded "cB, pL, mbM." On 5 Oct 1785 (sweep 456) he noted "cB, pL, R, mbM."
Birr Castle assistant R.J. Mitchell on 28 Nov 1856: "pL, much brighter middle to a nucleus, patchy. Suspect the preceding end is separated from the rest of the neb by a darkish line. Small * or knot close NW."
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NGC 1023 = Arp 135 = UGC 2154 = MCG +06-06-073 = CGCG 523-083 = LGG 070-003 = PGC 10123
02 40 23.8 +39 03 48; Per
V = 9.4; Size 8.7'x3.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 87°
48" (10/25/11): this gorgeous galaxy appeared extremely bright, very elongated 4:1 E-W, ~7'x1.8', with a large, brighter central core that increases to an intensely bright inner core punctuated by a bright stellar nucleus. The outer halo gradually fades at the ends of the extensions. Several stars are superimposed on both sides of the core.
18" (8/1/05): at 225x, this striking galaxy appeared very bright, large, very elongated 4:1 E-W, ~4.5'x1.0', though it seemed to extend further with averted vision. The central region has a dramatic, sharp concentration with an unusually bright, oval core. Two mag 14 and 15 stars are superimposed off the west side of the core and a mag 14 star is off the east side.
17.5" (12/7/90): bright, large, very elongated 7:2 E-W,
very bright core, almost stellar nucleus.
A large fainter halo increases the dimensions to 7'x2'. Two 15th magnitude stars are
superimposed on the east and west ends.
Brightest in the NGC 1023 group, which includes NGC 1003 and
14.5" (12/17/20): at 182x; very bright and large, very elongated 4:1 E-W, ~5' major axis. Very strong concentration with a prominent core that increases to an intense nucleus. A mag 14 star is superposed E of the core and another is closer in W of the core [0.85' from center].
13.1" (12/22/84): very bright, impressive, elongated ~E-W, bright core, stellar nucleus.
8" (11/8/80): fairly bright, bulging bright core, lens-shaped.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1023 = H. I-156 = h242 on 18 Oct 1786 (sweep 618). He noted "extremely bright, much extended, a very bright nucleus, the branches losing themselves in the direction of the parallel [E-W] nearly." On 17 Jan 1787 (sweep 692), he recorded "very bright, gradually much brighter middle to a very bright nucleus, much elongated nearly 10' long, from about 12° sp to nf."
John Herschel sketched the galaxy in Oct 1828 as well as Birr Castle assistant Bindon Stoney on 27 Dec 1850 (plate XXV, figure 5 in Lord Rosse's 1861 publication).
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02 39 11.9 +10 50 49; Ari
V = 12.1; Size 3.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 155°
48" (10/30/16): very bright, large, elongated 3:1
NNW-SSE. Sharply concentrated with
a large, very bright elongated core, and a more circular nucleus. A very large, much lower surface
brightness halo, extends nearly 3'x1'.
The halo is a bit more diffuse on the northwest side. The minor axis nearly reaches a mag 12.3
star 0.7' NNE of center. A mag
13.7 star is off the SSE end, 2.2' from center. Brightest in a group with nearby
24" (1/12/13): bright, moderately large, very elongated
3:1 NNW-SSE. Sharply concentrated
with a very bright, elongated core ~25"x15" and much fainter
extensions increasing the size to ~1.2'x0.4'. Interestingly, the elongation of the core seems is slightly
misaligned with respect to the major axis of the extensions. The extremely low surface brightness
outer arms were not seen. A mag 12
star is 0.7' NNE of center.
Brightest in a trio (
17.5" (12/23/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated
2:1 NNW-SSE, rounder bright core, brighter along major axis. A mag 11 star is 42" NNE of
center. Located 13' NNE of mag 6.8
William Herschel discovered NGC 1024 = H. II-592 = h243 on 18 Sep 1786 (sweep 591) and logged "pB, S, E, bM". John Herschel logged on 19 Jan 1828 (sweep 121): "F; R; bM; 20"; has a * 11m 40° nf; 25" distant."
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02 36 20.0 -54 51 49; Hor
V = 13.8; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 6°
30" (11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): moderately bright
but fairly small, 0.6'x0.4', weak concentration. A star or stellar companion is at the NW edge of the halo. Forms a pair with brighter
John Herschel discovered NGC 1025 = h2488 on 11 Sep 1836 and
recorded "eF, S, R, 15"; the preceding of two [with NGC
1031]." His position is 16
tsec of RA west of
******************************
02 39 19.2 +06 32 38; Cet
V = 12.6; Size 2.0'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.8
17.5" (11/26/94): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, well concentrated with a small bright core and a stellar nucleus. A mag 11.5 star lies 2.8' S.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 1026 = m 71 on 24 Dec 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta, noting "pF, S, R, pretty suddenly brighter in the middle." His position is accurate.
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02 42 35 +61 35 42; Cas
V = 6.7; Size 20'
17.5" (11/27/92): 90 stars in 15' diameter, fairly
scattered but still a striking cluster. Surrounds mag 7.0
8": includes a dozen stars mag 8 to 12.5. Fairly small, rich, over unresolved background haze.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1027 = H. VIII-66 on 3 Nov 1787 (sweep 774) and described "a cluster of coarsely scattered considerably large stars, 8' or 10' diameter, one 7th mag, near the middle." On 9 Nov 1787 (sweep 777) he logged "a much scattered cluster of cL stars. A star 7m not far from the middle, about 15' diam."
Corwin comments that E.E. Barnard independently found the
object (probably on a plate), sent a note directly to Dreyer and it was
catalogued again as
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NGC 1028 = MCG +02-07-023 = CGCG 439-025 = KTG 9C = PGC 10068
02 39 37.2 +10 50 37; Ari
V = 14.8; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 15°
24" (1/12/13): at 375x appeared faint, elongated ~5:3 SSW-NNE, 25"x15", low surface brightness though seems slightly uneven or patchy like a face-on spiral. Faintest in the KTG 9 triplet with NGC 1029 3' S and NGC 1024 (brightest) 6' W. The redshift of NGC 1028 is over twice that of NGC 1024 and 1029, so it is a background galaxy.
17.5" (11/26/94): extremely faint, small, elongated 4:3 SSW-NNE, 0.6'x0.4'. A mag 14 star is 1.4' N and a mag 12 star lies 1.7' SW. Faintest of trio and located 3.0' N of NGC 1029 and 6.1' E of NGC 1024.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 1028 = m 72 (along with NGC 1029 = m 72) on 1 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta. His position is accurate.
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NGC 1029 = UGC 2149 = MCG +02-07-024 = CGCG 439-024 = KTG 9B = LGG 069-003 = PGC 10078
02 39 36.5 +10 47 36; Ari
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 70°
24" (1/12/13): fairly faint to moderately bright, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 or 7:2 WSW-ENE, 1.0'x0.3', well concentrated with a small high surface brightness core that increases to a stellar nucleus.
17.5" (12/23/92): faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE, weak concentration. A very faint mag 15 star is superimposed at the NE edge. A mag 12 star is 2.0' NW. Forms a trio with NGC 1024 7' WNW and NGC 1028 3.0' N.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 1029 = m 73, along with NGC 1028, on 1 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and recorded "F, S, mE". Édouard Stephan made an observation on 24 Nov 1875.
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02 39 50.8 +18 01 28; Ari
V = 13.2; Size 1.6'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 8°
17.5" (1/20/90): faint, fairly small, very elongated N-S, low surface brightness, weak concentration and slightly brighter along major axis.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1030 = H. III-581 = h245 on
25 Oct 1786 (sweep 623) and reported "vF, E, irr F. The time very inaccurate." As noted, his RA was poor, but John's
Herschel's position, measured on 11 Jan 1831 (sweep 319) matches
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NGC 1031 = ESO 154-005 = PGC 9907
02 36 38.7 -54 51 35; Hor
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 23°
30" (11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, gradually increases to a small bright core and stellar nucleus. A mag 11.5 star lies 3.3' NNE. Forms a pair with fainter NGC 1025 2.7' W. Located 15' W of h3520 = 7.6/8.8 at 21" and 40' SW of mag 5.2 Zeta Hor.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1031 = h2490 on 11 Sep 1836 and
recorded "F, S, R, gradually brighter in the middle, 20"; the
following of two [with NGC 1025]".
His position is close west of
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02 39 23.6 +01 05 37; Cet
V = 11.6; Size 3.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 68°
48" (10/26/11): at 385x and 488x appears very bright, large, very elongated 4:1 WSW-ENE, 3.0'x0.8'. Well concentrated with a prominent, bulging oval core that brightens towards the center and long, thin, fainter tapering extensions that dim at the tips. A mag 13 star is at the tip of the ENE extension. The visual treat, though, is a razor thin dust lane that clearly bisects the large central buge. As the much fainter extensions start to taper down, the dust lane loses contrast and disappears towards the ends.
18" (1/15/07): fairly bright, fairly large, very elongated 3:1 WSW-ENE, 2.8'x0.9'. Well concentrated with a bright core that increases to a quasi-stellar nucleus. The galaxy extends to a mag 12.5 star at the ENE edge making the total length nearly 2.8'. The thin dust lane seen on images was not visible.
17.5" (10/29/94): fairly bright, fairly large, very elongated 4:1 WSW-ENE, 2.5'x0.6'. Dominated by a bright core which is broadly concentrated and contains a faint stellar nucleus. The extensions are smooth and unconcentrated. A mag 12.5-13 star is at the ENE edge 1.4' from the center and two mag 13 stars are along the north side (1.8' NE and 1.3' NNW of center) forming a right triangle.
8" (1/1/84): faint, small, very elongated WSW-ENE, weak concentration. Four mag 13 stars to north including one 1.8' NE.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1032 = H. II-5 = h246 on 18 Dec 1783 (early sweep 47) and noted "very faint, small, like a small comet, 3/4° above Delta Ceti." His sketch confirms the identification. On 7 Nov 1785 (sweep 470), he called it "the nebula in the quartile. It is not quite R, but lE having vF rays sp and nf." NGC 1032 was first object Herschel discovered with the telescope moving vertically only and using reference stars as they passed through the eyepiece. It was just just his 10th deep sky discovery once his sweeps started and was logged during his sweeps at least a half dozen times. Lord Rosse's 1861 publication mentions "Spirality suspected".
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02 40 16.1 -08 46 37; Cet
V = 13.2; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 0°
17.5" (10/29/94): very faint, fairly small, round, 0.6'
diameter, very low even surface brightness, no details. Located 7.1' NE of mag 8.5
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1033 = LM 2-344 in 1886
with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. There is nothing at his position, but
1.2 minutes of RA east is
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02 38 13.9 -15 48 35; Cet
V = 11.5; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 11.2; PA = 135°
17.5" (10/29/94): fairly faint, small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, 0.8'x0.5', weak concentration. A wide pair of evenly matched mag 12-13 stars lie 5' W (58" separation in PA 316°).
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1034 = LM 1-62 on 12 Nov
1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. There is nothing at his position, but
1.0 tmin of RA west is
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02 39 29.1 -08 07 58; Cet
V = 12.2; Size 2.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 150°
48" (10/29/19): at 610x, bright, large, very elongated
3:1 NNW-SSE, 2'x0.6', slightly brighter core. Unusual appearance as the eastern half of the galaxy is
significantly affected by dust, so it appeared noticeably darker than the
western half. Furthermore, the
eastern half was mottled, with an irregular surface brightness and several
slightly brighter knots or patches.
A bright mag 14 star is just inside the SSE tip. A mag 10.9 star is 5' N and a mag 9.2
star (
14.5" (12/17/20): at 182x; relatively bright, fairly large, very elongated nearly 4:1 NNW-SSE, ~2'x0.5', very weak concentration with no distinct core or nucleus. The surface brightness, though, was slightly uneven or irregular. A mag 14 star is at the SSE end.
13.1" (9/3/86): moderately bright, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE (PA 150°), fairly small. A mag 14 star is attached at the SE end. Member of the NGC 1052 group (LGG 071), which lies 25' ESE.
13.1" (9/9/83): at 166x; fairly faint, very elongated (nearly edge-on) NW-SE.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1035 = H. II-284 = h249 = h2489 on 7 Nov 1784 (sweep 355) and recorded "F, mE, about 3' long and 3/4' broad, resolvable." John Herschel observed this galaxy from both Slough and the Cape of Good Hope. His latter observation, made on 9 Dec 1835 (sweep 650) reads "vF, pmE, has a vF star at the S.f. extremity".
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02 40 29.1 +19 17 50; Ari
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 5°
17.5" (1/20/90): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated N-S, large brighter core, very small bright nucleus is possibly stellar.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1036 = H. III-475 = h247 on
29 Nov 1785 (sweep 481) and logged "vF, S, confirmed with 240
power." His position is
within 1' of
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02 40 00 -01 44; Cet
= Not found, Gottlieb and Corwin. The RNGC identification of
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1037 = Sw. 5-35 on 29 Sep 1886 with the 16" refractor at Warner Observatory and wrote "eeeF; vS; vE; eee dif; [NGC 1032] in field". There is nothing near his position and furthermore NGC 1032 is ~3° away from his coordinates. But no reasonably bright galaxy is in the field of NGC 1032 either. Perhaps he misidentified NGC 1032? RNGC, PGC, and RC3 misidentify UGC 2119 = PGC 9973 as NGC 1032. This galaxy is 2 tmin of RA west and 7' S of Swift's position and still doesn't agree with Swift's comment about NGC 1032. See my RNGC Corrections #2 and Corwin's identification comments.
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02 40 06.3 +01 30 32; Cet
V = 13.4; Size 1.2'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 61°
17.5" (11/26/94): fairly faint, fairly small, very
elongated 3:1 SW-NE, 1.2'x0.4', bright core is moderately concentrated. Forms a pair with
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1038 = Sw. 3-16 = Sw. 5-34 on 17 Oct 1885 with the 16-inch refractor at the Warner Observatory and "discovered" it again on 2 Oct 1886, recording it in his 5th discovery list. Dreyer combined both entries in the NGC. Swift's position is accurate.
William Herschel made the first observation on 1 Jan 1786 (sweep 505) but he was uncertain: "Suspected, may be 2 small close stars in the parallel." He never confirmed the observation and it was not catalogued but the position (Caroline's reduction) is less that 1' NW of NGC 1038, so identification is certain.
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02 42 00 +42 47; Per
V = 5.2; Size 35'
24" (12/28/13): gorgeous low power field with 21mm
Ethos (125x; 49' diameter). The
cluster roughly extends 35' with a much richer and brighter core of ~12'-15'
that contains a large number of mag 8-10 stars. Several of the brighter stars appear as wide doubles or in
chains. A long string of stars is
on the south side of the core, extending towards the southeast. Other chains extend north and east out
of the core. Several doubles were
identified using the chart in Stoyan's "Atlas of the Messier
Objects". O∑ 44 is a
challenging mag 8.5/9.0 pair at 1.4" that just resolved at 225x and better
at 300x. Another 8th mag star (C
component) is widely separated at 86". h2154 is a 9.5/10.9 pair at 10" on the SW side and
h1123 is a very wide 20" pair of mag 8.4 star. Also in the core is ES 1506, a challenging mag 8.9/14 pair
at 7" and h2155, a very wide 8.3/10.3 pair at 17" on the NE
side. PN
13.1" (12/22/84): about 100 stars in a 30' diameter. Very bright, very large, many double stars, three main curved lanes. Includes a bright double star h1123 = 8.0/8.0 at 20". Naked-eye object in fairly dark sky.
Giovanni Hodierna probably discovered M34 = NGC 1039 = h248 around 1654, though there is some doubt on his intended object. Charles Messier found M34 again on 25 Aug 1764, and he is generally credited with the discovery.
William Herschel described M34 on 17 Oct 1786 (sweep 614) as "a cl of scattered large stars, considerably rich." Wolfgang Steinicke states his first observation was made on 6 Oct 1784, while observing off the meridian towards the east. Due to the telescope's orientation, he wasn't able to fix determine accurate positions on sweeps 282-285. John Herschel called it a "fine cluster, about 20 st 9 10...11m and as many less. Fills field, coarsely scattered."
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02 43 12.4 +41 30 03; Per
See observing notes for
Édouard Stephan found NGC 1040 = St. 3-18 on 9 Dec 1871 (date the position was reduced) with the 31" silvered-glass reflector at Marseilles Observatory. There is nothing at his position, but precisely 1.0 minute of RA west is NGC 1053 = UGC 2187, which was found by Swift on 21 Oct 1886 and accurately placed in his 5th discovery list (#37). Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926 survey based on Heidelberg plates, and Dorothy Carlson, in her 1940 NGC Corrections paper, equate NGC 1040 = NGC 1053. Based on the earlier discovery, NGC 1040 should be the primary designation. See Corwin's notes.
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02 40 25.2 -05 26 26; Cet
V = 12.3; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 15°
17.5" (10/29/94): faint, fairly small, round, 0.5' diameter. Symmetrical appearance with an even concentration to a small bright core and stellar nucleus. A distinctive line (4.5' length) consisting of three equally spaced mag 11 stars oriented WNW-ESE is 3' S.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 1041 = St. 12-22 on 4 Nov 1875 with the 31" silvered-glass reflector at Marseilles Observatory. His published micrometric position (list 12, #22) was made on 17 Nov 1881 with description "pF, pS, irregularly round, bM."
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02 40 23.9 -08 26 01; Cet
V = 11.0; Size 4.7'x3.6'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 15°
48" (10/26/16): at 488x; bright, very large, face-on spiral with a small bright core and a relatively small weak bar oriented ~NW-SE. Low contrast spiral structure was visible around the core. Most prominent, though, was an outer spiral arm along the east side, which swept N-S in a gentle arc. It was brightest just to the west of a mag 13.6 star [SDSS reveals numerous HII knots] situated 1.6' SE of the core. The outer spiral arm along the western edge was more diffuse and ill-defined, passing just east of a 16th magnitude star 1.7' WSW of the core.
17.5" (11/1/86): very large, very diffuse low surface
brightness system best viewed at 83x or 133x. Almost round, slightly brighter on the SE end with either a
very faint star(s) superimposed or a brighter knot. Forms a pair with
14.5" (12/17/20): at 182x; large, diffuse galaxy, roundish, ~3' diameter, slightly irregular surface brightness to halo, no distinct core. A mag 13.6 star is just off the E side of halo, 1.6' ESE of center and a mag 13.3 star is 2.6' due N. NGC 1052 is 15' SW.
13.1" (9/3/86): very large but diffuse, only a very weak concentration.
13.1" (9/9/83): 62x and 166x; large, very diffuse, no central brightening, irregularly round, best at 62x (too large and diffuse for higher power).
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1042 = Sw. 3-17 on 10 Nov 1885 with the 16" Clark refractor at Warner Observatory and reported "eeF, L, R, np of 2 [with NGC 1052]". In his 5th discovery list, Swift corrected the description to read "sp of 2" [with NGC 1052]. Based on a photograph taken with the Reynolds reflector at the Helwan observatory in the late 1920s, NGC 1042 was described as an "open spiral with a pF stellar Ncl, well defined [arms] with some [knots]."
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02 40 46.5 +01 20 35; Cet
V = 15.0; Size 0.8'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 110°
17.5" (1/9/99): extremely faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. I just glimpsed the core as a very small, round, knot with a mag 14.5 star 0.4' SSE of center. The small, thin extensions of this edge-on spiral were not seen. Located 14' SE of NGC 1038 and 20' SE of IC 1827 (on a line).
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1043 = Sw. 5-36 on 2 Oct 1886
with the 16" Clark refractor at Warner Observatory. His position is just 4 tsec east and
36" south of
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02 41 06.1 +08 44 16; Cet
V = 13.2; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 11.8
24" (1/31/14): NGC 1044 is a double system with fainter
17.5" (10/29/94): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated
3:2 WNW-ESE, broad concentration to a large brighter core. A mag 11 star lies 2.3' NW. Brightest of a collinear compact trio
with NGC 1046 2.0' SE and
William Herschel discovered NGC 1044 = III-228 = h251, along with NGC 1046, on 7 Nov 1784 (sweep 308) and noted "eF, vS, 240 power confirmed it. Another still smaller and fainter about 1' following [NGC 1046]." John Herschel measured a fairly accurate position on 8 Jan 1828 (sweep 118) and wrote "vF the p[receding] of two; a * 10m, p[receding] in same line.".
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02 40 29.1 -11 16 39; Cet
V = 12.1; Size 2.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 55°
17.5" (10/29/94): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 0.8'x0.5', well concentrated to a small prominent core and a stellar nucleus. A nice evenly matched pair of mag 11-12 stars (16" separation in PA 78°) lies 11' NW.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1045 = H. II-488 = h253 = h2491 on 28 Nov 1785 (sweep 479) and recorded "F, S, iF, bM." John Herschel observed this galaxy at both Slough and the Cape of Good Hope. His Cape description from 22 Nov 1835 (sweep 648) reads "pB, R, bM, 35". Observed in a south-east cloud drift."
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NGC 1046 = MCG +01-07-024 = CGCG 414-039 = PGC 10185
02 41 12.8 +08 43 09; Cet
V = 13.8; Size 0.3'x0.3'
24" (1/31/14): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 25" diameter, weak concentration. A mag 14 star is 50" SE. Fourth of 4 in a 3' string oriented NW to SE line with NGC 1044 (double) 1.8' NW and CGCG 414-36 2.9' NW.
17.5" (10/29/94): faint, fairly small, round, 0.5' diameter, weak concentration. A mag 13.5 star is off the SE edge 48" from the center. Forms the third of three on a line with double system NGC 1044 2.0' NW and MCG +01-07-022 = CGCG 414-036 2.9' NW.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1046 = H. III-229 = h252, along with NGC 1044, on 7 Nov 1784 (sweep 308) , recording "Another still smaller and fainter about 1' following [NGC 1044] suspected; but 240 power left it doubtful." John Herschel measured a fairly accurate position on 8 Jan 1828 (sweep 118).
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02 40 32.9 -08 08 52; Cet
V = 14.3; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 88°
17.5" (11/26/94): very faint, fairly small, slightly elongated 4:3 E-W, diffuse with only a very weak concentration, no distinct core. A mag 11.5 star is 3.9' S. Located 10.2' NW of NGC 1052 and 15.8' E of NGC 1035 in the NGC 1052 group (LGG 071).
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1047 = Sw. 3-18 on 10 Nov 1885
with the 16" refractor at Warner Observatory. His position is 6 tsec of RA east and 1' S of
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NGC 1048 = NGC 1048B = MCG -02-07-062 = PGC 10140
02 40 37.9 -08 32 00; Cet
V = 14.1; Size 1.0'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 105°
48" (10/26/16): at 488x; fairly bright, fairly small, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, 40"x16", bright core. A mag 14.4 star is 1' NNE. Located 7' SW of NGC 1042.
Forms a similar pair with
17.5" (11/26/94): at first glance, appeared as an ill-defined faint glow 1' S of a mag 14 star. One closer inspection, NGC 1048 resolved into a pair of small, faint galaxies 1.0' between centers oriented NNE-SSW. The northern member (generally identified as NGC 1048) was clearly brighter and elongated 2:1 E-W, 0.6'x0.3'. Just 1.0' SSW is a fainter companion (NGC 1048A). Located 7' SSE of the large, low surface brightness system NGC 1042 within a large group.
17.5" (11/1/86): large, very diffuse system best viewed at 83x. There was a slight brightening to the south but the fainter companion was not clearly resolved in poor seeing.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1048 = Sw. 3-19 on 10 Nov 1885
with the 16" refractor at Warner Observatory. His position matches the contact pair
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02 39 49 -34 15 30; For
V = 12.6; Size 1.3'
48" (10/29/16): at 488x; very bright, moderately large, very high surface brightness, granular appearance, ~50" diameter. There are three well defined brightness zones: an extremely bright compact nucleus, a small bright core and a much lower surface brightness halo with a fairly well defined circular edge.
30" (11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): very bright, moderately large, very sharply concentrated with a very small, very bright core surrounded by 1' halo that dims around the periphery.
24" (9/14/12): at 325x, moderately bright, fairly small, round, bright core, 30" diameter.
18" (12/10/07): moderately bright gc in the Fornax Dwarf. Appears small, round, ~30" diameter, gradually increases to a small brighter core. Located 15' NNE of mag 8.4 HD 16690. Brightest gc in the Fornax Dwarf.
17.5" (10/8/88): fairly faint, very small, round, small bright core.
13.1" (10/10/86): brightest of four globular clusters
in the Fornax Dwarf galaxy.
Moderately bright (estimate V = 12), small, very small bright core,
faint halo. Located 15' NNE of mag
8.0
John Herschel discovered NGC 1049 = h2492 on 19 Oct 1835 and reported "pretty bright; small; round; like a star 12th magnitude a very little rubbed at the edges, a curious little object and easily mistaken for a star, which, however, it certainly is not". His position is 1' N of this Fornax Dwarf globular. The galaxy itself was discovered over a century later by Harlow Shapley in 1938 while at the Boyden Station in South Africa on photographic plates taken with the 24" Bruce refractor.
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02 42 35.7 +34 45 48; Per
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 110°
17.5" (11/27/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 E-W, 1.0'x0.8', weak concentration. A mag 15 star is 45" N of center. This 15th mag star is described as mag 18 in the NGC.
Heinrich d'Arrest discovered NGC 1050 = St. 3-18 on 17 Sep 1865 with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen. His single position is just off the north edge of the galaxy and he mentioned the mag 15 star off the north edge of the galaxy (called mag 18). Stephan observed the galaxy on 16 Nov 1871, probably aware of d'Arrest's discovery at the time. He measured the position again on 9 Dec 1871 and listed this galaxy as new in his third discovery list #18 (published in 1872). A later observation was made on 22 Nov 1875. Dreyer credited both d'Arrest (1) and Stephan (2) in the NGC.
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02 41 02.4 -06 56 09; Cet
V = 13.0; Size 2.3'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 45°
17.5" (12/28/94): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, 1.2'x0.5', no concentration. Very unusual appearance as a mag 12 star is attached at the northeast end 35" from the center and the galaxy appears to hang from the star. Forms the east vertex of a triangle with two mag 10 stars 6.7' NW and 5.2' WSW.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 1051 = St. 11-5 on 13 Oct 1869 with a rough position 2' to the SE. His published accurate micrometric position was made on 13 Dec 1871 with description "eeF; elongated NE-SW, a little diffuse, *12 attached at NW end." The star is actually attached at the NE end.
Ormond Stone independently discovered NGC 1051 in 1886 with
the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick and reported it as new in his 2nd
discovery paper (#338) but he made a 10 minute time error in RA (error caught
by Harold Corwin). Dreyer
catalogued again as
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NGC 1052 = MCG -01-07-034 = KTS 18C = LGG 071-008 = PGC 10175
02 41 04.8 -08 15 21; Cet
V = 10.5; Size 3.0'x2.1'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 120°
14.5" (12/17/20): at 182x; bright, moderately large, slightly elongated, 2' diameter, sharply concentrated with an unusually bright core that increases to a quasi-stellar nucleus.
13.1" (9/9/83): bright, small, round, intense core. Brightest in a large group (LGG 071) with three galaxies in 62x field including NGC 1042 14' SW and NGC 1047 10.2' NW.
13.1" (9/3/86): at 166x; small oval shape, very bright core, stellar nucleus.
8" (11/8/80): faint, bright core.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1052 = H. I-63 = h254 = h2493 on 10 Jan 1785 (sweep 355). He described it as "Bright, round, much brighter in the middle, about 1' diameter, very faint towards the border." He included the description as an example of "Nebulae that are gradually much brighter in the middle" in his 1811 PT paper (fig. 21).
John Herschel observed this galaxy twice at Slough, recording it on 8 Jan 1831 (sweep 318), "B; S; R; 20"; gb and pretty suddenly much brighter middle to a *12".
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NGC 1053 = NGC 1040 = UGC 2187 = MCG +07-06-060 = CGCG 539-083 = PGC 10298
02 43 12.4 +41 30 03; Per
V = 12.9; Size 1.7'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 40°
17.5" (11/27/92): faint, very small, slightly
elongated. Bracketed by two mag 15
stars just off the north and south edges and collinear with three equally
spaced stars to the south (mag 11.5 star 2.3' S, a mag 10.5 star 4' S and a mag
13 star 6' S). Located 5' W of mag
7.5
Lewis Swift found NGC 1053 = Sw. 5-37 on 21 Oct 1886 with
the 16" refractor at Warner Observatory and noted "vF, vS, lE, 4
stars in line south point to it, one close". His position and description matches
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02 42 15.8 +18 13 03; Ari
V = 13.6; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 20°
17.5" (1/20/90): faint, small, round, even surface brightness. A mag 14 star is 30" NW. NGC 1030 lies 30' WSW.
Heinrich d'Arrest discovered NGC 1054 on 8 Oct 1864 with the 11" refractor at Copenhagen and logged "eF, vS, verified at 230x. A star is near the northwest rim."
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02 41 45.2 +00 26 31; Cet
V = 10.6; Size 7.6'x2.7'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 105°
48" (10/24/14): very bright, nearly edge-on spiral, spans ~6'x1.8' WNW -ESE. The bright central region extends 2'x0.5' and increases gradually towards the center. A relatively wide, prominent dust lane runs along nearly the entire northern flank of the galaxy!
The fainter portion of the galaxy on the north side of the
dust lane was clearly visible paralleling the central region. Due to a slight tilt in edge-on
orientation, the northern section of the galaxy is partially obscured and
extended only ~1.6' in length and at most 30" in width. The glow terminates on its west side
after reaching the mag 11.2 star just 1.2' NNW of center. Forms a wide pair (similar radial
velocity) with
18" (1/13/07): fairly bright, large, very elongated 3:1 ~E-W, ~5'x1.6', broad concentration but no well-defined core or nucleus. A mag 11 star is just north of the core and two mag 13 stars are north of the western flank. A dark lane runs along the north edge of the galaxy creating a sharp light cut-off, though the faint portion of the galaxy to the north that is cut off by the dark lane was not seen.
17.5" (11/14/87): fairly bright, fairly large, very
elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE, broadly concentrated halo. A mag 11 star is just off the NW flank 1.2' from the
center. Located 7' SE of mag 6.8
13.1" (9/3/83): fairly faint, elongated WNW-ESE. A mag 12 star is 1' N.
8" (11/8/80): faint, elongated. Located 30' NNW of M77.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1055 = H. I-1 = h258 on 18 Dec 1783 (early sweep 47). Although his description doesn't appear in Caroline's transcribed Sweep Records summary, Wolfgang Steinicke states his Journal mentions a "Nebula, 3/4° north following Delta Ceti, in a line parallel to Gamma and Alpha Ceti." This is a good match with NGC 1055, although the separation is 35' from Delta. His summary description for H. I-1 (based on 7 observations as he revisited this field several times) reads "cB, cL, iF, bM."
On 30 Nov 1850, Lord Rosse (or observing assitant) noted "The north edge is the best defined [due to dust cut-off]. It is 4' long at least, and tapers off to the following end. On 27 Dec 1861, assistant Robert Ball also noted "I strongly suspect a faint parallel patch preceding, which perhaps joings the following end of nebula."
In Dreyer's 1912 revision of WH's catalogues, he suggested H. II-6 (in addition to H. I-1) was equivalent to NGC 1055, but Steinicke equates H. II-6 with a pair of stars at 02 40 19.5 +00 54 37 (2000).
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02 42 48.4 +28 34 26; Ari
V = 12.4; Size 2.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 160°
17.5" (12/23/92): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, increases to rounder small bright core. A mag 12 star is 2.2' ENE.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1056 = H. III-584 = h256 on 26 Oct 1786 (sweep 626) and recorded "vF, S, bM". On 16 Sep 1828 (sweep 178), John Herschel logged "pB; S; R; pretty suddenly brighter middle; 12" [diameter]."
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02 43 02.9 +32 29 28; Tri
V = 14.2; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 115°
24" (9/23/17): at 260x; fairly faint, moderately large,
oval 3:2 NW-SE, 1.2'x0.8'.
Contains a brighter core that seems to extend into a very low contrast
bar. First in the
24" (2/7/16): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated
2:1 WNW-ESE, 0.7'x0.35', small brighter core. The major axis points to
18" (1/26/11): very faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2
NW-SE, 0.7'x0.45', low even surface brightness. Located 4.7' NW of NGC 1060 in a group with NGC 1061 3'
SE.
George Johnstone Stoney, Lord Rosse's assistant, discovered
NGC 1057 in December 1849. The
sketch and description ("vF double neb") clearly applies to
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02 43 29.8 +37 20 27; Per
V = 11.2; Size 3.0'x2.8'; Surf Br = 13.4
18" (1/26/11): fairly bright, fairly large, irregularly round, 2' diameter, broad, weak concentration, very small brighter nucleus ~5" diameter, irregular surface brightness, asymmetric appearance. A star is superimposed on the NW side ~35" from the center. The halo is more extensive or brighter on the west side and very weak on the east side, so the nucleus appears offset towards the northeast side. A mag 15 star is at the south end of the galaxy. Member of the NGC 1023 Group.
17.5" (12/7/90): moderately bright, moderately large, round, almost even surface brightness, no distinct core, possibly mottled. A mag 14 star is involved at the NW edge and a mag 15 star is involved at the south end. A mag 11.5 star lies 2.3' SSW of center.
13.1" (11/29/86): moderately bright, moderately large, round, almost even surface brightness. A faint star mag 14.5 star is superimposed on the NW edge.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1058 = H. II-633 = h255 on 17 Jan 1787 (sweep 692) and logged "F, cL, R, little brighter middle, 4' diameter. In Oct 1828 (sweep 188), John Herschel recorded, "pF; L; R; gradually little brighter middle; 50"." His RA was 9 seconds too small. This galaxy was observed 4 times at Birr Castle. On 24 Nov 1854, R.J. Mitchell remarked "L, R. Susp Nucl or * in centre, 2 conspicuous stars inv in the preceding side." Hermann Kobold measured a fairly accurate position in 1899 at Strasbourg (published in 1907).
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02 42 35.6 +17 59 48; Ari
= **, Reinmuth and Gottlieb.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1059 = h259 on 25 Jan 1832 and
simply noted "eF, hardly sure."
There is nothing nonstellar near his position but just 1' SE is a close
pair of mag 14 stars at 10" separation. Several observers looked for Herschel's object. Heinrich d'Arrest was unable to find
anything "on a very clear night" and Sherburne Burnham (Publ of Lick
Observatory, II) also carefully searched unsuccessfully for the object,
although in sweeping around he discovered
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NGC 1060 = UGC 2191 = MCG +05-07-035 = CGCG 505-038 = WBL 085-002 = PGC 10302
02 43 15.1 +32 25 30; Tri
V = 11.8; Size 2.3'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 75°
24" (9/23/17): at 260x; bright, large, nearly 2'x1.5', sharply concentrated with a large bright core that gradually increases to a stellar nucleus. A mag 15 star is at the east edge of the halo [1.0' from center]. Brightest in a group (reobserved due to a current supernova in NGC 1067).
24" (2/7/16): very bright, large, sharply concentrated with an intensely bright core that increases to the center. The much fainter halo gradually dims and is slightly elongated WSW-ENE, ~1.6'x1.3'. Brightest in a group of 10 galaxies (including 5 NGCs) in a 20' field.
The two closest galaxies are NGC 1061 2.5' N and
18" (1/26/11): bright, fairly large, elongated 4:3
WSW-ENE, large low surface brightness halo extends 2.0'x1.5'. Sharply concentrated with a large, very
bright core that is well concentrated to the center. Brightest in a group of 5 NGC galaxies including NGC 1061
2.5' N, NGC 1057 4.8' NW, NGC 1066 8' NE and NGC 1067 9' NE. Located 10' WNW of mag 7.4
17.5" (11/27/92): moderately bright, fairly small, round, halo gradually brightens to small bright core, stellar nucleus. Located 10' WNW of mag 7.7 SAO 55822. Brightest in a group with NGC 1061 2.5' N and NGC 1066 8' ENE.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1060 = H. III-162 = h257,
along with NGC 1066, on 12 Sep 1784 (sweep 268). He described them together as "Two, both vF, pS, R,
little brighter middle." His
position was off by 15 seconds of RA too far east and 3' north. Earlier in the same sweep he
discovered the trio
John Herschel made 3 observations and mentioned a "red *7.8 43.5 seconds preceding", though the star is ESE.
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NGC 1061 = MCG +05-07-036 = CGCG 505-039 = WBL 085-003 = PGC 10303
02 43 15.8 +32 28 00; Tri
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 25°
24" (9/23/17): at 260x; fairly faint, fairly small, oval 4:3 SW-NE, 32"x24", very weak concentration. Located 2.5' N of NGC 1060 (brightest in a group) with NGC 1057 3' NW and NGC 1060 7' E.
24" (2/7/16): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, 24"x18", even surface brightness. NGC 1057 is 3.1' NW and NGC 1060 is 2.5' S.
18" (1/26/11): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, 30"x20". Located in the center of the group, 2.5' N of NGC 1060. NGC 1057 lies 3' NW.
17.5" (11/27/92): very faint, very small, round, even surface brightness. Located 2.5' N of NGC 1060 in a group.
George Johnstone Stoney, Lord Rosse's assistant, discovered NGC 1061 in December 1849 and logged "pF, S, R". The diagram made in 1850 matches CGCG 505-039 = PGC 10303.
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02 43 24.0 +32 27 44; Tri
= *, Gottlieb and Corwin. The RNGC and RC3 identification of NGC 1062 = UGC 2201 is
incorrect, but here are my notes on
24" (2/7/16): extremely faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 E-W, ~30"x10". This low surface brightness edge-on was only occasionally glimpsed with effort. Situated 1.8' NW of NGC 1066 and 1.7' SW of NGC 1067 in the NGC 1060 = WBL 085 cluster.
Ralph Copeland discovered NGC 1062 on 11 Oct 1873 as observing assistant on the 72" at Birr Castle. He placed this object with respect to NGC 1061 at 116.8" in PA 97.6 deg (ESE). At this offset (1.9' ESE of NGC 1061) is an extremely faint star. RNGC and RC3 (as well as SIMBAD and other sources) misidentify UGC 2201 = PGC 10331 as NGC 1062. This galaxy is located over 6' ENE of NGC 1061. See my RNGC Corrections #2 and Corwin's notes.
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02 42 10.0 -05 34 07; Cet
V = 14.3; Size 1.4'x0.5'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 105°
17.5" (11/28/97): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~E-W, 0.8'x0.5', low even surface brightness. Preceded by a wide pair of mag 11/13 stars ~4' W.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 1063 = St. 12-23 on 16 Nov 1881 with the 31" reflector at Marseilles Observatory. His position is accurate.
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02 42 23.5 -09 21 44; Cet
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 30°
17.5" (11/10/96): very faint, fairly small, round,
30" diameter. Requires
averted vision but can hold with concentration due to a very low even surface
brightness. Forms a pair with
brighter
NGC 1064 is a face-on spiral with a small core and much fainter arms (halo) and I missed it twice from the brighter skies east of Mt Hamilton.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1064 = LM 2-345 in 1886
with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His position is just 0.2 tsec west of
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02 42 06.2 -15 05 30; Cet
V = 13.5; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.7
24" (1/23/22): at 375x; relatively bright, fairly
small, round, 30" diameter.
Contains a very bright core with a stellar nucleus and a low surface
brightness halo. Forms a pair with
similar
17.5" (12/20/95): In a trio with slightly brighter IC 253
2.7' N and extremely faint
IC 253 is fairly faint, fairly small, round, small bright core, stellar nucleus, 30" diameter. IC 254 is an extremely faint, round, barely nonstellar spot just 1.0' SSW of NGC 1065. Requires averted vision to glimpse and <10" diameter.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1065 = Sw. 5-38 on 29 Sep 1886
and reported "eeF, pS, * nr s, B* preceding, e difficult". His position is just 4 seconds of RA
west of
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NGC 1066 = UGC 2203 = MCG +05-07-042 = WBL 085-006 = PGC 10338
02 43 49.9 +32 28 30; Tri
V = 13.3; Size 1.7'x1.6'; Surf Br = 14.3
24" (9/23/17): at 260x; fairly bright, large, slightly elongated, well concentrated with a bright core and low surface brightness halo ~1.5'x1.2'. A mag 7.4 star (HD 16954) lies 7' SSE. NGC 1066 is the second brightest member of the NGC 1060 group = WBL 85, with NGC 1067 2.2' N.
24" (2/7/16): moderately to fairly bright, moderately large, slightly elongated SW-NE, 1.3'x1.0', well concentrated core increases to the center, occasional faint stellar nucleus. Second brightest and largest in the cluster (WBL 085). In a small trio with NGC 1067 2.2' N and UGC 2201 1.7' NW.
UGC 2201, which is misidentified as NGC 1062 in RNGC, RC3
and SIMBAD, is an extremely low surface brightness edge-on and was only
occasionally glimpsed, extending ~30"x10" E-W.
18" (1/26/11): moderately bright, fairly large, irregularly round, 1.5'x1.2', broad concentration in halo. Contains a small brighter core that increases to the center. Forms a pair with NGC 1067 2.2' due north. Located 8' NE of NGC 1060 and 7' NNW of mag 7.4 HD 16954.
17.5" (11/27/92): faint, moderately large, slightly elongated N-S, 1.5'x1.3'. Similar size to NGC 1060 8' WSW but one magnitude fainter. Broadly concentrated halo but no well defined core. Located 7' NNW of mag 7.7 SAO 55822. Forms a pair with NGC 1067 2.2' N, also nearby is NGC 1061 7' W. Appears brighter than the CGCG mag of 14.9.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1066 = H. III-163 = h260, along with NGC 1060, on 12 Sep 1784 (sweep 268). He recorded the pair together as "Two, both vF, pS, R little brighter in the middle." This galaxy was observed 10 times at Birr Castle!
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NGC 1067 = UGC 2204 = MCG +05-07-043 = WBL 085-007 = PGC 10339
02 43 50.6 +32 30 42; Tri
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.6
24" (9/23/17): at 260x; faint, fairly small, round, low surface brightness, 30-35" diameter. SN 2017gjn (Type 1a), discovered 1' NNW of center on 24 August, was visible as a mag 15.5 "star".
24" (2/7/16): fairly faint, fairly small, roundish, low surface brightness with a broad weak concentration [face-on Sc]. In a small trio with NGC 1066 2.2' S and UGC 2201 1.7' SW. Situated 8' NE of NGC 1060 (brightest in the cluster) and 6.7' NNW of mag 7.4 HD 16954.
18" (1/26/11): very faint, fairly small, irregularly round, ~40"x35", very low surface brightness, very weak concentration. Located 2.2' N of NGC 1066 in a group of 5 NGC galaxies.
17.5" (11/27/92): very faint, very small, round, low surface brightness. Forms a close pair with NGC 1066 2.2' S in the NGC 1060 group. UGC 2201 (misidentified in the RNGC and RC3 as NGC 1062) is 1.6' SW and was not seen.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1067 = h261 on 22 Nov 1827 and reported "eF; S; the nf of two [with NGC 1066]. Change in polar distance estimated at 3'." The actual separation is 2.2'.
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02 42 40.3 -00 00 48; Cet
V = 8.9; Size 7.1'x6.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 70°
48" (10/26/11): at 375x; the view through Lowrey's 48-inch was remarkable. Spiral arm structure was easily visible with two main arms in the central halo and a bright inner arm around the nucleus and core. The bright inner arm attaches at the east side of the intense core, wraps tightly clockwise around the north side of the core and heads south on the west side of the core. There were two main arms in the central halo forming an elongated "S" pattern. A long spiral arm is attached near the east side of the core and wraps clockwise outside the inner arm described above. It continues around to the west side and heads south, ending near a compact HII knot ([EKS96] 19 from Evans et al 1996 "Atlas of H II Regions in Nearby Seyfert Galaxies"). A second long spiral arm is attached on the southwest side of the core and wraps clockwise to the east side of the core, passing inside of a 10" HII knot [EKS96] 79/80]. The arm rotates to the northern edge of the halo. Besides these main arms, several fainter sections of additional arms are tightly wrapped in the central halo. The main central region of the galaxy is encased in a very large, low surface brightness outer halo, extendng ~6'x5' WSW-ENE. NGC 1055, part of the M77 group, lies 30' NNE.
18" (10/21/06): very bright, fairly large oval, extended 4:3 SW-NE, ~3.5'x2.5'. Sharply concentrated with a very bright, oval core containing a sharp, very bright stellar nucleus. There was a strong impression of mottling or spiral structure in the halo with a curving dust lane (gap between the spiral arms) embedded in the halo that swings around from the southwest side of the halo towards the north along the west side of the core. Inner arm detail was also suggested around the edge of the halo with an impression of mottling or turbulence. A mag 11 star is just off the SE side, ~1.5' from the center.
17.5" (11/14/87): very bright, moderately large, sharp concentration with an unusually bright core, almost stellar nucleus, diffuse slightly elongated halo. Appears mottled at high power and a hint of inner arm structure. A mag 11 star is 1.3' ESE of the center. This is a Seyfert 2 galaxy and brightest in a group with NGC 1055 and 1073.
14.5" (12/17/20): very bright, moderately large, slightly elongated, ~2.4'x2.0'. Very sharp and strong concentration with a very intense core punctuated by a brilliant stellar-like nucleus. The (central) halo has a slightly irregular surface brightness. A mag 10.8 star is barely off the SE flank, 1.4' from center.
8" (11/28/81): bright, intense core, faint halo.
Pierre Méchain discovered M77 = NGC 1068 = h262 on 29 Oct 1780. After Messier was notified of the discovery, he observed it in December and called it a "cluster of small stars which contains some nebulosity."
William Herschel first observed M77 on 20 September 1783 with his 6.2" telescope and called it "an ill defined star, surrounded by nebulosity. " Through his 20-ft telescope (12" aperture) he called M77 "Very bright; an irregular extended nucleus with milky chevelure, 3 or 4' long, near 3' broad." In later observations with his large 10-foot telescope, he also noted it was "A kind of much magnified stellar cluster; it contains some bright stars in the centre." In addition, he logged M77 on 5 different sweeps in his 18.7".
Lord Rosse's assistant George Johnstone Stoney first observed M77 on 4 Dec 1848 and called it "a blue spiral?" M77 was included in the list of "Spiral or curvilinear" object in Rosse's 1850 PT paper. Observing assistant Bindon Stoney made a sketch on 24 Nov 1851 (the description reads "The central part is, I am nearly sure, spiral") shown on plate XXV, figure 6 in LdR's 1861 paper (also Plate 1, Figure 4 in the 1880 publication). William Lassell's 1863 sketch, made using 760x with his 48-inch from Malta, shows a tight spiral emanating from a bright stellar nucleus and wrapping a full 360°.
Isaac Roberts' photograph in 1892 revealed considerable structure in the central region with a "dense composite nucleus, bounded by a broad nebulous ring, which is studded with strong condensations.."
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02 42 59.7 -08 17 22; Cet
V = 13.7; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 145°
17.5" (11/26/94): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated
2:1 NNW-SSE, 1.4'x0.7', slightly brighter core. A mag 12 star lies 2.2' NE. Located 4.9' W of mag 8.8
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1069 = Sw. 5-39 on 29 Sep 1886
with the 16" refractor at Warner Observatory and recorded "eeF; pS;
R; between two dist stars; B* nr following." Swift's position is just 6 tsec west of
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02 43 22.2 +04 58 05; Cet
V = 11.9; Size 2.3'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 175°
17.5" (11/26/94): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 N-S. Contains a well-defined bright, round core which is evenly concentrated to the center. A mag 11 star lies 2.4' SSW of center.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1070 = H. II-273 = h263 on 13 Dec 1784 (sweep 338) and noted "F, S, iR." On 16 Oct 1827 (sweep 95), John Herschel logged it as "pB; R; gradually brighter in the middle; 15" [diameter]." Stephan made observations on 31 Oct 1869, 24 Nov 1875 and 5 Dec 1877 at Marseilles.
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02 43 07.8 -08 46 26; Cet
V = 14.5; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 160°
17.5" (11/28/97): extremely faint, small, round, 25" diameter, very low surface brightness, no concentration. Requires averted vision and probably only viewed the core as this galaxy has low surface brightness arms. Nearly collinear with two mag 11/12 stars 3.3' E and 4.6' W, respectively.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1071 = LM 2-346 with the
26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory and logged "0.3'x0.1',
pE 180°, *10, p 16s; *9, f 15s".
His position is an exact match with
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02 43 31.3 +00 18 25; Cet
V = 13.4; Size 1.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 11°
18" (1/15/07): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 ~N-S, ~0.9'x0.5'. Contains a moderately bright roundish core with much fainter extensions N-S. A mag 11 star lies 3.9' NNW and a pair of mag 11/13 stars at 14" is 4.7' SE. Located 23' NE of M77.
17.5" (11/14/87): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 ~N-S, bright core. Located 23' NNE of M77.
13.1" (9/3/83): very faint, thin, very elongated SSW-NNE.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 1072 = St. 12-24 on 31 Oct
1877, after observing nearby NGC 1055.
His position in his 12th discovery list (reduced on 20 Dec 1881) is
accurate. Stephane Javelle found
NGC 1072 on 24 Jan 1898 and reported it in his 3rd discovery list (#945, later
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02 43 40.3 +01 22 33; Cet
V = 11.0; Size 4.9'x4.5'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 15°
48" (10/24/14): at 488x; the central bar is very bright and well-defined, extending 1.0'x0.3' SW-NE. An easily visible spiral arm is attached at the northeast end of the bar and extends at a right angle to the northwest, passing through a mag 16 star [50" N of center]. The arm then dims but sweeps clockwise around the west side, and merges with the second arm attached at the southwest end of the bar. As a result, the galaxy appears to have a single continuous arm rotating ~270° and ending on the southeast side, ~1.2' from center! The outer part of the halo has a low surface brightness but extends at least 4' in diameter. Another mag 16 star is on the southwest side of the halo [1.4' from center].
At least three HII complexes were identified. The brightest is NGC 1073:[HK 83] 6/9, an elongated patch ~13"x8" E-W, situated at or just beyond the southeast end of the spiral arm [1.4' from center]. A small, fainter knot close west, [HK83] 19, was difficult to resolve. [HK83] 69, a faint 10" knot, is on the west side of the halo (beyond the arm) [1.4' due west of center]. Finally, [HK83] 49 is a third 10" knot of low contrast in the northwest outer halo [1.9' NNW of center]. The designations are from Hodge and Kennicutt's 1983 "An Atlas of HII Regions in 125 Galaxies".
13.1" (9/3/83): fairly faint, large, even surface brightness, round. An equilateral triangle consisting of three mag 9.5-10.5 stars with sides 5' lies SW.
8" (11/28/81): very faint, fairly large, very diffuse, round. Three mag 10 stars are close SW.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1073 = H. III-455 on 9 Oct 1785 (sweep 463) and recorded "vF, vL, little brighter middle, 6 or 7' diameter". He noted it was "easily resolvable" on a later sweep. The mottling he noted is due to numerous HII knots.
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02 43 36.1 -16 17 50; Cet
V = 13.7; Size 1.9'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 167°
17.5" (12/20/95): very faint, small, elongated 3:2
~N-S, 50"x35", low surface brightness. A mag 13 star is 2.8' SSW of center. Forms a pair with
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1074 = LM 1-63 on 28 Nov
1885 with the 26" Leander McCormick refractor. His rough position essentially matches
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NGC 1075 = MCG -03-08-002 = PGC 10320
02 43 33.5 -16 12 05; Cet
V = 13.9; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 153°
17.5" (12/20/95): extremely faint and small, round, 15" diameter. Requires averted vision. Forms a pair with NGC 1074 5.8' S.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1075 = LM 1-64 on 28 Nov
1885 with the Leander McCormick 26" refractor. His approximate RA (nearest min of RA) is just 0.6 tmin
west, though 2' south of
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02 43 29.2 -14 45 16; Cet
V = 12.3; Size 1.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 99°
17.5" (12/20/95): moderately bright, fairly small,
elongated 2:1 E-W, 1.5'x0.7', broad concentration with a large brighter
core. Located 5.4' W of mag 9.4
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1076 = Sw. 3-20 on 29 Dec 1885
with the 16" refractor at Warner Observatory and commented "vF; pS;
R; B* 22s east". His position
is 7 tsec of RA east of
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02 46 00.7 +40 05 24; Per
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 165°
17.5" (12/23/92): faint, small, elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE,
almost even fairly low surface brightness. Forms a double system with
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1077 = Sw. 2-23 on 16 Aug 1885
with the 16" refractor at Warner Observatory and placed accurately. This is a double system (with PGC
10465), though the brighter southwestern component is called
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02 44 08.0 -09 27 08; Cet
V = 14.5; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 14.1
17.5" (12/20/95): very faint, very small, round. Contains a 10" brighter core surrounded by a 25" halo. A mag 10 star lies 5.8' NNW. Located close to the Eridanus border.
Frank Muller discovered NGC 1078 = LM 2-347 in 1886 with the
26" Leander McCormick refractor and noted a "mag 9.5 star follows 30
sec, south 2'." His position
is 0.3 tmin east of
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02 43 44.5 -29 00 11; For
V = 11.5; Size 3.5'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 87°
13.1" (10/10/86): moderately bright, fairly large,
elongated 2:1 E-W, bright core, faint stellar nucleus, faint elongated halo.
Member of the
John Herschel discovered NGC 1079 = h2494 on 14 Nov 1835 and logged "B, pmE, suddenly brighter in the middle, 90" long, 40" broad". His position is accurate.
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02 45 10.0 -04 42 39; Cet
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 160°
17.5" (11/26/94): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, almost even surface brightness, well-defined halo. Several stars are near and forms the west vertex of an equilateral triangle with two mag 12.5/13.5 stars 2.7' SE and 2.6' NE of center. A brighter mag 11.5 star lies 3.5' W.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1080 = Sw. 5-40 on 21 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at Warner Observatory. His position is 5 tsec east and 15" north of MCG -01-08-003 = PGC 10416.
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02 45 05.5 -15 35 17; Eri
V = 13.3; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 27°
18" (11/26/03): at 160x appears faint, fairly small,
very elongated 5:2 or 3:1 SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.35', low even surface brightness. Located 10' S of mag 7.6 SAO
14856.
17.5" (11/26/94): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2
SSW-NNE, 1.2'x0.5', uniform surface brightness. Located 10' SSW of mag 8.2
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1081 = Sw. 5-41 on 21 Oct 1886
with the 16" refractor at the Warner Observatory. His position is 5 tsec of RA west of
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02 45 41.2 -08 10 50; Eri
V = 13.8; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 90°
17.5" (12/20/95): faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, 0.8'x0.6'. Fairly sharp concentration with a well-defined 20" core. A mag 12.5 star lies 2.4' N of center.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1082 = Sw. 5-42 on 29 Sep 1886 with the 16" refractor at the Warner Observatory. His position is accurate. The RNGC declination is 2' too far south.
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NGC 1083 = MCG -03-08-015 = PGC 10445
02 45 40.6 -15 21 29; Eri
V = 13.8; Size 1.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 17°
17.5" (11/26/94): fairly faint but striking edge-on
streak 5:1 SSW-NNE, 1.5'x0.3'.
Weak concentration with no distinct core. Located almost at the midpoint of two mag 11 stars 2.5' NW
and 3.2' SE. Second of three on a
line with NGC 1081 16' SW and
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1083 = Sw. 5-43 on 29 Sep 1886
with the 16" refractor at Warner Observatory and reported "eeF; pS;
vE; surrounded by 5 or 6 stars; np of 2 [with NGC 1089]. His position is close to
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02 45 59.8 -07 34 42; Eri
V = 10.7; Size 3.2'x1.8'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 35°
17.5" (10/21/95): very bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 2.5'x1.2', broad concentration with a large bright core. Irregular mottled appearance or dust or dark lanes on the east side. The west side has a symmetric bulging appearance but there are dark indentations or bays on the NE and SE sides of the halo (probably between the spiral arms). Member of the NGC 1052 group (LGG 071).
8" (10/31/81): bright, moderately large, elongated. Three mag 9-10 stars lie 13' N, 15' NNE and 16' NNW.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1084 = H. I-64 = h264 on 10 Jan 1785 (sweep 355). He recorded "vB, pL, lE, mbM" and measured an accurate position.
The galaxy was observed 8 times at Birr Castle, the earliest by George Johnstone Stoney on 12 Nov 1848. He called it "a curious object with dark spaces." On 16 Oct 1855, assistant R.J. Mitchell called this a "Fine oval neb, has nucl, light mottled, sometimes I thought I saw a dark bay north of Nucl, certainly the neb is brighter along n and nf side than in the part intervening between that and the nucleus". Lassell's sketch shows a very tight spiral wrapping 1 1/2 revolutions around a stellar nucleus. He noted "A very obscure faint spiral nebula of apparently this form with power 760.”
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02 46 25.3 +03 36 26; Cet
V = 12.3; Size 3.0'x2.1'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 15°
17.5" (12/28/94): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 N-S, 1.2'x0.8', gradually increases to a small bright core. Forms the east vertex of an equilateral triangle with two mag 10.5/12.5 stars 4' SW and NW.
Heinrich d'Arrest discovered NGC 1085 on 26 Sep 1865 with an 11" refractor at Copenhagen. He noted the nebula was between two mag 11-12 stars - one preceding by 14.5 seconds [4' SW] and the other following by 18.5 seconds [4.6' E].
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02 47 56.4 +41 14 47; Per
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 35°
17.5" (10/24/87 and 12/23/92): faint, small, slightly elongated, almost even surface brightness, rich star field. A pretty double star lies 5' SE (9.3/11.3 at 8" in PA 90°). Surrounded by several mag 14-15 stars.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 1086 = Sw. 2-24 on 30 Nov 1877. His rough unpublished position was 5.5' due E, consistent with the other positions taken immediately before and afterwards. He never measured an accurate position and published the discovery.
Lewis Swift rediscovered NGC 1086 on 20 Aug 1885 and recorded "vF; pS; D* near". His RA in his second discovery list (#24) is 13 seconds too large, but there are no other nearby candidates and a nearby double star is 4.8' SE.
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02 46 25.1 -00 29 55; Cet
V = 10.9; Size 3.7'x2.2'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 5°
18" (1/15/07): fairly bright, fairly large, round, 1.7'
diameter. Broad concentration with
an ill defined core which appears to be offset towards the west side. The halo gradually fades into the background.
17.5" (11/14/87): bright, fairly large, elongated 3:2
N-S, gradually brighter halo, small bright core. Two mag 11 stars 2.9' NE and 3.8' ESE of center are part of
a string of brighter stars oriented NW-SE.
13.1" (9/3/83): fairly bright, moderately large, weak concentration, elongated N-S.
8" (12/6/80): faint, fairly small, diffuse. Located near a string of mag 10 stars.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1087 = H. II-466 = h265 on 9 Oct 1785 (sweep 463) and noted "pB, cL, R, mbM." A month later on 7 Nov 1785 (sweep 470) he logged "pB, pL, irr R."
Based on photos taken at the Helwan Observatoiry in 1919-20, the galaxy was described as "B, 3' x 1.5', E 10° ±, spiral with fairly sharp BN and about 20 bright, almost stellar condensations; the whols in south portion of nebula are fairly normal, but the north portion is rather curious."
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02 47 04.0 +16 12 00; Ari
V = 13.7; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 100°
24" (1/25/22): at 228x and 375x; fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 E-W, ~30" diameter, very small brighter nucleus, faint outer halo. A mag 14.2 star is 1.2' NW.
17.5" (11/10/96): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 0.8'x0.5'. Faint stellar nucleus at moments. A mag 13.5 star is 1.2' NW. The main body appears elongated E-W on the POSS. IC 255 wasn't seen.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1088 = H. III-582 on 25 Oct 1786 (sweep 623) and noted "vF, S, irr F." His position was 2' too far south. About a half-hour later the sweep was interrupted when Jupiter entered the field. John Herschel made no published observations.
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NGC 1089 = MCG -03-08-020 = PGC 10481
02 46 10.1 -15 04 23; Eri
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 15°
24" (1/28/17): at 282x; fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~N-S, ~0.5'x0.4', very small brighter core, occasional stellar nucleus.
17.5" (11/26/94): very faint, small, round, 0.4' diameter. Symmetrical appearance with a weak, even concentration to a faint stellar nucleus. Third of three on a line with NGC 1083 18' SSW and NGC 1081 34' SSW.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1089 = Sw. 5-44 on 29 Sep 1886
with the 16" refractor at Warner Observatory and noted "eeF, S, R, sf
of 2 [with NGC 1083]". His
position is 9 seconds of RA west of
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NGC 1090 = UGC 2247 = MCG +00-08-011 = CGCG 389-011 = PGC 10507
02 46 33.9 -00 14 50; Cet
V = 11.8; Size 4.0'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 102°
18" (1/15/07): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated ~5:2 WNW-ESE, ~2.5'x1', broad mild concentration to a fairly large, slightly brighter core which has a mottled texture. A mag 15 star is just off the the south edge and an 11th magnitude star lies 3' N.
17.5" (11/14/87): moderately bright, moderately large,
oval ~E-W, weak concentration. A
mag 15 star is at the south edge 42" from center and a mag 11.5 star is
3.1' N. NGC 1087 lies 15' S and
13.1" (9/3/83): faint, moderately large, diffuse, slightly elongated ~E-W.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1090 = H. II-465 = h266 on 9 Oct 1785 (sweep 463) and recorded "F, pL, R, bM."
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02 45 22.4 -17 32 00; Eri
V = 14.1; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 77°
17.5" (11/26/94): very faint, very small, elongated 4:3
WSW-ENE, 0.7'x0.5', no concentration.
A mag 11.5 star is 2.4' NNW of center. Forms a close pair with
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1091 = LM 1-65 (along with NGC 1092, 1098, 1099 and 1100) on 17 Oct 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His position is just 1' too far south. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1897 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
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NGC 1092 = HCG 21D = ESO 546-017 = MCG -03-08-014 = PGC 10432
02 45 29.5 -17 32 32; Eri
V = 13.4; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 170°
17.5" (11/26/94): faint, small, round, 40" diameter, increases to a bright core. Brighter of a close pair with NGC 1091 1.8' WNW. Last in HCG 21, consisting of five faint galaxies with NGC 1091, NGC 1098, NGC 1099 and NGC 1100.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1092 = LM 1-66 (along with NGC 1091 and 1098) on 17 Oct 1885 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick. Herbert Howe's corrected position, repeated in the IC 2 notes, is accurate. Howe also noted that NGC 1092 is "considerably brighter than its companion" although both were described by Leavenworth as "vF".
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02 48 16.2 +34 25 12; Tri
V = 13.1; Size 1.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 100°
17.5" (12/23/92): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated 4:3 WNW-ESE, fairly low almost even surface brightness. Located 4.3' SSE of a mag 9.5 star.
Édouard Stephan probably discovered NGC 1093 = St. 10-14 on 29 Nov 1875 and recorded a rough position 2' to the SE. He possibly made an earlier discovery on 30 Nov 1886, though the position was off by 30'. His published micrometric position (list 10, #14) was made on 6 Dec 1879.
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NGC 1094 = UGC 2262 = MCG +00-08-015 = CGCG 389-016 = PGC 10559
02 47 27.8 -00 17 06; Cet
V = 12.5; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 85°
18" (1/15/07): moderately bright, fairly small,
elongated 5:3 E-W, ~1'x0.6', broad weak concentration. Forms a close pair with
17.5" (11/14/87): fairly faint, very small, round,
bright core. NGC 1087 lies 20' SW
and NGC 1090 14' WNW. Located 4.8'
S of mag 9.1
13.1" (9/3/83): very faint, very small, almost round. Located 14' ESE of NGC 1090.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1094 = H. III-462 = h267 on
7 Nov 1785 (sweep 470) and noted "vF, S." His position is 1' S of
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02 47 37.9 +04 38 15; Cet
V = 13.3; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 45°
17.5" (12/28/94): very faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 1.2'x0.8'. Appears as a low unconcentrated glow just 2.0' SE of a mag 10 star which hampers viewing. Forms a pair with NGC 1101 10' SE.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 1095 = St. 8b-8, along with
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02 43 49.4 -59 54 47; Hor
V = 12.8; Size 1.9'x1.8'; Surf Br = 14.0
14" (4/7/16 - Coonabarabran, 178x): very faint, fairly
small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 35"x25", fairly even surface
brightness. Mag 9.8
John Herschel discovered NGC 1096 = h2496 on 3 Oct 1836 and logged "F, R, gradually little brighter middle, 30 arcsec." His RA is 10 seconds west of ESO 115-028 = PGC 10336.
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NGC 1097 = Arp 77 NED2 = ESO 416-020 = MCG -05-07-024 = UGCA 41 = LGG 075-003 = PGC 10488
02 46 19.0 -30 16 29; For
V = 9.5; Size 9.3'x6.3'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 130°
30" (10/13/15 - OzSky): NGC 1097 was one of the top highlights of my October 2015 trip to Australia. At 303x; this showpiece barred spiral contains a bright central bar ~4.5'x1.5' NW-SE. The bar is sharply concentrated with an extremely bright, slightly elongated NW-SE core but no distinct stellar nucleus.
A prominent spiral arm is attached on the northwest end of the bar. The arm is relatively thin, well defined and knotty as it curls counterclockwise to the east, dimming out gradually about 3' ENE of center. A large bright knot is close to the northwest end of the bar, just inside the beginning of the arm and close east of a superimposed mag 14.5 star. NED catalogues this region with the multiple designations NGC 1097:[EKS96] 148 and [EKS96] 151 from the 1996 "An Atlas of H II Regions in Nearby Seyfert Galaxies". Roughly halfway along its length is a pair of fairly prominent HII knots. The first is [EKS96] 245, a 12" knot 2.5' NNE of center. Close east is slightly larger [EKS96] 300/304, 2.5' NE of center. The arm then fades as it passes just south of a mag 15 star.
At the southeast end of the bar a delicate, thin spiral arm unfurls counterclockwise towards the northwest. About halfway along its length is a slightly brighter elongated patch extending ~30" in length, with designations [EKS96] 100/105/119 and others. The arm dims out about 3' WSW of center. The arms stretch about 6' tip to tip, giving overall dimensions of perhaps 7'x6'.
The satellite galaxy
18" (12/30/08): very bright, large, very elongated
NW-SE. The brightest portion is
the entire central "bar" which extends ~5'x1.5'. This region is surrounded by a much
fainter "halo", increasing the size to ~5'x3'. The center is strongly concentrated to
a very bright 50"x40" core, slightly elongated NW-SE. At the northwest end of the bar, a very
diffuse arm sweeps to the east in a counterclockwise direction for ~2.5' in
length and appears to brighten or have a faint knot near the end. At the southeast end of the bar, only a
hint of a short extension sweeping west was detected. A faint star (mag ~14.5) is along the
west side at the northwest end of the main bar, near where the brighter arm is
attached. NGC 1097A, a small
companion galaxy, is situated just off the NW side and appeared faint, very
small, irregularly round, 25"x20". Brightest in a group (LGG 075) including NGC 1079,
17.5" (10/17/87): very bright, very large, very elongated NW-SE, very bright core. A companion galaxy NGC 1097A is attached at the NW end.
14.5" (12/17/20): at 140x; bright, very large, elongated ~5:2 NW-SE, ~4.5'x2', sharply and strongly concentrated with a prominent core that increases to a very small (non-stellar) intensely bright nucleus. The outer halo is very diffuse but may increase the dimensions to 6'x4'.
NGC 1097A is situated 3.3' NW of center, and in line with the major axis. It was faint but easily visible, elongated 2:1, 30"x15".
8" (10/31/81): bright, elongated NW-SE, bright core.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1097 = H. V-48 = h2495 on 9
Oct 1790 (sweep 972). He logged
"very bright, elongated 75° np to sf; about 8' long. A very bright nucleus confined to a
small part about 1' diameter."
Taking precession into account, this is the 4th most southerly galaxy
that Herschel discovered. In 1790
it culminated at an elevation of just 7.3°.
John Herschel recorded this barred spiral on 18 Nov 1835 (sweep 643) from South Africa as "B, L, vmE, pspmbM, 3' long; pos = 151.1°." The next night he logged "B, L, vmE, pretty suddenly very much bright middle to a pretty large, round nucleus; 4' long, 40" broad." Dunlop's D 625 possibly refers to NGC 1097, although his position is too rough to make a positive identification. He found a "round nebula, about 2' dia, very bright at the centre, and very faint from the centre to the margin , almost equally faint from the bright nucleus to the margin. There are two pretty bright small stars following the nebula rather north."
NGC 1097 was photographed in 1919-1920 at the Helwan Observatory near Cairo and by Harlow Shapley and John Paraskevopoulos in the late 1930s with the 60-inch reflector (mirror originally from Andrew Ainslie Common) at Harvard's Boyden Station in Bloemfontein, South Africa. Shapley and Paraskevopoulos remarked "The large nucleus shows a strong rift and a peculiar internal structure that perhaps result chiefly from the distribution of obscuration. Along the swollen or elliptical "bar" and in the spiral arms there are also peculiar obscurations and markings."
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NGC 1098 = HCG 21C = ESO 546-014 = MCG -03-08-008 = PGC 10403
02 44 53.7 -17 39 33; Eri
V = 12.6; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 102°
17.5" (11/26/94): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated
3:2 E-W, 1.2'x0.8', small bright core, stellar nucleus with direct vision. Located 5.2' SSW of mag 8.1
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1098 = LM 1-67, along
with NGC 1091 = I-65 and NGC 1092 = I-66, on 17 Oct 1885. There is nothing at his position but 2
tmin east and 2' north is
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NGC 1099 = HCG 21A = ESO 546-015 = MCG -03-08-011 = PGC 10422
02 45 17.6 -17 42 31; Eri
V = 13.1; Size 1.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 10°
17.5" (11/26/94): faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, 1.5'x0.5', no concentration. Brightest in HCG 21 with NGC 1100 4.5' ENE and NGC 1098 6.4' NW.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1099 = LM 1-68 (along with NGC 1098 = I-67 and NGC 1100 = I-69) on 17 Oct 1885 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. Ormond Stone's corrected position in the IC 1 is accurate and Herbert Howe also measured an accurate position in 1899-00.
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NGC 1100 = HCG 21B = ESO 546-018 = MCG -03-08-016 = PGC 10438
02 45 36.0 -17 41 19; Eri
V = 13.0; Size 1.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 58°
17.5" (11/26/94): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE, weak concentration. Similar appearance as NGC 1099 4.5' WSW. A mag 14 star is off the SE side 1.7' from the center and a mag 13 star is 2.3' NNE. About 9' N is pair of faint galaxies; NGC 1091 = HCG 21E and NGC 1092 = HCG 21D.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1100 = LM 1-69 (along with NGC 1098 = I-67 and NGC 1099 = I-68) on 17 Oct 1885 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. Ormond Stone's corrected position given in the IC 1 Notes is accurate and Herbert Howe also measured an accurate position in 1899-00 at the Chamberlin Observatory in Denver.
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NGC 1101 = UGC 2278 = MCG +01-08-003 = PGC 10613
02 48 14.8 +04 34 41; Cet
V = 13.0; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 100°
17.5" (12/28/94): fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 E-W, 0.8'x0.4', very small bright core. Forms a "double" with a mag 13 star at the west end 24" from the center. Starting about 4' SW is a very shallow arc of five mag 12-13 stars open to the NW with two 30" pairs at the SW and east ends of the arc and a total length of 4.5'. Forms a pair with NGC 1095 10' NW.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 1101 = St. 8b-9, along with NGC 1095, on 4 Nov 1875. His published micrometric position (list 8b, #9) was made a year later on 22 Nov 1876 with description "eF, eeS, R, bM, *13 preceding by 2 seconds in parallel."
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02 47 12.9 -22 12 32; Eri
V = 14.4; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 89°
17.5" (12/20/95): extremely faint, very small, slightly
elongated, only glimpsed with averted vision. Situated on a E-W line between two mag 12 and 13 stars 5.4'
E and 4.4' W. There are two mag 14
stars nearly collinear 1.6' and 2.4' S.
Located 17' due north of mag 6.5
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1102 = LM 2-348 with the
26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory and logged "mag 15.7,
0.2', R." His position is 17
tsec east of
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02 48 06.0 -13 57 35; Eri
V = 12.9; Size 2.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 40°
17.5" (12/28/94): fairly faint, small, elongated 3:1
SW-NE. Unusual appearance with a
mag 12 star just at the NE end of this small streak. Forms a pair with
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1103 = Sw. 3-21 on 26 Dec 1885
with the 16-inch refractor at Warner Observatory. His position is 8 sec of RA west of
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02 48 38.7 -00 16 17; Cet
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 70°
18" (1/15/07): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3, very weak concentration except for a slightly brighter quasi-stellar nucleus. A mag 13 star lies 1' S.
17.5" (11/14/87): very faint, very small, slightly elongated NW-SE. A mag 14 star is 1.0' S of center. Located 18' E of NGC 1094.
13.1" (9/3/83): extremely faint, very small. A line of three stars is following and a faint star is off the SE edge.
Heinrich d'Arrest discovered NGC 1104 on 6 Nov 1864 with an
11" refractor at Copenhagen and logged "vF, vS, a mag 14 star is
50" south." His position
and description matches
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NGC 1105 = IC 1840 = MCG -03-08-004 = PGC 10333
02 43 42.0 -15 42 20; Cet
V = 14.3; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4
18" (11/26/03): very faint, small, slightly elongated SW-NE, 0.5'x0.4', broad concentration with a round 20" core. Located 6' NW of mag 8.9 SAO 148573. NGC 1081 lies 20' ENE.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1105 = LM 1-71 on 2 Dec
1885 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. There is nothing at his position but
Harold Corwin examined Leavenworth's discovery sketch and it matches
This galaxy was independently discovered by Herbert Howe on
30 Jan 1900, probably while searching for NGC 1105 at the NGC position, and
reported it as new in list 3-7 (later
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02 50 40.5 +41 40 18; Per
V = 12.3; Size 1.8'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.4
17.5" (10/24/87): fairly faint, very small, slightly
elongated WSW-ENE, bright core. A
mag 14.5 star is attached at the west end. Located 3' WNW of mag 8.5
John Herschel discovered NGC 1106 = h268 on 18 Sep 1828,
although he was uncertain about the observation: "Query whether a nebula
or a knot of minute stars indistinctly seen." There is nothing at his position, but exactly 1.0 minute of
RA west is
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02 49 19.6 +08 05 34; Cet
V = 12.2; Size 1.8'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 140°
17.5" (10/21/95): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 3:2 NW-SE. Fairly high surface brightness with a prominent core and much fainter extensions. Two strings of stars form a "V" to the south.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 1107 = m 74 on 2 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and reported "F, vS, R." His position is accurate.
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02 48 38.5 -07 57 04; Eri
V = 15.1; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 85°
17.5" (11/28/97): very faint, very small, round, 25" diameter. At moments a stellar nucleus is visible. NGC 1110 lies 11' NE at the edge of the 220x field.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1108 = Sw. 5-45 on 31 Oct 1886
with the 16-inch refractor at Warner Observatory. His position is 5 tsec east and 24" north of
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02 47 43.6 +13 15 20; Ari
V = 14.0; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5" (1/9/99): faint, small, round, 25" diameter,
weak concentration, very faint stellar nucleus with direct vision. Situated 2.5' ENE of a mag 11.5
star. The NGC identification of
this galaxy is very uncertain due to poor positions in the group by Marth and
UGC, MCG and CGCG identify this galaxy as
Albert Marth discovered NGC 1109 = m 75 on 2 Dec 1863 with
Lassell's 48" on Malta and simply noted "vF". This is the first in a group of 8 that
he discovered that night, several of which (NGC 1109, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1117)
have identification problems because of poor positions or perhaps he confused
some faint stars as nebulous.
There is nothing near his position for NGC 1109. Harold Corwin suggests that NGC 1109
may refer to
Modern catalogues, including RC3, RNGC, PGC and LEDA
identify
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02 49 09.5 -07 50 14; Eri
V = 14.2; Size 2.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 14.5; PA = 18°
17.5" (11/28/97): this unusual galaxy appears a moderately large, low surface brightness streak, 2.0'x0.4' oriented SSW-NNE. Located 2.7' N of a mag 11.5 star. NGC 1108 lies 11' SW. Member of the NGC 1052 group (LGG 071).
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1110 = LM 2-349 on 21 Dec 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His position is 15 tsec east of MCG -01-08-010 = PGC 10673 and his dimensions of 2.8'x0.3' clearly refers to this galaxy although his PA (168°) has a quadrant error.
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NGC 1111 = IC 1850? = PGC 1426583
02 48 39.3 +13 15 34; Ari
Size 0.7'x0.3'; PA = 9°
17.5" (1/9/99): extremely faint, very small, elongated 3:1 SSW- NNE, ~25"x9". Originally this object appeared virtually stellar as I probably just detected the core but after viewing for awhile the thin extensions were noticed. IC 1850 is located 5.6' NW of IC 1852. This NGC identification (NGC 1111) is very uncertain.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 1111 = m 76 on 2 Dec 1863 with
Lassell's 48" on Malta and noted "F, vS, stellar". This is the second in a group of 8
galaxies he discovered that night, several of which (NGC 1109, 1111, 1112,
1113, 1117) have identification problems because of poor positions or perhaps
he confused faint stars as nebulous.
Harold Corwin suggests that NGC 1111 = IC 1850 = PGC 1426583, which is
located 1.0 min of RA west of Marth's position but matches in RA. Courtney Seligman notes that IC 1850
could just as easily be equated with NGC 1109, as Marth's positions for these
two entries are very close. RNGC,
PGC and HyperLEDA label
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NGC 1112 = IC 1852? = UGC 2293 = MCG +02-08-011 = CGCG 440-015 = PGC 10660
02 49 00.4 +13 13 25; Ari
V = 13.8; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 3°
17.5" (1/9/99): very faint, fairly small, ~40"x25". Appears as a very low surface brightness glow with no noticeable concentration and an ill-defined edge. After extended viewing could hold continuously with direct vision. IC 1850 (possibly NGC 1111) lies 5.6' NW and IC 1846 (possibly NGC 1109) is 19' W. The NGC identification is very uncertain and CGCG, UGC and MCG label this galaxy as IC 1852 only.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 1112 = m 77 on 2 Dec 1863 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and logged "F, pS". This is the third in a group of 8 galaxies he discovered that night, several of which (NGC 1109, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1117) have identification problems because of poor positions or possibly he confused faint stars as nebulous.
Harold Corwin suggests NGC 1112 may refer IC 1852 = UGC 2293 = PGC 10660. Stephane Javelle discovered this galaxy on 7 Jan 1896 with the 30-inch refractor at the Nice Observatory. Marth's position is exactly 1.0 min of RA following IC 1852 and matches in declination. CGCG, UGC and MCG label this galaxy IC 1852, while RNGC, PGC, RC3 and Megastar identify it as NGC 1109. RNGC classifies NGC 1112 as nonexistent. Finally, HyperLEDA equates IC 1852 with NGC 1109. Although NGC 1112 = IC 1852 is a reasonable match, given all the problems in this region this identification is very uncertain. See Corwin's notes for NGC 1109 and Courtney's Seligman website for NGC 1112.
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02 50 05.0 +13 19 39; Ari
= *??, Corwin. Not found, RNGC.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 1113 = m 78 on 2 Dec 1863 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and noted simply as "vF". This is the 4th in a group of 8 galaxies he discovered that night, several of which (NGC 1109, 1111, 1112, 1113, 1117) have identification problems because of poor positions or perhaps he confused faint stars as nebulous. Marth's position falls very close to a 10th magnitude star, though it is very unlikely Marth could have described this star as "vF" and there are no other non-stellar candidates due west or east. Corwin suggests that NGC 1113 may refer to a 15th magnitude star 2' NW (position given here) of the bright star, though this is very speculative. NGC 1113 is classified as nonexistent in the RNGC and there is no entry in LEDA.
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02 49 07.2 -16 59 39; Eri
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 8°
17.5" (12/28/94): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated almost 3:1 N-S, 2.0'x0.7', broad concentration to a brighter middle but no nucleus. Appears slightly larger than catalogued dimensions.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1114 = H. III-449 = h269 = h2497 on 6 Oct 1785 (sweep 459) and logged "vF, pL, broadly extended, little brighter in the middle." John Herschel observed this galaxy both at Slough, England and at the Cape of Good Hope, where he recorded on 11 Dec 1835 (sweep 652), "pB, L, pmE, very gradually little brighter middle, 2' long, 40" broad."
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02 50 25.3 +13 15 58; Ari
V = 14.7; Size 0.6'x0.3'; PA = 10°
17.5" (11/28/97): extremely faint, very small, round,
15" diameter. Can hold
steadily with averted vision. A
nice pair of mag 13.5/14 star lie 2' N [17" separation]. Located 4.8' SSW of
Albert Marth discovered NGC 1115 = m 79 on 2 Dec 1863 with
Lassell's 48" on Malta and simply noted "vF". Although 5 of the 8 objects in the
region he discovered this night have poor positions or are lost, Marth's
position is a good match with
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NGC 1116 = UGC 2326 = MCG +02-08-017 = CGCG 440-021 = PGC 10781
02 50 35.7 +13 20 06; Ari
V = 14.3; Size 1.3'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 27°
17.5" (11/28/97): very faint, small, elongated 3:1 SW-NE, 0.6'x0.2', very small brighter core. Forms a pair with NGC 1115 4.8' SSW.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 1116 = m 80 on 2 Dec 1863 with
Lassell's 48" on Malta and simply noted "vF". Although 5 of the 8 objects in the
region he discovered this night have poor positions or are lost, NGC 1116 is an
excellent match with
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02 51 13.0 +13 11 07; Ari
V = 13.9; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 5°
17.5" (11/28/97): very faint, very small, slightly elongated N-S. Appears as a barely resolved double system oriented N-S, ~30"x20" total size. The object at the south side appears to have a stellar nucleus. The northern object has a 20" halo and appears larger. The centers of this pair are only 24" apart.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 1117 = m 81 on 2 Dec 1863 with
Lassell's 48" on Malta and noted "Close to a small star". This is the 7th in a group of 8
galaxies he discovered that night, several of which (NGC 1109, 1111, 1112,
1113, 1117) have identification problems because of poor positions or perhaps
he confused faint stars as nebulous.
There is nothing near his position for NGC 1117, but
******************************
02 49 58.7 -12 09 50; Eri
V = 12.7; Size 2.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 90°
17.5" (12/28/94): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 E-W, 1.2'x0.4'. The small, rounder bright core contains a faint stellar nucleus. A wide unequal pair [mag 12/14 at 33" separation] lies 5' NE.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1118 = Sw. 5-46 on 1 Nov 1886 with the 16-inch refractor at Warner Observatory. His position and description "vE" is accurate
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02 48 17.1 -17 59 15; Eri
V = 13.8; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.0; PA = 0°
17.5" (12/20/95): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, weak concentration. Forms the west vertex of a near equilateral triangle with a mag 10.5 star 3.0' NE and a mag 12 star 3.5' SE.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1119 = LM 1-72 on 17 Oct
1885 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. There is nothing at his position, but
Herbert Howe measured an accurate position at the end of the century (repeated
in the IC 2 notes) that matches
******************************
02 49 04.1 -14 28 15; Eri
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 40°
17.5" (11/18/95): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 40" diameter. Even concentration to a bright core and nearly stellar nucleus. A faint, close double star lies 4.2' SSW and 5' NW is a small group of four mag 13 stars (includes a 30" pair).
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1120 = LM 1-72 on 1 Jan
1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. There is nothing at his rough position,
but 1.1 min of RA west (common error) is
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02 50 39.1 -01 44 03; Eri
V = 12.9; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 11.5; PA = 10°
17.5" (12/28/94): fairly faint, small, elongated 2:1 N-S, 0.6'x0.3', well concentrated with a small bright core and a stellar nucleus. Located 1.7' SSW of a mag 10 star in the northwest corner of Eridanus.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1121 = Sw. 1-4 on 9 Nov 1884 with his 16-inch refractor. His RA was 13 seconds too large. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1898 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory as well as Porter in 1908 at the Cincinnati Observatory.
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02 52 51.1 +42 12 20; Per
V = 12.1; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 40°
17.5" (10/24/87): fairly faint, small, round,
diffuse. A pair of mag 14 stars
are at the ESE and NE end and a mag 15 star is at the west end. Located 12' NNE of mag 7.2
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1122 = Sw. 2-25 on 6 Sep 1885
with the 16-inch refractor at Warner Observatory and recorded "vF, pS, R,
* nr north." His position and
description matches
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NGC 1123 = NGC 1122 = UGC 2353 = MCG +07-06-083 = CGCG 539-117 = PGC 10890
02 52 51.1 +42 12 20; Per
V = 12.1; Size 1.7'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 40°
17.5" (10/24/87): fairly faint, small, round, diffuse. A pair of mag 14 stars are at the ESE and NE end and a mag 15 star is at the west end. Located 12' NNE of mag 7.2 SAO 38407.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1123 = H. II-601 = h270 on
17 Oct 1786 (sweep 614) and logged "F, S, iF, resolvable." His position is within 2' of
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02 51 35.9 -25 42 07; For
V = 14.0; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 0°
17.5" (11/17/01): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter. Located 1.8' SW of a mag 10.3 star. This galaxy has a faint outer ring, but the observation records the smaller, round core only.
Ormond Stone discovered NGC 1124 = LM 1-74 in 1886 with the
26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory and noted "*9, nf
1'." His description and
rough position is a good match with
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02 51 40.4 -16 39 02; Eri
V = 12.6; Size 1.8'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 53°
24" (1/28/17): at 225x and 375x; moderately bright,
elongated nearly 3:1 SW-NE, 1.0'x0.35', small bright core, stellar
nucleus. Forms a very close
(optical) pair with
17.5" (11/18/95): moderately bright, fairly small, very elongated 7:2 SW-NE, 1.5'x0.4', small bright core. MCG -03-08-034 at the southwest tip was not seen.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1125 = H. III-450 = h272 on
6 Oct 1785 (sweep 459) and noted "vF, S, E." His position is accurate, though falls
closer to the fainter southwest component (MCG -03-08-034). The northeast component (
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02 52 18.6 -01 17 45; Eri
V = 14.4; Size 0.7'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 135°
17.5" (11/7/89): extremely faint, small, edge-on 4:1
NW-SE, low even surface brightness.
Located 8' WSW of
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1126 = Sw. 5-47 on 31 Oct 1886
with the 16-inch refractor at Warner Observatory. His position is just 44" north of
******************************
02 52 51.8 +13 15 23; Ari
V = 14.4; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 39°
17.5" (11/17/01): very faint, very small, slightly
elongated, 0.5'x0.4', low even surface brightness with no noticeable core. Situated in a fairly sparse star field
with a mag 10.9 star 6' ESE.
Located 19' NW of
Albert Marth discovered NGC 1127 = m 82 on 2 Dec 1863 with
Lassell's 48" on Malta and simply noted "vF". Although 5 of the 8 objects in the
region he discovered this night have poor positions or are lost, Marth's position
for this number is a good match with
******************************
02 57 41.6 +06 01 28; Cet
V = 12.7; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 11.7
24" (11/23/19): at 375x; fairly faint, fairly small, elongated ~2:1 N-S. This merged double system was easily resolved with the two nuclei separated by 16" N-S. The northern nucleus was noticeably brighter and well defined, ~12" diameter. The southern nucleus had a lower surface brightness and the edge faded out more gradually into the common halo that enclosed both nuclei. A mag 13.6 star is 1' W and a mag 12.6 star is 1' SW.
18" (11/22/08): on initial glance the brightest galaxy
in
17.5" (11/28/97): very faint, small, elongated 2:1 N-S,
40"x20", irregular surface brightness. On careful examination the glow resolved into a very close
pair of extremely small galaxies oriented N-S with tangent halos [just 16"
between centers!]. This double
system is the brightest in AGC 400 with
The identification of this galaxy with NGC 1128 is very uncertain.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1128 = Sw. 5-48 on 8 Oct 1886 with the 16-inch refractor at Warner Observatory and recorded "eF; S; lE; 2 pF stars close preceding." There are no good candidates near Swift's position.
Harold Corwin suggests NGC 1128 is
Interestingly, William Herschel might have first observed this double system. On 30 Sep 1786 (sweep 607), he recorded "Some small stars with suspected nebulosity, probably a deception." Although he didn't catalog it due to his uncertaintly, his position is just 1' NW of CGCG 415-041!
Stephane Javelle also discovered the double system on 1 Dec 1905 and measured an accurate position for J. 4-1496. He described it as "faint, double; appearance of a small double star whose two components are about mag 14, but surrounded by nebulosity. The nebulous character is certain." The 330 objects in his 4th list were never published.
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02 54 27.3 +41 34 46; Per
V = 12.5; Size 2.9'x2.1'; Surf Br = 14.4; PA = 90°
18" (11/18/06): this giant cD galaxy is the brightest
in the nearby X-ray bright cluster WBL 88 = AWM 7 (z = 0.017), which is a
member of the Pisces-Perseus supercluster. Several faint galaxies lie within a
few arcminutes including
17.5" (10/24/87): brightest in a compact group. Moderately bright, moderately large,
elongated WSW-ENE, brighter along major axis, small bright core. A mag 15 star is at the west edge
22" from the center. Forms a
close trio with NGC 1130 1.7' NNW and NGC 1131 1.7' SE.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1129 = H. II-602 = h271 on
17 Oct 1786 (sweep 614) and logged "F, pS, irregularly round, little
brighter in the middle." John
Herschel described it on 18 Sep 1828 (sweep 182): "vF; R very gradually
little brighter middle; 30" diameter." Their positions match
R.J. Mitchell, Lord Rosse's assistant in Oct 1854, noted "has either a F* sp or is double." This refers to MCG +07-07-003, which MCG misidentified this galaxy as NGC 1129. In December, he noted "suspect the supposed neb close sp edge to be only a faint double star. Finally in Dec 1855, Mitchell observed with Lord Rosse, who "thought the companion on sp edge to be merely a neb with a * for centre." Because of the uncertainty, Dreyer didn't assign an NGC designation to MCG +07-07-003.
******************************
NGC 1130 = MCG +07-07-002 = CGCG 540-004 = CGCG 539-122 = AWM 7-6 = PGC 10951
02 54 24.4 +41 36 20; Per
V = 14.6; Size 0.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 35°
18" (11/18/06): faint, very small, elongated ~2:1 SSW-NNE, 0.4'x0.2'. A mag 14 star is attached at the south end. Located in the core of the NGC 1129 cluster = AWM 7, just 1.7' NNW of NGC 1129.
17.5" (10/24/87): very faint, very small, round. A mag 14 star is just south. Located 1.7' NNW of NGC 1129.
William Parsons (Lord Rosse) and assistant R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 1130 and 1131 on the 8 Dec 1855 observation of the NGC 1129
field. Their description reads,
"there is a knot north about 2' distance [from NGC 1129].
******************************
NGC 1131 = MCG +07-07-005 = CGCG 539-125 = CGCG 540-007 = V Zw 286 = AWM 7-4 = PGC 10964
02 54 34.0 +41 33 32; Per
V = 13.5; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5
18" (11/18/06): faint, very small, round, 20"
diameter, weak even concentration.
Located 1.7' SE of NGC 1129 in the core of the AWM 7 cluster. Brighter
17.5" (10/24/87): very faint, very small, round, bright core. Third of three with much brighter NGC 1129 1.7' NW and NGC 1130 3.5' NW.
William Parsons (Lord Rosse) and assistant R.J. Mitchell
discovered NGC 1131 and 1130 during the 8 Dec 1855 observation of the NGC 1129
field. They recorded,
"another about 2' following and a little south of h271 [NGC
1129]". CGCG 540-004 = PGC
10964 lies 1.7' SE of NGC 1129 and is the best candidate. Harold Corwin notes that
******************************
NGC 1132 = UGC 2359 = MCG +00-08-040 = CGCG 389-040 = PGC 10891
02 52 51.8 -01 16 27; Eri
V = 12.5; Size 2.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 140°
17.5" (11/7/89): faint, small, round, almost even
surface brightness, faint stellar nucleus. Located 4.3' WSW of mag 9.5
NGC 1132 is the prototype of a "Fossil Group" -- the end-product of extensive merging of a once normal group, leaving a massive central galaxy that dominates the luminosity of a X-ray luminous group (delta Rmag ≥ 2.0 with next brightest group member).
John Herschel discovered NGC 1132 = h273 on 23 Nov 1827
(sweep 107) and recorded "eF; pL; gradually brighter in the middle; has a
*8m following". His position
and description matches
******************************
02 52 42.1 -08 48 15; Eri
V = 13.6; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 175°
17.5" (11/28/97): very faint, small, slightly elongated, 30" diameter, weak concentration to a small brighter core. Mag 14.5 stars lie 2.6' E and 2.3' NNW.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1133 = LM 2-350 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His position is a good match with MCG -02-08-015. His notes mention that mag 12 stars 3' np and 2' nf. These stars are 2.3' NNW and 2.6' E, and closer to mag 14.
******************************
NGC 1134 = Arp 200 = UGC 2365 = MCG +02-08-027 = CGCG 440-027 = PGC 10928
02 53 41.2 +13 00 53; Ari
V = 12.1; Size 2.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 148°
24" (12/21/16): at 282x; fairly bright, moderately
large, elongated 2:1 or 5:2 NW-SE, ~1.2'x0.6', sharply concentrated with a
bright core and fairly bright, sharp stellar nucleus. Appears slightly brighter along the east edge with averted
-- probably a section of the eastern spiral arm, which is bright on the
DSS. A mag 13.6 star is 50"
NE of center.
Arp noted "Splash appearance on west side [tidal plume] of galaxy points to low surface brightness companion 7' [west]." The companion he referred to is UGC 2362, which is possibly interacting (the pair has identical redshifts). UGC 2362 appeared faint, fairly small, very low surface brightness patch ~20" diameter (probably the brighter central part of this Magellanic system). A mag 14.8 star is 0.8' S.
IC 267 appeared moderately bright, relatively large, elongated ~4:1 NNW-SSE, ~1.7'x0.4', irregular surface brightness. This appears to be a central bar (verified on the DSS) rather than an edge-on galaxy. Either a star is superimposed at the center or the galaxy has a bright stellar nucleus! Located 10' SSE of NGC 1134.
17.5" (10/21/95): faint, moderately large, edge-on 5:1 NNW-SSE, 1.8'x0.3', broad weak concentration. Located 10.3' SSE of NGC 1134.
17.5" (10/21/95): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly
elongated NW-SE, 1.0'x0.8', broad concentration with a large brighter
core. A mag 13 star is 48"
ENE of center. Located 11' ENE of
mag 8.9
William Herschel discovered NGC 1134 = H. II-254 on 16 Oct
1784 (sweep 295) and recorded "F, S, irregularly round, r". His position is 2.3' SE of
******************************
02 50 53.7 -54 58 33; Hor
V = 13.0; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 80°
See observing notes for
John Herschel found NGC 1135 = h2498 on 11 Sep 1836 and
recorded "F, R, gradually brighter in the middle. Taken for No 3
sweep 520 [h2499 = NGC 1136], but proves, on reduction, to be a different
nebula". His position is 1.5' NW of NGC 1136 and 2' S of
If this identification is correct, NGC 1135 is John Herschel’s faintest discovery at B = 16.2. But then why did he classify it as "Faint", instead of "Extremely Faint" (his faintest class)? Instead, Harold Corwin argues NGC 1135 is a duplicate observation of NGC 1136 (discovered earlier on 5 Dec 1834), despite Herschel stating they were two different objects. HyperLeda is the only online catalogue that equates NGC 1135 and 1136.
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NGC 1136 = NGC 1135 = ESO 154-019 = PGC 10807
02 50 53.7 -54 58 33; Hor
V = 13.0; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 80°
30" (11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 429x): fairly bright,
moderately large, slightly elongated E-W, ~1.5'x1.2'. Sharply concentrated with a fairly small (20") very
bright core surrounded by a much fainter halo. Located 7' NW of mag 8.3
John Herschel discovered NGC 1136 = h2499 on 5 Dec 1834 and
logged "F; R; gb; - moon up."
There is nothing at his position but 5.4' N is
Pietro Baracchi searched for GC 622 [NGC 1136] unsuccessfully on 11 Feb 1888 with the Great Melbourne Telescope. He reported "GC 622 is not to be found and probably there is some mistake in the position - according to his description 622 is no fainter than 621 [NGC 1135], therefore I should see it."
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02 54 02.7 +02 57 43; Cet
V = 12.7; Size 2.1'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 20°
17.5" (1/7/89): faint, very small, almost round, broad concentration, stellar nucleus?
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1137 = Sw. 3-22 on 17 Oct 1885 with the 16-inch refractor at Warner Observatory. His position is 11 seconds of RA east and 1' south of UGC 2374.
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02 56 36.5 +43 02 50; Per
V = 12.8; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.6
17.5" (10/24/87): fairly faint, small, round, bright core, faint stellar nucleus. Forms an equilateral triangle with a mag 13 star 0.9' S and a mag 12.5 star 0.9' SE.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1138 = H. III-580 = h274 on 24 Oct 1786 (sweep 620) and remarked "Suspected. resolvable, 1 or 2 stars visible in it." John Herschel gave a more complete description on 23 Dec 1831 (sweep 389), "vF; vS; R; gradually brighter in the middle; 10"; makes isosceles triangle with 2 stars 15 mag".
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02 52 46.8 -14 31 46; Eri
V = 13.3; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 36°
17.5" (11/10/96): very faint, small, round, 30"
diameter, low even surface brightness.
Appeared fainter than V = 13.3 and required averted vision to see with
certainty using GSC chart. A mag
15.5 double star is 1' SW (verified on GSC).
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1139 = LM 1-75 on 1 Jan
1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. There is nothing at his rough position,
but 1.4 min of RA west is
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02 54 33.4 -10 01 42; Eri
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 6°
13.1" (12/7/85): fairly bright, very small, round, stellar nucleus. Member of the NGC 1052 group (LGG 071).
William Herschel discovered NGC 1140 = H. II-470 = h275 = h2500 on 22 Nov 1785 (sweep 475) and logged "F, S. I had hardly been out long enough, but yet I think it was no deception." A second observation showed it as "pretty bright, but hardly to be distinguished from a star." John Herschel observed this galaxy both at Slough, England and at the Cape of Good Hope.
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02 55 09.7 -00 10 41; Cet
See observing notes for
Albert Marth discovered NGC 1141 = m 83 on 5 Jan 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and described as "vF, S, [Double neb with NGC 1142]". There is nothing at his position (not found by Fath in 1914 on Mt. Wilson plates). However 40' S is the double system NGC 1143 and 1144, found by Édouard Stephan (8a-10 and 8a-11) on 29 Oct 1875 (perhaps looking for Marth's objects) and placed accurately. This pair is generally identified as NGC 1143 and 1144 due to the unambiguous identification. Several other objects discovered that night by Marth have large positional errors.
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02 55 12.0 -00 10 59; Cet
See observing notes for
Albert Marth discovered NGC 1142 = m 84 on 5 Jan 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and reported "pF, S, R [Double neb with NGC 1141]". There is nothing at his position (not found by Fath in 1914 on Mt. Wilson plates). However 40' S is the double system NGC 1143 and 1144. This was later found by Édouard Stephan (list 8a-10 and 8a-11) on 29 Oct 1875. The pair is generally identified as NGC 1143 and 1144 due to the unambiguous identification. Several other objects discovered that night by Marth have large positional errors.
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NGC 1143 = NGC 1141 = Arp 118 NED1 = Arp 118:C1 = VV 331b =
02 55 09.7 -00 10 41; Cet
V = 13.5; Size 0.9'x0.8'; PA = 110°
48" (11/4/21): at 488x; fairly bright, fairly small,
round, ~0.6' diameter, strong concentration with very bright core that
increased to the center. In a
common dog-bone shaped halo with NGC 1144 [0.7' between centers].
48" (10/25/11): bright, moderately large, oval 4:3 WNW-ESE, 0.9'x0.7', well concentrated with a very bright, intense core! Slightly fainter of an interacting pair with highly disrupted NGC 1144, just 40" between centers. The eastern portion of the outer halo of NGC 1143 is merged or overlaps with the halo of NGC 1144 on its northwestern side.
PGC 1150350, listed as a 2nd "collider" with NGC 1144 in Madore's 2009 Atlas and Catalogue of Collisional Rings, lies 1.2' NW. The 2MASS galaxy appeared fairly faint, small, very elongated 3:1 N-S, 0.4'x0.15', stellar nucleus.
17.5" (1/7/89): very faint, very small, round. In a common halo with NGC 1144 0.5' ESE. This galaxy is the slightly fainter of the pair.
Édouard Stephan found NGC 1143 = St. 8a-11, along with NGC 1144, on 29 Oct 1875 and again on 1 Dec 1875. His published accurate position (list 8a, #11) was made on 17 Nov 1876 with description "NGC 1144 and 1143 are contiguous and form a sort of nebula with 2 nuclei; they are almost identical; however [NGC 1144] is a little fainter than [NGC 1143]. Both excessively faint and small; round with central condensation."
Albert Marth earlier discovered this galaxy on 5 Jan 1864 but his position was 40' too far N (also NGC 1142), so he didn't receive credit. But it is clear that Marth's NGC 1141 = NGC 1143 and Marth's 1142 = NGC 1144.
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NGC 1144 = NGC 1142 = Arp 118 NED2 = VV 331a = UGC 2389 =
02 55 12.0 -00 10 59; Cet
V = 13.0; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 130°
48" (11/4/21): at 488x; bright, slightly elongated, strong concentration with a very bright core that increased to the center. Slightly brighter of a merged pair with NGC 1143 [center 0.7' NW] in a common peanut or dogbone-shaped halo. The bridge of material extending from NGC 1144 was slightly darker in the interior forming a "loop".
48" (10/25/11): at 488x, appeared very bright,
moderately large, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, 50"x35". Contains a large, very bright core that
is offset to the SE side. The core
gradually increases to an intense center.
A mag 16.4 star is off the southeast side. Forms a double system (
17.5" (1/7/89): faint, small, round, bright core. Slightly brighter of pair with NGC 1143 in a common halo 0.5' WNW.
Édouard Stephan found NGC 1144 = St. 8a-10, along with NGC 1143, on 29 Oct 1875 and again on 1 Dec 1875. His published accurate position (list 8a, #10) was made on 17 Nov 1876 Albert Marth earlier discovered this galaxy on 5 Jan 1864, but his position for NGC 1142 was 40' too far N. So, NGC 1144 = NGC 1142. Based on the earlier discovery, NGC 1142 should be the primary designation, but due to Marth's poor position, Stephan's number has been used. See NGC 1143 for more.
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02 54 33.2 -18 38 09; Eri
V = 12.5; Size 3.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 60°
17.5" (12/28/94): faint, moderately large, thin edge-on
7:1 WSW-ENE, 2.2'x0.3', only a weak concentration. Among a group of three mag 10-11 stars with a mag 10 star
just following the ENE tip.
NGC 1145 is a member of the
John Herschel discovered NGC 1145 = h2501 on 11 Dec 1835 and
recorded "F, vmE, 90" long, 10" broad; has two stars 10th mag
following." His position is
accurate. MCG misidentifies MCG -03-08-028
as NGC 1145 and UGC misidentifies
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02 57 37.0 +46 26 14; Per
Size 0.4'
18" (11/23/05): this asterism consists of a 30"
pair of mag 12/13 stars with a couple of fainter companions making a
quadruple. About 1' NW is a faint,
hazy clump of three mag 14-15 stars.
Viewed at 225x and 300x.
Heinrich d'Arrest discovered NGC 1146 on 29 Jan 1864 with the 11" refractor at Copenhagen and described "Cl, vS. At 226x the stars are clearly mixed with nebulosity. A triple star is directly south." His position is ~1' northwest of a a group of four stars that Corwin identifies as NGC 1146. Three brighter stars are also close southeast matching d'Arrest's description.
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02 55 18 -09 07; Eri
= Not found, Corwin and RNGC.
Frank Muller discovered NGC 1147 = LM 2-351 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory and reported "mag 15.0, 0.4'x0.2', E 180°, *9.5 f 25s n 1'." There are no candidates near his position and Corwin found no match within 5° of Muller's position, so it stands now as lost. Listed as nonexistent in RNGC.
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02 57 04.4 -07 41 09; Eri
V = 12.7; Size 1.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 80°
17.5" (12/28/94): very faint, fairly small, round, low
surface brightness, no concentration.
A mag 15 star appears superimposed at the NE side. Forms a pair with
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1148 = Sw. 3-23 = LM II-352 on 10 Nov 1885 with the 16-inch refractor at Warner Observatory. His position is accurate although Bigourdan could not find the galaxy. Leavenworth independently discovered the galaxy again on 21 Oct 1886 and reported it as new in the Leander McCormick observatory second list (#352), though his RA was 30 seconds too large
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02 57 23.8 -00 18 34; Cet
V = 14.2; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 130°
17.5" (1/7/89): very faint, very small, round. A mag 14.5 star is 30" SSW of center.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 1149 = St. 11-6 on 2 Dec 1880 with the 31" reflector at Marseilles Observatory and reported "vF, vS, R, bM, S* preceding 2 sec". His position and description (the star is 0.5' SW) is accurate.
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02 57 01.3 -15 02 55; Eri
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 65°
17.5" (11/10/96): brighter of pair with
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1150 = LM 1-76 (along
with NGC 1151 = LM 1-77) on 31 Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. His (rough)
position is close to
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02 57 04.6 -15 00 47; Eri
V = 15.0; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 10°
17.5" (11/10/96): extremely faint, very small, round, 15"-20" diameter. Requires averted to glimpse using GSC chart and no details visible. Located 2.3' NNE of NGC 1150.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1151 = LM 1-77 (along with NGC 1150 = LM 1-76) with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position (nearest min of RA) is close to MCG -03-08-048, with NGC 1151 = PGC 11147. RNGC mistakenly equates NGC 1150 = NGC 1180 and NGC 1151 = NGC 1181. Although the declinations are similar, NGC 1180/NGC 1181 are a separate 2' pair about 4.7 min of RA further east.
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NGC 1152 = MCG -01-08-019 = PGC 11182
02 57 33.6 -07 45 32; Eri
V = 14.5; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 10°
17.5" (12/28/94): faint, small, elongated 4:3 SSW-NNE, bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 1148 8.5' NW. This galaxy is the smaller of the pair but has a higher surface brightness and is more concentrated. Located 2.5' N of a mag 11 star.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1152 = Sw. 3-24 on 10 Nov 1885 with the 16-inch refractor at Warner Observatory. His position is accurate.
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02 58 10.2 +03 21 43; Cet
V = 12.9; Size 1.3'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 45°
17.5" (1/7/89): fairly faint, small, very small bright core, slightly elongated SW-NE, small halo. A mag 14.5 star is superimposed 20" S of center.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1153 = H. II-274 = h276 on 13 Dec 1784 (sweep 338) and logged "F, vS, iE, easily resolvable." His position was 3.5' too far SE. John Herschel made a single observation on 16 Oct 1827 (sweep 95) and noted "F; S; R; suddenly brighter middle; 12" diameter."
Four observations were made at Birr Castle. On 7 Dec 1857, R.J. Mitchell recorded "F, vS, R, a S* close preceding." The mag 14.5 star is mentioned in my observation.
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02 58 07.7 -10 21 47; Eri
V = 13.5; Size 1.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 95°
17.5" (10/13/90): faint, small, round, even surface
brightness. Forms a close pair
with
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 1154 = St. 8b-11, along with NGC 1155, on 1 Dec 1875. His published position (list 8b, #11) was made on 15 Dec 1876 with the 31" reflector at Marseilles Observatory.
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NGC 1155 = MCG -02-08-035 = Mrk 1064 = Holm 64b = PGC 11233
02 58 13.0 -10 21 00; Eri
V = 14.2; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.8
17.5" (10/13/90): faint, very small, slightly elongated WSW-ENE, weak concentration. Slightly fainter of a close pair with NGC 1154 1.5' SW.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 1155 = St. 8b-10, along with
NGC 1154. Coincidentally his rough
position is 10' due south of
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02 59 42.3 +25 14 15; Ari
V = 11.7; Size 3.5'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 25°
48" (11/5/21): at 488x; very bright, large, elongated ~3:1 SSW-NNE, ~2.3' in length. The main body has a high surface brightness and appeared very mottled and irregular, but there no core or nucleus. The outer halo has a much lower surface brightness with an irregular outline.
A small, slightly brighter elongated knot (HII region) is along the west side [0.4' SW of center]. A second small knot, ~6" diameter is at the SW end [0.8' SW of center]. Three stars are involved or at the edge; a mag 12.2 star and a mag 15 star on the N side [0.7' NNW and 0.4' N of center], and a mag 15 star at the S edge [1.2' SSW of center].
24" (12/12/17): at 375x; fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, ~2.25'x0.9', no well defined core, noticeably irregular outline and surface brightness. The low surface brightness halo appeared to spread out on the south end and the northeast side had an indentation. The main body was somewhat uneven or mottled with a couple of very small, low contrast knots suspected. In a friend's 28" at 438x, a knot was confirmed SW of center (~0.4'), as well as a slightly brightening NE of center (this is the "core" on deep images).
A mag 12 star is just inside the NNW border and a mag 15 star is closer in. Another mag 15 star is at or just beyond the southern edge.
18" (10/25/08): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, 2.0'x0.8'. Brighter along the major axis with a slightly brighter core. The outline is roughly rectangular and the surface brightness is irregular. The southwest end appears asymmetric. A mag 11.5 star is at the north end, 0.9' from center.
8" (12/6/80): faint, diffuse, slightly elongated SSW-NNE. A mag 12.5 star is just NW of the NE flank.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1156 = H. II-619 on 13 Nov 1786 (sweep 637). He described it as "pretty bright, considerably large, pretty much elongated in the meridian [N-S], resolvable, within a minute of a star." His position was just off the southeast side of this dwarf Irregular. Four observations were made at Birr Castle.
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02 58 06.6 -15 07 07; Eri
Size 0.5'x0.2'; PA = 170°
17.5" (11/10/96): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, no other details visible. Located 1.9' WNW of a mag 12.5 star.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1157 = LM 1-78, along
with
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NGC 1158 = MCG -03-08-050 = PGC 11157
02 57 11.4 -14 23 45; Eri
V = 14.0; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 147°
17.5" (10/17/98): extremely faint, very small, round, 20" diameter (probably only viewed the core). Surprisingly faint as nearby IC 270 located 24' NW is the brightest the group (including ICs 268, 269 and 272 as well as NGCs 1150, 1151, and 1157).
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1158 = LM 1-79 (along
with NGC 1157 = LM 1-78) on 1 Jan 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory. His
position (nearest tmin of RA) is 1 min of RA east of
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03 00 46.5 +43 09 46; Per
V = 13.4; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 11.5
17.5" (10/24/87): faint, very small, round, weak
concentration. Located 6.8' ENE of
mag 7.6
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 1159 = St. 13-21 on 30 Nov 1883. His published position (list 13, #21) was reduced a few days later (2 Dec 1883).
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03 01 13.2 +44 57 18; Per
V = 12.8; Size 1.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 50°
17.5" (10/24/87): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 2:1
SW-NE, broad concentration, diffuse halo.
A trio of mag 12-13 stars lie 1.5'-2' N. Forms a pair with
William Herschel discovered NGC 1160 = H. III-199 = h277, along with NGC 1161, on 7 Oct 1784 (sweep 285, carried out in the east). He recorded "Very faint, irregular figure, pretty small." On 11 Dec 1786 (sweep 645), he found it again while sweeping along the meridian at a very high altitude of 84.5°. His second description reads "pretty bright, irregularly round, much brighter middle, about 1' in diam."
John Herschel measured an accurate position for NGC 1161 and noted the wide double star off the west side, but has no entry for NGC 1160 and it was not found by d'Arrest. So, the observers at Birr Castle assumed NGC 1160 was a new discovery and the two galaxies have three entries in the GC. Dreyer staightened this out before the publication of the NGC, while an observing assistant at Birr Castle. Surprisingly, NGC 1160 was sketched by Dreyer and clearly shows the southern spiral arm.
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NGC 1161 = UGC 2474 = MCG +07-07-015 = CGCG 540-026 = PGC 11404
03 01 14.2 +44 53 50; Per
V = 11.0; Size 2.8'x2.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 23°
17.5" (10/24/87): fairly bright, fairly small, oval 3:2
SW-NE, bright core, stellar nucleus.
Two bright stars are close west; a mag 10 star is 45" W and mag 9
William Herschel discovered NGC 1161 = H. II-239 = h277, along with NGC 1160, on 7 Oct 1784 (sweep 285, carried out in the east). He recorded it as "pretty bright; pretty small; resolvable." On 11 Dec 1786 (sweep 645) he observed it again this time in the meridian with the telescope just 5.5° from the zenith: "faint; elongated; about 1 1/2' long." This pair was observed at Birr Castle on 4 nights.
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02 58 55.9 -12 23 55; Eri
V = 12.5; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5" (12/28/94): moderately bright, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, evenly concentrated with a small bright core and an quasi-stellar nucleus. A mag 12.5 star is 3.7' S of center.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1162 = H. III-469 = h2502 on 27 Nov 1785 (sweep 478) and recorded "vF, stellar, 240 power left some doubt." John Herschel observed NGC 1162 from the Cape of Good Hope and recorded "pF, R, gradually little brighter middle, 25"." Édouard Stephan made observations on 29 Oct 1875 and 1 Nov 1877.
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03 00 22.0 -17 09 10; Eri
V = 13.8; Size 2.2'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 135°
17.5" (11/18/95): very faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE, 1.0'x0.3' (full length of extensions not seen), low even surface brightness. NGC 1163 is a member of the NGC 1209 Group (LGG 81), which includes NGCs 1145, 1188, 1189, 1190, 1199 and IC 276.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1163 = LM 1-80 on 31 Oct
1885 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. Leavenworth's rough RA (nearest min of
RA) is about 1tmin west of
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03 01 59.8 +42 35 06; Per
V = 13.1; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 145°
17.5" (10/24/87): very faint, very small, round. A mag 14 star is just 0.6' NNW of center and a mag 15 star is even closer at 0.4' NW.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1164 = h278 on 18 Sep 1828 (sweep 182) and logged "eF; S; 5 arcseconds." His position is accurate.
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02 58 47.7 -32 05 55; For
V = 12.7; Size 2.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 115°
17.5" (12/9/01): faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, 1.5'x1.0', irregular surface brightness. The brighter core appeared double at moments (faint star superimposed?). The outer halo is very diffuse.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1165 = h2503 on 19 Oct 1835 and noted "vF, pmE, very little brighter middle, 60" long, 30" broad." His position and description matches E417-008 = PGC 11270.
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03 00 35.0 +11 50 35; Ari
V = 14.0; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.1
17.5" (1/9/99): very faint, fairly small, weak
concentration. The halo is
ill-defined but appears irregularly round, ~0.8'x0.6. A couple of mag 15.5 stars are within 1' of the west
side. Also confusing the
observation is a superimposed mag
15.5+ star at the north edge which pops in and out of view for moments. A wide pair of mag 14 stars lie 3' NE.
Forms a pair with fainter
Albert Marth discovered NGC 1166 = m 85 on 1 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and noted "eF, S". His position is accurate.
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03 01 42.4 +35 12 20; Per
V = 12.4; Size 2.8'x2.3'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 70°
17.5" (1/1/92): fairly faint, moderately large, high
surface brightness core with very faint larger halo slightly elongated
WSW-ENE. A mag 10 star lies 4.0'
S.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1167 = H. III-178 on 13 Sep 1784 (sweep 271) and reported "vF, pL, R, small pB place in the middle." His position (reduced by Auwers) was ~11' too far WNW and the GC position was 4' too far northwest. Édouard Stephan observed the galaxy on 6 Jan 1874, though didn't publish a position. The NGC position, though, was accurate.
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NGC 1168 = UGC 2476 = MCG +02-08-047 = CGCG 440-042 = PGC 11378
03 00 47.2 +11 46 21; Ari
V = 14.2; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 18°
17.5" (1/9/99): extremely faint, very small, round,
20" diameter. Probably only
viewed the core (the arms are very low surface brightness on the digitized sky
survey). Located midway between
NGC 1166 5.2' NW and mag 9
Albert Marth discovered NGC 1168 = m 85 on 1 Oct 1864 with Lassell's 48" on Malta and simply noted "eF". His position is accurate.
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03 03 34.7 +46 23 09; Per
V = 11.3; Size 4.2'x2.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 28°
24" (2/8/18): at 200x; bright, very large, oval 4:3 SW-NE, ~2.5'x2.0', sharply concentrated with a very small bright core/nucleus. A bright star (mag ~13) is superimposed at the SSW edge of the nucleus! Located in a Perseus star field rich in fainter stars.
17.5" (10/24/87): moderately bright, very small, bright core. With averted vision a large extremely faint halo is visible elongated SW-NE. A mag 13.5 star is superimposed at the SW side of the core! NGC 1169 is located just 10.6° from the galactic equator. It's is a huge spiral, with a diameter of 170,000 light-years.
8" (1/1/84): faint, very small, slightly elongated. Only the core was visible as I missed the large halo.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1169 = H. II-620 = h279 on 11 Dec 1786 (sweep 645) and logged "Faint, small, irregularly round, brighter middle." The telescope was within 6° of the zenith as the galaxy crossed the field. Interestingly, John Herschel reported on 31 Dec 1831 (sweep 390), "vF; irreg figure. Suspected to be only a few stars."
Birr Castle observed R.J. Mitchell observed the galaxy on 11 Dec 1854: "Bright star south preceding the Nucl and a very faint star? involved north preceding the Nucl. The neby fades away gradually." The RNGC places this galaxy 1.0 min of RA too far east.
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03 02 24 +27 04; Ari
= Tail of a comet?, HC =Not found, JS.
Charles Sanders Peirce (son of Benjamin Peirce) discovered NGC 1170 = HN 38 on 31 Dec 1869 at Harvard College Observatory using the 15-inch Merz & Mahler refractor (Annals of Harvard Obs, Vol 13, #47). An approximate position is given in the Harvard Observatory list based on comparison with Comet 1869 III. A very close, unequal double star is near Peirce's position at 03 02 29.6 +27 03 20 (2000). But the description "J.W. and C.S.P. independently think the sky generally bright f and a little n of the comet for 14' or more (several fields according to C.S.P.)" implies that the observation refers to an extremely large object and Corwin and Steinicke suggest the observation perhaps refers to the actual tail of the comet! This is the only object in the NGC attributed to Peirce (mispelled as Pierce in the NGC). Classified as nonexistent in the RNGC. See Corwin's comments.
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03 03 59.0 +43 23 54; Per
V = 12.3; Size 2.6'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 147°
17.5" (10/24/87): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, broadly concentrated.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 1171 = St. 10-15 = Sw. 2-26 on 26 Nov 1869 with a rough position 1' S of center. He made a second observation on 1 Dec 1877 and published an accurate micrometric position on 4 Dec 1880 with description "very faint, pretty large, irregular." Lewis Swift rediscovered NGC 1171 on 12 Sep 1885 and reported it as new in his second discovery paper (#26). His position was only 0.2 minutes of time too large. Dreyer credited both Stephan (1) and Swift (2) in the NGC.
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03 01 36.0 -14 50 12; Eri
V = 11.9; Size 2.3'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 25°
13.1" (1/18/85): faint, small, round, broad
concentration. Located 2.1' SW of
mag 9.6
William Herschel discovered NGC 1172 = H. II-502 = h280 on 30 Dec 1785 (sweep 499) and logged "F, eS, stellar, preceding a pB star. 240 verified it." The "pB star" is 2' NE. On 15 Oct 1830 (sweep 307), John Herschel called this object "pB; pL; R; pretty suddenly brighter middle; 40" diameter."
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03 03 58 +42 23; Per
= Not found, RNGC.
Guillaume Bigourdan discovered NGC 1173 = Big. 12, along
with NGCs 1176, 1178, 1183, on 17 Dec 1884 with the 12" at the Paris
Observatory and reported "mag 13.4-13.5; 20" diameter, stellar
ncl". There is nothing at his
position, though Harold Corwin states that Bigourdan made a 1 degree error in
reducing the NPD from his offset stars.
Once corrected, his positions for the other three objects match single
stars near
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03 05 30.7 +42 50 05; Per
See observing notes for
Lewis Swift found NGC 1174 = Sw. 4-11 on 31 Aug 1883 and recorded "vF; pS; lE; in contact on preceding side with a pB*; D* np point to it about 4.5"." There is nothing at his position but 1 minute of RA further east is NGC 1186 and Swift's detailed description of the star in contact and the nearby double star clinches the equivalence. So, NGC 1174 = NGC 1186, with discovery priority to Herschel (H. IV-43).
Rudolph Spitaler first mentioned the equivalence in AN, 127, 91. He wrote "I could not find NGC 1174. Close to Swift's place are crowded four or five faint stars; About 6 seconds before the alleged position, I temporarily thought I noticed something nebulous, but I can not vouch for it. According to Swift's description, I rather believe that the place is in error by 1 minute and this nebula is identical to NGC 1186. This is supported by the remark "D[ouble] * np points to it about 4.5"." If the two nebulae were not identical, this would have to mean: "D * nf, etc.", where "D *" undoubtedly refers to the double star DM 42°694. Incidentally, according to Swift's description in NGC, it must also be called "pB * close following" instead of "pB * close preceding".
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NGC 1175 = UGC 2515 = MCG +07-07-019 = CGCG 540-032 = PGC 11578
03 04 32.3 +42 20 22; Per
V = 12.9; Size 1.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 153°
17.5" (10/24/87): moderately bright, fairly small,
edge-on 3:1 NW-SE, bright core, faint stellar nucleus. Forms a close pair with
13.1" (1/19/85): fairly faint, elongated NNW-SSE, fairly small, larger brighter core, diffuse outer arms, possible faint stellar nucleus. Located SE of a mag 7 star. Forms a close pair with NGC 1177 1.7' NE.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1175 = H. II-607 on 24 Oct
1786 (sweep 620) and recorded "F, cL, E." His position is just off the east edge of
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03 04 34.9 +42 23 37; Per
= *, Corwin. Not found, RNGC.
Guillaume Bigourdan discovered NGC 1176 = Big. 13, along
with NGC 1173, 1178 and 1183, on 17 Dec 1884 with the 12" at the Paris
Observatory. There is nothing at the NGC position, but Corwin states that
Bigourdan made a 1 degree error in reducing the NPD from his offset star. Once corrected, his position for NGC
1176 corresponds with a mag 14.5 star 3.3' N of NGC 1175. The positions for
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NGC 1177 = IC 281 = MCG +07-07-020 = CGCG 540-033 = PGC 11581
03 04 37.1 +42 21 46; Per
V = 14.1; Size 0.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6
17.5" (10/24/87): very faint, very small, slightly elongated ~E-W. A mag 13 star is just 33" N of center. Located 1.7' NE of NGC 1175 at the western edge of AGC 426.
Lawrence Parsons, the 4th earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 1177
on 29 Nov 1874 and reported a "vS, F, R neb (to which 637 [NGC 1175]
perhaps extends) north-following.
A *11 in Pos 15.4°, Dist 34.6 arcsec." The position and description matches
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03 04 38.8 +42 18 49; Per
= *, Corwin. = Not found, RNGC.
Guillaume Bigourdan discovered NGC 1178 = Big. 14, along with NGC 1173, 1176 and 1183, on 17 Dec 1884 with the 12" at the Paris Observatory. There is nothing at his position, but Corwin states that Bigourdan made a 1 degree error in reducing the NPD from his offset star. Once corrected, his position for NGC 1176 corresponds with a mag 13.8 star 2.0' SE of NGC 1175. The positions for NGC 1176 and 1183 also match stars, although NGC 1173 is apparently lost. See Corwin's notes.
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03 02 38.3 -18 53 51; Eri
V = 12.0; Size 4.9'x3.8'; Surf Br = 15.0; PA = 35°
17.5" (1/1/92): extremely faint, moderately large, 2.5' diameter, very low surface brightness, Appears as a diffuse, hazy region with a mag 13.5 star at the ESE edge 1.2' from center.
Ormond Stone discovered NGC 1179 = LM 1-81 in 1886 with the
26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His (rough) position essentially matches
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03 01 51.0 -15 01 48; Eri
V = 14.9; Size 0.6'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 5°
17.5" (1/28/00): extremely faint, very small, slightly
elongated N-S, 0.4'x0.3', weak concentration. Forms a close (physical) pair with NGC 1181 2.4' SW. Located 2' WNW of a mag 12 star.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1180 = LM 1-82 (along with NGC 1181 = I-83) on 31 Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. Leavenworth's generally poor positions are close enough here so the identification NGC 1180 = PGC 11435 and NGC 1181 = PGC 11427 is certain. For some reason Howe could not find these galaxies near Leavenworth's position but did find NGC 1150 and 1151 about 5 min of RA west of Leavenworth's positions and assumed they were NGC 1180 and 1181. Dreyer even added the comment "are they perhaps = 1150 and 1151?". But these are two different pairs, roughly where Leavenworth placed them. Because of Howe's error, RNGC claims NGC 1150 is identical to NGC 1180 and NGC 1151 is identical to NGC 1181.
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03 01 42.8 -15 03 09; Eri
V = 15.4; Size 0.8'x0.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 100°
17.5" (1/28/00): extremely faint, very small, slightly elongated E-W, 0.4'x0.2', requires averted. I was only able to detect the brighter central region and missed the extensions. NGC 1181 is the slightly fainter of a close (physical) pair with NGC 1180 2.4' NE. Located 2' WNW of a mag 12 star.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1181 = LM 1-83 (along with NGC 1180 = I-82) on 31 Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. Leavenworth's generally poor positions are close enough here so the identification NGC 1180 = PGC 11435 and NGC 1181 = PGC 11427 is certain. For some reason Howe could not find these galaxies near Leavenworth's position but did find NGC 1150 and 1151 about 5 min of RA west of Leavenworth's positions and assumed they were NGC 1180 and 1181. Dreyer even added the comment "are they perhaps = 1150 and 1151?" But these are two different pairs, roughly where Leavenworth placed them. Because of Howe's error, RNGC claims NGC 1150 is identical to NGC 1180 and NGC 1151 is identical to NGC 1181.
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03 03 28.4 -09 40 13; Eri
V = 14.8; Size 0.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 115°
17.5" (1/28/00): very faint, small, round, slightly
elongated NW-SE, 25"x20" diameter, low surface brightness. A mag 12 star lies 2.5' SW and a mag 13
star is 1' E. Located 29' NE of
mag 5.8
Ormond Stone discovered NGC 1182 = LM 1-84 in 1886 with the
26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag
15.5, 0.7'x0.3', E 120°, *10 P 240° [SW], dist 3.0'." There is nothing at his rough position
(RA to the nearest min of time), but 1 min of RA east is
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03 04 46.1 +42 22 08; Per
= *, Corwin. Not found, RNGC.
Guillaume Bigourdan discovered NGC 1183 = Big. 15, along with NGC 1173, 1176 and 1178, on 17 Dec 1884 with the 12" at the Paris Observatory. There is nothing at his position, but Corwin states that Bigourdan made a 1 degree error in reducing the NPD from his offset star. Once corrected, his position for NGC 1183 corresponds with a mag 14 star 1.7' ENE of NGC 1177. The positions for NGC 1176 and 1178 also match stars, although NGC 1173 is apparently lost. See Corwin's notes.
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03 16 45.4 +80 47 36; Cep
V = 12.4; Size 2.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 168°
17.5" (10/20/90): fairly faint, fairly small, edge-on 4:1 NNW-SSE, sharp concentration, stellar nucleus. This is a pretty edge-on system with a bulging core and tapering extensions.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1184 = H. II-704 on 16 Sep
1787 (sweep 757) . He recorded "faint, pretty large, much elongated from
np to sf, little brighter middle."
This galaxy is the third closest galaxy to the north celestial pole
discovered by Herschel in 2000 coordinates (after
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NGC 1185 = MCG -02-08-041 = PGC 11488
03 02 59.4 -09 07 55; Eri
V = 14.8; Size 1.2'x0.5'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 30°
17.5" (1/28/00): faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 0.8'x0.4', weak concentration. A mag 15 star is close SSE [56" from center].
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1185 = LM 2-353 in 1886
with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory and reported
"mag 15.7, 0.8' dia, pE 15°.".
His position is just 8 tsec west of
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NGC 1186 = NGC 1174 = UGC 2521 = MCG +07-07-021 = CGCG 540-034 = PGC 11617
03 05 30.7 +42 50 05; Per
V = 11.4; Size 3.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 122°
17.5" (10/24/87): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 WNW-ESE. A mag 13 star, superimposed just southwest of the center, detracts from viewing.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1186 = H. IV-43 = h281 on 17 Oct 1786 (sweep 614) and reported "a pretty S star with a very F nebulosity to the nf side, of very little extent." On 24 Oct 1786 (sweep 621), he noted "a pretty B star with two faint branches." John Herschel also described it on 23 Dec 1831 (sweep 389) as "a star 14m with some kind of faint nebulous appendage." Herschel placed this galaxy in his class IV, which refers to objects that appeared to be planetary nebulae.
R.J. Mitchell and Samuel Hunter, Lord Rosse's observing assistants, both failed to find this galaxy and d'Arrest tried to follow up in 1863 but was also unsuccessful. Stephan made an observation on 5 Dec 1877. Bigourdan also observed and suggested it was a "variable nebula", because of the mixed results. Rudolph Spitaler took a look on 12 Mar 1891 with the 27-inch Vienna refractor. His description reads, "elongated NW-SE, but its boundaries are not so regularly shaped it could be described as elliptical. On its south preceding side is a mag 11 star. In the southeast side the nebula is limited by two faint stars, but at times the edge of the nebula seems to stretch beyond these. The brightest part is northeast of the former star. I estimate the length to be 2'."
Lewis Swift found this galaxy and superimposed star on 31 Aug 1883 and assumed it was new. His RA for Sw. 4-11 (later NGC 1174) was 1 minute of RA too small. Finally, it was checked for variability on photographs taken with the Mt Wilson 60-inch in 1914 and 1917, with no change found.
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03 02 37.4 -22 52 03; Eri
V = 10.8; Size 5.5'x4.1'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 130°
48" (10/27/19): at 375x; very bright, very large spiral
with a bright elongated core oriented WNW-ESE. The inner portion of the halo was clearly blotchy. A brighter arc or patch was just SE of
the core and another brighter arc as close E and NE of the core. Finally, a subtle brighter patch was NW
of the core. These brighter spiral
segments formed a pseudo-ring oriented WNW-ESE. The outer halo was diffuse and extended ~4.5'x3.25',
reaching a mag 15.9 star 1.9' N of center. Another 16th mag star was in the outer halo on the NE side.
Located 4.6' SE of mag 8.8
17.5" (11/26/94): moderately bright, fairly large,
4'x3' NW-SE. Elongated in the
direction of mag 8.8
8" (10/31/81): faint, fairly large, elongated, diffuse. Located 4.7' SE of a mag 9 star.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1187 = H. III-245 = h2504 on 9 Dec 1784 (sweep 331) and noted "vF, cL, iE, resolvable, unequally bright." John Herschel described the galaxy from the Cape as "bright; very large; pretty much elongated; very gradually brighter to the middle; 3.5' long, 2.5' broad; has in or near the middle a star 16 mag." E.E. Barnard observed the nebula on 23 Aug 1883 and was surprised Herschel called it "vF", as it was not difficult in his 5-inch refractor.
NGC 1187 was first photographed by Delisle Stewart at Harvard's Arequipa Station between 1898 and 1901 and described in a list of NGC corrections as "cF, small, 2-branch spiral, 2 stars south preceding." The galaxy was later photographed by Harold Knox-Shaw at the Helwan Observatory between 1909-11 with the 30" Reynolds reflector and described as a "spiral with curious faint extensions". Photographs taken in 1919-20 with the new 30" mirror showed "spiral with many braches in which are a great many almost stellar condensations; pF stellar nucleus through which is a vF line in p.a. 115° [central bar], giving the central portion a Phi type appearance ([barred ring]."
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03 03 43.4 -15 29 07; Eri
V = 13.8; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 170°
17.5" (10/13/90): faint, small, elongated 3:1 N-S. NGC 1188 is only 8' N of
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1188 = LM 1-89 on 2 Dec
1885 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. This is the first in a group of five
galaxies (NGCs 1189, 1190, 1191 and 1192) discovered that night. Although Leavenworth only gave a rough
RA for these objects, Herbert Howe measured accurate individual RA's in 1899-00
(repeated in the IC 2 Notes section).
In this case, Howe's corrected RA is a good match with
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03 03 24.3 -15 37 23; Eri
V = 13.9; Size 1.7'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.8
17.5" (10/13/90): extremely faint, fairly small, unusually low even surface brightness. First in the HCG 22 quintet with brightest member NGC 1199 4' ENE. NGC 1189 lies 2.3' SSE. NGC 1189 is also a member of the larger NGC 1209 Group at z ~.009.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1189 = LM 1-90 (along with nearby NGC 1188, 1190, 1191 and 1192) on 2 Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. Although Leavenworth only gave a rough RA for these objects (corrected by 3 min of RA in a note in the second discovery list), Howe measured relatively accurate individual RA's in 1899-00, which are repeated in the IC 2 Notes section. This is the first of 5 NGC galaxies in HCG 22.
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03 03 26.2 -15 39 44; Eri
V = 14.2; Size 0.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 95°
17.5" (10/13/90): extremely faint, fairly small,
elongated 2:1 E-W, very low surface brightness, requires averted vision. Member of the HCG 22 quintet with NGC
1199 4' NE, NGC 1189 2.3' NNW, NGC 1191 1.8' SE and
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1190 = LM 1-91 (along with nearby NGC 1188, 1189, 1191 and 1192) on 2 Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. Although Leavenworth only gave a rough RA for these objects (corrected by 3 min of RA in a note in the second discovery list), Herbert Howe measured relatively accurate individual RA's in 1899-00, which are repeated in the IC 2 Notes section. This is the second of five NGC galaxies in HCG 22.
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NGC 1191 = HCG 22D = MCG -03-08-064 = PGC 11514
03 03 30.9 -15 41 08; Eri
V = 14.3; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 60°
17.5" (10/13/90): extremely faint and small, round. A mag 14 star is 1.5' S. Member of the the HCG 22 quintet with NGC 1192 1.0' ENE, NGC 1190 1.8' NW and NGC 1199 4' NNE. NGC 1191 and 1192 have 3.5 times higher redshift than the other HCG 22 members, so lie in the background at a similar redsift as NGC 1180 and 1181.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1191 = LM 1-91 on 2 Dec 1885 (along with nearby NGC 1188, 1189, 1190 and 1192) with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. Although Leavenworth only gave a rough RA for these objects (corrected by 3 min of RA in a note in the second discovery list), Herbert Howe measured relatively accurate individual RA's in 1899-00, which are repeated in the IC 2 Notes section. This is the third of five NGC galaxies in HCG 22.
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NGC 1192 = HCG 22E = MCG -03-08-065 = PGC 11519
03 03 34.6 -15 40 45; Eri
V = 14.4; Size 0.7'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 102°
17.5" (10/13/90): extremely faint and small, round. In a tight group (HCG 22) with NGC 1191 1' WSW, NGC 1190 2.3' NW and NGC 1199 4' N. This galaxy and NGC 1191 have 3x higher redshift than the other HCG 22 members so lie in the background at a similar redsift as NGC 1180 and 1181.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1192 = LM 1-91 (along with nearby NGC 1188, 1189, 1190 and 1191) on 2 Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. Although Leavenworth only gave a rough RA for these objects (corrected by 3 min of RA in a note in the second discovery list), Howe measured relatively accurate individual RA's, except for NGC 1192. But assuming this object is east of NGC 1191 and 1' N, the identification is certain.
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03 05 56 +44 23 00; Per
Size 2'
17.5" (10/24/87): this faint open cluster consists of an elongated glow with five faint stars mag 14-15 superimposed and a mag 11 star at the west edge. Located 4' ESE of a wide pair of bright stars (7.7/9.5 at 1.1'). This is a fairly old open cluster with age ~ 4.2 billion years.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1193 = H. II-608 on 24 Oct 1786 (sweep 621) and recorded "F, cL, easily resolvable, some of the stars visible." His position is accurate.
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03 03 49.1 -01 06 13; Cet
V = 12.9; Size 1.8'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 140°
17.5" (1/7/89): faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE,
broad concentration.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 1194 = St. 13-22 on 3 Nov 1877 with the 31" reflector at Marseilles Observatory. His micrometric position (reduced on 23 Nov 1883 and published in his 13th discovery list) is accurate.
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03 03 32.8 -12 02 03; Eri
V = 14.7; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4
24" (12/6/18): at 375x; nearly fairly faint, small,
round, 20" diameter, very small brighter nucleus. A mag 13.5 star is
45" SE. In a quartet with NGC
1196 2.3' SSE, along with
17.5" (10/20/90): very faint, very small, elongated 3:2
N-S, even surface brightness. A
mag 13 star is 45" SE of center.
First of four in the
J.L.E. Dreyer discovered NGC 1195 while making an
observation of the
Pietro Baracchi independently discovered NGC 1195 on 7 Dec 1885 with the Great Melbourne Telescope and sketched the field, along with NGC 1196, NGC 1200 and IC 285 (new discovery).
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NGC 1196 = MCG -02-08-042B = Holm 65a = PGC 11522
03 03 35.2 -12 04 34; Eri
V = 12.5; Size 1.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.2
24" (12/6/18): at 375x; fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, small bright nucleus, ~30"x20". A low surface brightness halo increases the size with averted to ~40" in diameter. Occasionally it brightened along the spine of the major axis like a bar. In a group (USGC S110) with several NGCs and ICs, including NGC 1195 2.3' NNW.
17.5" (10/20/90): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 WNW-ESE, well-defined bright core. A mag 13 star is 1.7' N and a mag 12 star is 3' SSE. Second of four in the NGC 1200 compact group with NGC 1195 2.2' N.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1196 = h2505 on 8 Jan 1877 while observing the field of NGC 1200. He logged it on two consecutive nights as "vF" and "the S.p. of two [with NGC 1200]", but missed nearby NGC 1195.
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03 06 12 +44 04; Per
= Not found, Corwin and RNGC.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1197 = Sw. 2-27 on 12 Sep 1885 with the 16-inch refractor at Warner Observatory and reported "pF, cE, pS, sev vF stars nr". His position falls on a blank piece of sky between two mag 13.1 and 14.2 stars. There are also a number of faint double stars in the vicinity on the DSS that he might have mistaken for a nebulous object. In any case, this number is currently lost or nonexistent.
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03 06 13.3 +41 50 56; Per
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 120°
17.5" (10/24/87): faint, very small, diffuse round
halo, stellar nucleus about 14th magnitude. Located 7' N of mag 8.8
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 1198 = St. 11-7 on 1 Dec 1875
and noted a rough position 1.5' to the NE. His published position (list 11, #7) was made on 6 Dec 1880
with description "core of 11th magnitude, slightly nebulous." His position was accurate although MCG
missed identifying
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NGC 1199 = HCG 22A = MCG -03-08-067 = LGG 081-002 = PGC 11527
03 03 38.4 -15 36 50; Eri
V = 11.4; Size 2.4'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 48°
17.5" (10/13/90): moderately bright, fairly small, oval 4:3 SSW-NNE, broadly concentrated halo, small bright core. A mag 11 star is 2.8' NE. An extremely faint mag 15 star or possibly an anonymous galaxy is 2' N.
NGC 1199 is the brightest in the HCG 22 quintet with extremely faint NGC 1190 4.1' SW, NGC 1191 4.6' SSW, NGC 1189 3.4' W and NGC 1192 4.0' S. NGC 1191 and 1192 lie in the background, though, at 3.5x the redshift. NGC 1199, along with NGC 1209, are the brightest members of a much larger group (LGG 81) that also includes NGCs 1145, 1163, 1188 and IC 276 at z ~.009.
13.1" (1/18/85): moderately bright, small, round, diffuse halo surrounded by a fairly bright stellar nucleus.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1199 = H. II-503 = h282 on 30 Dec 1785 (sweep 499) and logged "pB, S, iF, mbM." Both William and John Herschel's declination was ~ 1' too far north. Engelhardt measured an accurate micrometric position.
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NGC 1200 = MCG -02-08-043 = PGC 11545
03 03 54.6 -11 59 30; Eri
V = 12.7; Size 2.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.0; PA = 85°
24" (12/6/18): at 375x; fairly bright, fairly large, slightly elongated but orientation difficult to pin down. The brighter central region is strongly concentrated with a very small brighter nucleus. The outer 1' halo has a very low surface brightness and drops off imperceptibly into the background sky. A mag 15.4 star is at the south edge of the halo. Brightest in a quartet with IC 285 3' SE and brightest in the larger USGC S110 galaxy group (8 members).
17.5" (10/20/90): fairly faint, fairly small, round, bright core, halo slightly elongated N-S. There is an extremely faint star or possible companion at the south edge. Third of four and brightest in a compact quartet with NGC 1195 and 1196.
NGC 1200 forms a close pair with IC 285 3.2' ESE. The IC companion was logged as "very faint, small, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, very low even surface brightness."
William Herschel discovered NGC 1200 = H. II-475 = h2506 on 27 Nov 1785 (sweep 478) and noted "pF, pL, irr F, bM." On 22 Nov 1835 (sweep 648) John Herschel described it from the Cape of Good Hope as "pB, L, R, 80". The N.f. of two, distance about 7.5'; position 45 degrees." His mean position from 2 measures is accurate.
While observing NGC 1200 on 7 Dec 1885 with the Great Melbourne Telescope, Pietro Baracchi discovered nearby IC 285 and made an independent discovery of NGC 1195 (found earlier by Dreyer).
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03 04 08.0 -26 04 12; For
V = 10.7; Size 3.6'x2.1'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 7°
17.5" (11/26/94): fairly bright, moderately large,
elongated 2:1 N-S, 1.6'x0.8', well concentrated. Dominated by a bright, very small round core and an almost
stellar nucleus. Forms the
southern vertex of an acute triangle with a mag 12 star off the NNW side 2.9'
from center and a mag 10.5 star 3.8' NE of center. In a group (LGG 086) with
14.5" (12/17/20): at 182x; fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 or 5:2 N-S, ~1.8'x0.8'. Sharply concentrated with a small intensely bright core that dominates the appearance and increases to a sharp stellar peak. In a small group (LGG 086) with NGC 1255 and 1302.
8" (10/31/81): fairly bright, small, slightly elongated N-S, small bright core. A mag 11 star is 4' NE.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1201 = H. I-109 = h283 on 26 Oct 1785 (sweep 466) and logged "cB; mbM; iR; resolvable." On a later sweep he wrote, "cB, pS, lE in the direction of the meridian, mbM, resolvable, 1.5' long." Finally on sweep (593) he recorded "pB, pS, bM, lE." On 14 Oct 1830 (sweep 306), John Herwschel remarked "B; R; pretty suddenly brighter middle; 30" [diameter]." His position was just off the north end of the galaxy.
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03 05 02.5 -06 29 30; Eri
V = 14.2; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.7
17.5" (1/12/02): very faint, small, round, 25" diameter, low even surface brightness. A pair of mag 14/15 star (32" separation) lie 1' SE. Located 4' SW of a 20" pair of mag 10.5/11.5 stars and 4.8' SSW of a mag 10.3 star.
Ormond Stone discovered NGC 1202 = LM 2-354 in 1886 with the
26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag
15.5, 0.3' dia, wide double star, position 45° (NE) at 4' distance. His position is ~30 tsec of RA east of
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03 05 14.1 -14 22 53; Eri
V = 14.5; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.7
17.5" (10/13/90): very faint, very small, round. A very close contact pair
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1203 = LM 1-85 on 1 Jan
1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position is a good match
with
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03 04 40.0 -12 20 29; Eri
V = 13.3; Size 1.2'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 69°
24" (12/6/18): at 375x; very unusual appearance with a fairly bright mag 12.5 star attached on the south edge with the galaxy elongated 2:1 or 5:2 WSW-ENE and extending ~0.9'x0.4'. A mag 14.5 star is 45" SW (outside the glow) and a mag 15.3 star is just 15" SE of the brighter star. Member of the NGC 1200 group (USGC S110).
17.5" (11/17/01): interesting object as it appears as a diffuse glow, elongated ENE-WSW with three stars near including a mag 11 star attached at the south edge.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1204 = LM 1-86 on 26 Dec 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory and reported "mag 15.5, E 45°, B* and sev F stars inv in neb, resolvable." His position is a good match with MCG -02-08-045 = PGC 11583 and the description is appropriate for this galaxy. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes) and mentions "I noticed simply a small triangle of stars of mags 11, 12, and 13. The brightest star seemed to be enveloped in an extremely faint mantle of nebulous matter."
Recently (27 Mar 2015), I found that William Herschel observed NGC 1204 on 27 Nov 1785 (sweep 478), though he only logged "a deception", and Caroline didn't assign it a general (internal) discovery number or H-designation. His offset in position from #1193 = NGC 1200 (the previous object in the sweep), places the "deception" just 1.2' south of NGC 1204, based on Corwin's reduction (Steinicke also confirms this observation). Based on my visual notes, I can see why WH found the appearance ambiguous.
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03 03 28.4 -09 40 13; Eri
See observing notes for NGC 1182.
Ormond Stone discovered NGC 1205 = LM 1-87 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory and logged "mag 14.0, 0.7'x0.3', E 25°, *9.5 in PA 240° at 3.0' dist." There is nothing at his position but 2 min of RA west is PGC 11511 and Stone's description applies (except his PA should read 125°). This was Stone's second observation of this galaxy. His position for I-84 = NGC 1182 was 1.0 min of west too far west, but the descriptions are virtually the same. Herbert Howe examined the field in 1899-00 and report "having examined the locality very carefully on two fine nights I judge the objects to be identical." Based on this this observation, Dreyer states in the IC 2 Notes that "1205 is equal to 1182". Either number could be the primary designation as the earlier observation is not known. See Corwin's notes.
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03 06 09.7 -08 50 00; Eri
V = 14.9; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2
18" (1/1/08): extremely faint, very small, round, 15" diameter. Visible ~80% of the time using averted vision as a very low surface brightness knot with no structure. Located 6.5' N of a mag 10.5 star.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1206 = LM 2-355 in 1886
with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory and logged
"mag 15.6, 0.2' dia, vlE 180°."
His position matches
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03 08 15.5 +38 22 56; Per
V = 12.6; Size 2.3'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 123°
24" (2/7/16): moderately bright, fairly small,
elongated 3:2 NNW-SSE, 0.6'x0.4'.
A mag 14.5-15 star is superimposed on the northwest side.
17.5" (1/1/92): moderately bright, fairly small,
elongated 2:1 NW-SE, broadly concentrated halo. A mag 15 star is attached at northwest end.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1207 = H. III-578 = h284 on 18 Oct 1786 (sweep 618) and noted "vF, vS." In Oct 1828 (sweep 188) John Herschel wrote, "F; vS; R; pretty suddenly brighter middle; 12" diameter." The superimposed star was mentioned at Birr Castle: "I am not sure whether it is a star or a nucleus in the north-preceding end."
According to Gary Kronk, Lewis Swift discovered it again in October 1884, though didn't publish it in one of his twelve lists.
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03 06 11.9 -09 32 27; Eri
V = 12.6; Size 1.9'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 75°
24" (12/6/18): at 375x; fairly bright, fairly large,
oval 2:1 WSW-ENE, contains a very bright elongated core and fainter halo,
~1.1'x0.5'.
17.5" (10/20/90): fairly faint, very elongated 3:1 E-W,
broadly concentrated halo, much fainter extensions. First and brightest in a group with
William Herschel discovered NGC 1208 = H. II-285 = h285 = h2507 on 10 Jan 1785 (sweep 355) and logged "pF, S, lE, south of a pB triangle, about 1/2' in length." On 15 Dec 1786 (sweep 650) he recorded "F, S, little brighter middle, E not far from the parallel; a little from sp to nf." John Herschel observed this galaxy both at Slough, England and at the Cape of Good Hope and 7 observations were made at Birr Castle.
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NGC 1209 = MCG -03-08-073 = LGG 081-003 = PGC 11638
03 06 03.0 -15 36 41; Eri
V = 11.5; Size 2.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 85°
17.5" (1/12/02): moderately bright, fairly small,,
elongated 2:1 E-W, 1.4'x0.7'.
Increases to a bright, rounder core and stellar nucleus.
NGC 1209 is the brightest in a group (LGG 81), along with NGC 1199, that includes NGCs 1145, 1163, 1188, 1189, 1190 and IC 276. NGC 1209 is located 40' following HCG 22, whose brightest member is NGC 1199.
13.1" (1/18/85): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated ~E-W, very small bright core. Appears slightly fainter than NGC 1199 40' W.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1209 = H. II-504 = h286 on 30 Dec 1785 (sweep 499) and logged "pB, S, lE, mbM. The brightness also extended. " John Herscel reported on 15 Oct 1830 (sweep 307), "vB; E; pretty suddenly brighter middle; 30" l; 20" br."
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03 06 45.3 -25 42 59; For
V = 12.6; Size 2.0'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 121°
17.5" (12/28/00): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 1.0' diameter, weak but even concentration to a brighter core. A mag 13 star lies 1.1' NNW of center. Located 40' NE of NGC 1201.
Ormond Stone discovered NGC 1210 = LM 1-88 on 13 Nov 1885 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory and reported "mag 15.0, vS, irregularly round, E 340°?, gradually brighter middle to a nucleus". There is nothing at his rough RA (nearest minute) and the Knox-Shaw reported it was "Not shown" on a photograph taken at the Helwan observatory in 1921-22. But 1 minute of time east is ESO 480-031 = PGC 11666 and this galaxy is identified as NGC 1210 in the RNGC and PGC. MCG lists the NGC designation as uncertain.
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03 06 52.4 -00 47 40; Cet
V = 12.5; Size 2.1'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 30°
17.5" (1/7/89): moderately bright, fairly small, very faint outer halo, sharp concentration, round. Two mag 13 stars lie 2.1' ESE and 2.2' ENE oriented N-S with a separation of 1.1'.
Truman Safford discovered NGC 1211 = Sf. 102 on 31 Oct 1867 with the 18.5-inch Clark refractor at the Dearborn Observatory. Édouard Stephan made an observation on 29 Nov 1875 (perhaps aware of Safford's discovery?). He listed it as new in his 11th list (#8) with an accurate position from on 27 Nov 1880. Stephan was credited with the discovery in the NGC, as Safford's discovery wasn't published until 1887, too late to be included in the NGC.
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03 09 42.2 +40 53 35; Per
V = 14.5; Size 0.9'x0.5'; PA = 22°
24" (12/20/17): at 375x; fairly faint, small, slightly
elongated, 20"x15", faint stellar nucleus. Located 18' ESE of Algol and 2.7' SW of a mag 8.7 star
within AGC 426.
18" (11/22/03): faint, small, round, 25" diameter,
even surface brightness. Forms the
SW vertex of an equilateral triangle with mag 8.7
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1212 = Sw. 1-5 on 18 Oct 1884
with the 16" refractor at the Warner Observatory and recorded "S; R;
vvF. Right angled with 2
stars. In field with
Algol". Swift's position is
poor, 40 seconds of RA west of
RNGC and PGC (as well as secondary sources such as Megastar)
misidentify
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NGC 1213 = IC 1881 = UGC 2557 = MCG +06-07-045 = CGCG 524-058 = PGC 11789
03 09 17.3 +38 38 59; Per
V = 14.5; Size 1.8'x1.4'; Surf Br = 15.4; PA = 60°
24" (2/7/16): faint or fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 ~SW-NE, 24"x18", low surface brightness, fades into background. The image is confused as there are two very faint stars involved as well as two additional stars off the north side. Located in a rich star field 50' ESE of mag 3.4 Rho Per. NGC 1207 is 20' SW.
17.5" (1/1/92): extremely faint, fairly small, slightly elongated. This galaxy has an extremely low surface brightness with a very ill-defined outline! Several faint stars are near or involved including a mag 14 star close off the SW edge and a pair of mag 15.5 stars at the north end.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1213 = Sw. 1-6 on 14 Oct 1884
with his 16" refractor and recorded "vvF; lE; v diff; F* close
north." His position is 0.4
min of RA west of
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NGC 1214 = HCG 23A = MCG -02-08-051 = Holm 66a = PGC 11675
03 06 55.9 -09 32 38; Eri
V = 14.0; Size 1.3'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 40°
24" (12/6/18): at 375x; between fairly faint and
moderately bright, fairly high surface brightness edge-on 4:1 SW-NE, 1.1'x0.3',
small bright core. In a small
group (
48" (10/30/16): at 375x and 488x; bright, fairly large, very elongated 7:2 SW-NE, ~1.2'x0.35', sharply concentrated with a very bright core that increases to a stellar nucleus. Brightest in the HCG 23 quintet with NGC 1215 4' SE. A mag 11 star is 2.7' due north. The seeing and transparency was subpar during the observation of the group.
17.5" (10/20/90): faint, very small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, small bright core, stellar nucleus. A mag 11 star is 2.7' N. FIrst of four in the field with NGC 1215 4' SE and NGC 1208 11' W. Brightest in HCG 23.
Ormond Stone discovered NGC 1214 = LM 1-94 = Sw. 5-49, along with NGC 1215 and 1216, in 1886 using the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. Stone reported, "mag 14.0, 0.7'x0.2', E 60°." He added a note, "48 seconds f[ollowing] G.C. 647 [NGC 1208] same declination, stellar N[ucleus] in cen of vF neb; 1st of 3 [with NGC 1215 and 1216]; *10, P 15° Delta [separation] 3'." His rough position (nearest min of RA) is essentially correct.
Lewis Swift also found this galaxy on 21 Oct 1886. He described it as "F; pS; iR; 647 [= NGC 1208] nr; 1st of 2 [with NGC 1215]." Frank Muller suggested the equivalence with Stone's object in a Sidereal Messenger article (Feb 1887) that listed nebulae from Swift's 5th catalogue which had been discovered previously. As the Leander McCormick discovery list was submitted to the Astronomical Journal on 12 Oct 1886, the discovery credit goes to Stone.
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NGC 1215 = HCG 23B = MCG -02-08-055 = Holm 66b = PGC 11687
03 07 09.4 -09 35 32; Eri
V = 14.1; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.5; PA = 15°
24" (12/6/18): at 375x; fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 4:3 ~N-S, ~0.8'x0.6', small brighter core region that brightens towards the center. low surface brightness halo. Sandwiched between edge-ons NGC 1214 4.5' NW and NGC 1216 2.5' ESE.
48" (10/30/16): at 375x and 488x; fairly bright, fairly
large, sharply concentrated with a very bright elongated core SSW-NNE that
increases to a stellar nucleus. Surrounded by a fairly large, low surface
brightness oval halo ~1.2'x0.9'.
Forms a close pair with
17.5" (10/20/90): faint, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, well defined small bright core, faint extensions. Member of the NGC 1208 group and HCG 23 with NGC 1214 4' NW and NGC 1216 2' SE.
Ormond Stone discovered NGC 1215 = LM 1-95 = Sw. 5-50, along with NGC 1214 and 1216, in 1886 using the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. Stone reported, "mag 15.5, 0.4', dif." He added the note, "2nd of 3 [with NGC 1214 and 1216]." His declination is 2' too far south, incorrectly placing NGC 1215 1' south of NGC 1216, instead of 1' N.
Lewis Swift also found this galaxy on 21 Oct 1886. He described it as "eF; vS; R; 647 [= NGC 1208] nr; 2nd of 2 [with NGC 1214]." Frank Muller noted the prior discovery in a Sidereal Messenger article (Feb 1887), though he assumed Swift found NGC 1216. The Leander McCormick discovery list was submitted to the Astronomical Journal on 12 Oct 1886, so Stone made the earlier discovery.
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NGC 1216 = HCG 23C = MCG -02-08-056 = PGC 11693
03 07 18.4 -09 36 44; Eri
V = 14.8; Size 0.8'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 65°
24" (12/6/18): at 375x; between fairly faint and moderately bright, 4:1 or 5:1 WSW-ENE, ~36"x8", surprisingly high surface brightness. The listed V magnitude of 14.8 seems too faint based on its appearance. Similar in surface brightness to NGC 1214.
48" (10/30/16): at 375x and 488x; fairly bright, fairly small, edge-on 5:1 WSW-ENE, ~40"x8", well concentrated with a very bright, high surface brightness core that increases to a stellar nucleus. The extensions are quite thin. NGC 1215 lies 2.5' NW.
17.5" (10/20/90): very faint, extremely small, stellar nucleus or faint star superimposed, extremely faint and very small extensions SW-NE. Member of HCG 23 with NGC 1215 2' NW.
Ormond Stone discovered NGC 1216 = LM 1-96 in 1886, along with NGC 1214 and 1215, with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. He recorded "mag 14.5, 0.2' dia, stellar ncl, 3rd of 3" and the rough position matches MCG -02-08-056 = PGC 11693. This galaxy was missed by Lewis Swift, though he found nearby NGC 1214 and 1215.
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03 06 06.0 -39 02 11; For
V = 12.4; Size 1.8'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 50°
18" (1/17/09): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 45" diameter, sharply concentrated with a small brighter core and much fainter halo. A 24" pair of mag 9/12 stars located 7' SE is lined up with the galaxy. A mag 13 star lies 1.5' N. A faint companion galaxy 0.9' N (MCG -07-07-004) was not seen, probably because of the low elevation.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1217 = h2508 on 23 Oct 1835 and logged "not vF; R; pretty suddenly little brighter middle; 20". Has a *11m 2' N. His position (h2508) and description is accurate (the star is 1.6' N).
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03 08 26.3 +04 06 38; Cet
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 155°
13.1" (11/29/86): faint, small, round, bright core. Located 92' E of Alpha Ceti.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1218 = Sw. 4-12 on 6 Sep 1886 with the 16" refractor at the Warner Observatory. His position is 1.4' too far west. Hermann Kobold measured an accurate position in 1896 at Strasbourg (published in 1907).
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03 08 28.0 +02 06 30; Cet
V = 13.0; Size 1.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5" (10/24/87): moderately bright, moderately large, almost round, weak concentration.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 1219 = m 87 on 9 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48". He recorded an accurate position and description "F, pL, R."
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03 11 41 +53 20 54; Per
Size 2'
17.5" (12/28/94): very compact group of about a dozen faint stars mag 13.5-15 in a small 1.5' wedge-shaped clump. There is a very tight string of three strings at the NE end and the brightest mag 13 star is at the south end. Does not appear fully resolved due to density and background haze. This is a young cluster(60 million years old) at a distance of ~5900 light years in the Perseus Arm.
8" (11/28/81) : faint open cluster, small, six faint stars are visible over unresolved haze.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1220 = h287 on 28 Nov 1831 (sweep 386), recording "a vS, close-packed group of 8 or 10 stars 14...15 mag in a space of 30" diam, so as easily to be taken for a pB nebula." His position and description matches this cluster.
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03 08 15.5 -04 15 35; Eri
V = 14.2; Size 1.4'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 160°
17.5" (1/7/89): very faint, very small, round. A mag 13 star is 1.2' SE. FIrst of three with
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1221 = LM 2-356 in 1886
with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded
"mag 15.5, 0.2'x0.1', E 170°, * in PA 175° (south)." His position is 20 sec of RA east of
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03 08 56.9 -02 57 18; Eri
V = 12.5; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 170°
17.5" (1/7/89): fairly faint, fairly small, round, very small bright core, stellar nucleus.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 1222 = St. 13-23 on 30 Nov 1883. His published position (list 13, #23) was reduced a few days later (5 Dec 1883).
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NGC 1223 = MCG -01-09-003 = PGC 11742
03 08 19.9 -04 08 18; Eri
V = 14.0; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.1
17.5" (1/7/89): second and brightest of a trio with NGC 1221 8' SSW and NGC 1225 7' E. Faint, small, round, bright core. The identifications of NGC 1223 and NGC 1225 are reversed in the RNGC and U2000.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1223 = LM 2-357 (along
with NGC 1225 = II-358) in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory in 1886, recording "mag 15.0, 0.3' dia, R, gradually
brighter middle to a nucleus".
His position is 45 sec of RA following
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03 11 13.6 +41 21 49; Per
V = 13.5; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 14.1
24" (12/20/17): at 375x; fairly faint, fairly small, round, 20" diameter (central region of galaxy), gradually increases to a stellar peak. A mag 13.5 pair [~12" separation?] is just 1.5' ENE. A mag 9.8 star lies 2.2' SSW and a mag 10.4 star is 3.0' NNW. Located 42' NW of Algol in AGC 426.
17.5" (10/24/87): very faint, very small, round, small brighter core. Member of AGC 426.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1224 = Sw. 2-28 on 20 Aug 1885
with the 16" refractor at Warner Observatory. His position matches
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NGC 1225 = MCG -01-09-004 = PGC 11766
03 08 47.2 -04 06 05; Eri
V = 14.4; Size 1.1'x0.8'; Surf Br = 14.1
17.5" (1/7/89): third of three with NGC 1221 and NGC 1223. Very faint, very small, round, small bright core. Located 7' E of NGC 1223. The identifications of NGC 1223 and NGC 1225 are reversed in the RNGC.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1225 = LM 2-358 (along
with NGC 1223 = II-357) in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory, recording "mag 15.5, 0.2' dia, R". His position is 30 sec of RA following
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03 11 05.4 +35 23 12; Per
V = 12.9; Size 2.1'x1.9'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 95°
24" (2/5/21): at 260x; moderately bright, round,
45" diameter, small bright core.
Brightest of a trio with
UGC 2579 appeared fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, 30" length, broad concentration with a slightly brighter core.
17.5" (1/1/92): fairly faint, fairly small, round, bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 1227 4' SSE.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 1226 = St. 10-16, along with NGC 1227, on 29 Nov 1875. His published position (list 10, #16) was made 4 years later on 6 Dec 1879. The original discovery was apparently made by Heinrich d'Arrest on 17 Sep 1865, but due to a transcription error his position was 1-hour of RA too small and falls on a blank piece of sky. See NGC 832.
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NGC 1227 = UGC 2577 = CGCG 524-062 = CGCG 525-003 = PGC 11880
03 11 07.8 +35 19 29; Per
V = 14.2; Size 1.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 14.0
24" (2/5/21): at 260x; faint, small, round, 24" diameter, very small brighter nucleus (possibly a stellar peak). Forms the vertex of an isosceles triangle with two mag 10 stars 4.5' WSW and 4.5' SE. Fainter of pair with NGC 1226 4' N.
17.5" (1/1/92): very faint, very small, round. Forms a pair with NGC 1226 4' NNW.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 1227 = St. 10-17, along with NGC 1227, on 29 Nov 1875. His single position on that date matched NGC 1226, though he noted there were two nebulae. His published position (list 10, #17) was made on 10 Jan 1880.
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03 08 11.7 -22 55 23; Eri
V = 13.2; Size 1.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 78°
17.5" (11/10/96): faint, small, elongated 3:2 SW-NE,
0.8'x0.6'. A mag 13 star is
50" S. In a group with NGC
1229 2.2' S.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1228 = LM 2-359 (along
with
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NGC 1229 = Arp 332 NED1 = VV 337b = UGCA 53 = ESO 480-033 =
03 08 11.0 -22 57 37; Eri
V = 14.0; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 81°
17.5" (11/10/96): very faint, very small, round, 0.4' diameter. Located 2.2' S of brighter NGC 1228 in a group with NGC 1230 1.9' SE and IC 1892. A mag 13.5 star lies 1.4' N on a line to NGC 1228.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1229 = LM 2-359, along
with NGC 1228 = II-359, in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander
McCormick Observatory, recording "mag 16.0, 0.1', R, gradually brighter in
the middle, 2nd of 2". There
is nothing at his position, but 1 min of RA west is
******************************
NGC 1230 = Arp 332 NED2 = ESO 480-034 = MCG -04-08-027 = PGC 11743
03 08 16.4 -22 59 03; Eri
V = 14.4; Size 0.6'x0.2'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 109°
17.5" (11/10/96): faintest in a group with NGC 1228, NGC 1229 and IC 1892. Only glimpsed momentarily using Vicker's CCD Atlas. Appears extremely faint and small, 10" diameter with possible extensions to 20". Located 3.8' SSE of NGC 1228 and 1.9' SE of NGC 1230. IC 1892 lies 5' further SE.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1230 = LM 2-361, along with NGC 1228 and NGC 1229, in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. Leavenworth made no estimate of size or brightness, only the comment "*??". There is nothing at his position, but 1 min of RA west and 2' N is ESO 480-033 = PGC 11734. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
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NGC 1231 = MCG -03-08-074 = PGC 11658
03 06 29.3 -15 34 09; Eri
V = 14.2; Size 0.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.6
17.5" (1/12/02): extremely faint, very small, round, 0.4' diameter. A mag 15 star is just off the SSW edge of the halo, 30" from the center. Located 6.8' NE of NGC 1209. Due to a poor position by Leavenworth, this galaxy is classified as nonexistent in the RNGC.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1231 = LM 1-97 on 2 Dec
1885 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory,
recording "mag 16.0, pL, E like a fan." There is nothing at his rough position (given to an nearest
min of RA and arcmin of Dec). But
exactly 4 min of RA west is
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03 09 45.1 -20 34 46; Eri
V = 9.9; Size 7.4'x6.5'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 108°
30" (10/15/15 - OzSky): NGC 1232 is a face-on multi-arm knotty Sc-type. At 303x it appeared very bright, very large, roundish, at least 6' diameter. It was sharply concentrated with a very bright, elongated core that contained a brighter central bar-like nuclear region. Spiral structure was evident in the large halo, but more subtle than I expected as several segments were disconnected. The most prominent was a knotty arm on the north side. It emerged near the northwest end of the core and shot linearly (2' length) towards the northeast in the direction of a mag 14 star 2.5' NE of center.
Another spiral arm extended east and west perhaps 1.5' length, just south of the central region. The arm faded out at its west end but after a short break, a very faint elongated knot, ~14"x8", was visible 1.7' WSW of center. NED includes multiple designations NGC 1232:[HK83] 442, [HK83] 445, [HK83] 450 and more from Hodge and Kennicutt's 1983 "Atlas of HII regions in 125 galaxies". The arm dimmed again but could just be traced shooting straight N-S in the northwest end of the halo. Another short, linear segment of a arm (containing [HK83] 110) was just visible close east of the core, 1.1' ENE of center.
17.5" (10/8/88): bright, large, slightly elongated,
bright core, very large faint halo.
Located 8' WSW of mag 8.6
13.1" (1/18/85): large, large bright core, substellar nucleus, very diffuse outer halo. An arm is suspected attached at the west end and winding towards the east on the north side of the core.
8" (10/31/81): faint, diffuse, low surface brightness.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1232 = H. II-258 = h2509 on 20 Oct 1784 (sweep 303). He recored "extremely faint, little brighter middle, 7 or 8' dia." On 19 Dec 1799 (sweep 1091) he logged "faint, considerably large, bright middle, irregular figure, 5 or 6' diam. The nebulosity is unequal, seeming to be two or three clouds, or nebulosities joined together."
John Herschel made 3 observations from South Africa. His most detailed observation from 13 Nov 1835 (sweep 642) reads: "B; vL; R; resolvable; 3' (dia), first very grad then pretty suddenly brighter in the middle. With the left eye I see it mottled. (N.B. This is no doubt a distant globular cluster)."
Based on a photograph taken at the Helwan observatory in
1921-22, NGC 1232 was described as "pB, 7'x7', open spiral, B stellar
nucleus, many branches with almost stellar condensations."
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03 12 33.1 +39 19 07; Per
V = 13.2; Size 1.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 27°
17.5" (12/23/92): fairly faint, very elongated 3:1 NNW-NNE, 1.2'x0.4', broadly concentrated, faint extensions. A mag 13.5 star is off the NE end. Member of AGC 426 (south of main stream).
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 1233 = St. 3-20 on 10 Nov 1871. His rough position was 7' too far ESE. His published micrometric position (list 3, #20) was made a 1 month later on 10 Dec 1871. He followed up with another observation on 30 Nov 1877.
Harold Corwin suggests that Swift's V-51 = NGC 1235 might be a duplicate observation with a 24' error in declination.
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03 09 39.2 -07 50 47; Eri
V = 14.2; Size 1.8'x0.9'; Surf Br = 14.6; PA = 141°
17.5" (1/12/02): extremely faint, small, round, 0.6'
diameter, low even surface brightness.
Requires averted vision but once identified I could almost hold it
continuously with concentration.
Based on the galaxy's size and elongation, I probably viewed the
brighter core only. Located 4' SW
of mag 9.5
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1234 = LM 2-362 in 1886
with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory, recording
"mag 16.2, 0.6' dia, irregularly round, 1 or eF stars inv, *9m precedes 30
sec." There is nothing at his
position but 40 sec of RA due west is
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03 12 48 +38 56; Per
= ***, JS. =NGC 1233?, HC
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1235 = Sw. 5-51 on 21 Oct 1886
with the 16" refractor at the Warner Observatory. There are no galaxies near his
position. The RNGC identifies NGC
1235 as a triple star, situated about 1.5' N of Swift's position. But these stars appear too bright and
too easily resolved to be confused with a faint nebulous object by Swift. Harold Corwin suggests that NGC 1235
may be a duplicate of NGC 1233, which is located due north. If this identification is correct,
Swift made a 24' error in declination (too far south). Except for
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03 11 28.0 +10 48 30; Ari
V = 14.7; Size 0.5'x0.3'; PA = 30°
18" (12/10/07): very faint, small, elongated 2:1 SW-NE, 0.4'x0.2', low surface brightness, no concentration in fairly poor seeing.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 1236 = m 88 on 5 Oct 1864 with
Lassell's 48" reflector on Malta, recording "eF, vS, R". His position is just off the south side
of
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03 10 08.9 -08 41 32; Eri
V = 14.5/14.5; Size 13"
24" (12/28/13): this 13" pair of evenly matched
mag 14-15 stars was easily resolved at 225x. Located 21' NW of the
Frank Muller discovered NGC 1237 = LM 2-363 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory, reporting "mag 13.0, 0.4' diameter, E 170°, double star?" Dreyer included the description as a possible double star and Corwin confirms it *is* a double star 36 tsec west and 1' south of Muller's position. The separation is 14" with a PA 152°.
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03 10 52.7 -10 44 53; Eri
V = 12.4; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 110°
17.5" (12/28/94): fairly faint, small, round, very
small bright core. Contains a
faint stellar nucleus or possibly a faint star is superimposed. Forms the west vertex of an obtuse
isosceles triangle with a mag 13 star 2.4' SE and a mag 14 star 2.3' NNE of
center.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1238 = Sw. 5-52 on 1 Nov 1886
with his 16" refractor, recording "vF; pS; R; sp of [
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03 10 53.7 -02 33 11; Eri
V = 14.2; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 70°
17.5" (1/7/89): faint, very small, round, weak concentration.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1239 = H. III-262 = h288 on 6 Jan 1785 (sweep 351) and recorded "Suspected, stellar, 240x verified it with difficulty." WH's position was poor but John Herschel was only able to correct the declination, as the nebula was "scarcely seen through thick haze" (sweep 96). So, the listed RA is roughly 30 sec too far east in the NGC. Still there are no other nearby candidates and the identification NGC 1239 = PGC 11869 is not in question.
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03 13 26.7 +30 30 26; Ari
= **, Corwin.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1240 = H. III-164 on 12 Sep 1784 (sweep 268). He described it as "suspected, 240 left a doubt; extremely faint and very small, most probably two close stars; between two stars." There is nothing near his position and Bigourdan was unsuccessful (twice) in trying to recover this object. Karl Reinmuth, in his 1926 survey based on Heidelberg plates, notes "*13.5 in Dreyer's place". Harold Corwin suggests NGC 1240 is a double star (11" separation) about 8' SE of Herschel's position. This pair is also on a line between two other stars so matches Herschel's position.
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NGC 1241 = Arp 304 NED1 = VV 334a = MCG -02-09-011 = Holm 68a = PGC 11887
03 11 14.7 -08 55 20; Eri
V = 12.0; Size 2.8'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 145°
24" (12/28/13): fairly bright, moderately large, oval
2:1 NW-SE, 2'x1', contains a large bright core that increases towards the
center. There was a hint of arm
structure in the outer halo. Forms
a pair with
13.1" (12/7/85): moderately bright, round, bright core surrounded by a diffuse halo. Forms a close pair with fainter NGC 1242 1.6' NE. Located 3.0' due south of mag 9.0 SAO 130329.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1241 = H. II-286 = h289 = h2510 on 10 Jan 1785 (sweep 355) and recorded "faint, pretty large, round, little brighter middle, south of a small star." He made a second observation on 15 Dec 1786 (sweep 650) and also discovered NGC 1242 (see that number). Perhaps the extra light provided by the front view (no secondary) made the difference.
John Herschel observed NGC 1241 at Slough, England, calling
it "extremely faint" and "pretty bright" on two
sweeps. He made a later
observation at the Cape of Good Hope and logged "faint, pretty much
extended, 50", the preceding of two [with
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NGC 1242 = Arp 304 NED2 = VV 334b = Holm 68c = MCG -02-09-012 = PGC 11892
03 11 19.2 -08 54 07; Eri
V = 13.7; Size 1.2'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 130°
24" (12/28/13): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 NW-SE, ~35"x21", weak concentration. Forms a pair (Arp 304 = VV 334) with brighter NGC 1241 1.7' SE. A bright mag 9.3 star lies 2' NW.
13.1" (12/7/85): very faint, small, round, small bright
core, stellar nucleus, can hold with averted vision. Forms a close pair with much brighter NGC 1241 1.6' SW. Located 2.1' SE of mag 9.0
William Herschel discovered NGC 1242 = H. III-591 on 15 Dec 1786 (sweep 650) and recorded "Two [along with NGC 1241], that of which the place is taken [NGC 1241] is F, pL, very gradually very much brighter in the middle, R. The other [NGC 1242] is about 1' nf, eF, stellar. A 3rd suspected sf the 1st, still fainter than the 2nd; the I did not see it well enough to verify it, and it may be a deception."
On 7 Dec 1850, Lord Rosse assistant Bindon Stoney assumed it was a new discovery (labeled as "Beta" in his sketch). Dreyer later noticed the equivalence with III-591 when he examined the field on 6 Nov 1877 as the observing assistant at Birr Castle.
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03 11 25.4 -08 56 43; Eri
= **, Corwin.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1243 = h291 = h2511 on 6 Jan 1831 (sweep 315). From Slough he recorded "eF, vS" and from the Cape "eF; R; the following of two; pos from the other [NGC 1241] = 120° (ESE)". At his position a faint double star and the position angle matches. Interestingly Herschel never observed NGC 1242, which is close NE of NGC 1241. At Birr Castle, NGC 1241 was observed several times and assumed to be a "nova", but on 6 Nov 1877 Dreyer (the observing assistant at the time) claimed he saw all three objects in the field. His micrometric offset for h291 = h2511, points exactly to this double star again! See Corwin's notes for the complete story.
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03 06 31.2 -66 46 33; Hor
V = 13.1; Size 1.9'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 2°
24" (4/5/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x
appeared as a moderately bright, fairly large edge-on N-S, ~2.0'x0.4'. Exhibits only a broad, weak
concentration to a slightly brighter core. Forms a 10' pair with
John Herschel discovered NGC 1244 = h2512 on 2 Nov 1834 and recorded "pF, lE, gradually brighter in the middle, 25 arcseconds." His position (from 2 sweeps) is accurate. He questioned if this object was the same as Dunlop's 205, but Dunlop's description ("a very faint small nebula, north following, a pretty bright small star; a very minute star is between the bright star and the nebula") does not seem to match.
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03 14 41 +47 14 18; Per
V = 8.4; Size 10'
17.5" (12/7/90): about 100 stars at 220x in 10' diameter. Rich in mag 13.5-14 stars and includes four mag 12 stars along the west side. Roughly circular outline and uniform but no concentration to the center, many stars are arranged in lanes. A mag 8.5 star is off the south edge and a mag 9 star is about 5' off the ENE edge.
13.1" (1/28/84): about 75 stars in a dense cluster. Includes bright stars on the north side.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1245 = H. VI-25 = h290 on 11 Dec 1786 (sweep 645). He recorded "a beautiful very compressed and rich cluster of small stars, about 8' or 9' diameter, irr R." He was observed just 5° from the zenith at the latitude of Slough. On 30 Nov 1787 (sweep 786) he added "The large stars arranged in lines, like interwoven letters."
John Herschel observed the cluster on 31 Dec 1831 (sweep 390): "rich, L, cl not very comp; irreg R with stragglers; stars 12...15m; brightest part 5' diam".
On 23 Nov 1848, George Johnstone Stoney (Lord Rosse's assistant) wrote, "Coarse, cl. strongly honey-combed. Would probably look annular with eccentric eyehole if it were far enough to be a nebula."
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NGC 1246 = ESO 082-009 = PGC 11680
03 07 02.0 -66 56 19; Hor
V = 12.9; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 40°
24" (4/5/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): moderately bright and large oval 3:2 SW-NE, ~1.2'x0.8'. Contains a large bright core that increases to a faint, stellar nucleus with a much fainter outer halo. Located 10' SSE of NGC 1244. Three mag 10-11 stars lie midway between NGC 1246 and NGC 1244.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1246 = h2513 on 2 Nov 1834 and noted "pF, R, gradually little brighter middle, 15 arcseconds." His position is accurate (2 observations).
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NGC 1247 = MCG -02-09-014 = UGCA 58 = FGC 396 = PGC 11931
03 12 14.3 -10 28 50; Eri
V = 12.5; Size 3.4'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 69°
17.5" (12/28/94): moderately bright edge-on 5:1
WSW-ENE, 2.4'x0.5', weak concentration.
A mag 14.5 "star" 2.5' SE of center appears possibly
quasi-stellar -- this is the compact galaxy
17.5" (1/1/92): fairly faint, moderately large, edge-on 5:1 WSW-ENE, 2.5'x0.5', broad mild concentration, fairly striking appearance.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1247 = H. II-900 on 10 Dec 1798 (sweep 1087). He recorded "faint, extended nearly in the parallel, a little from south preceding to north following, about 3' long, 1' broad."
On 12 Jan 1877, Birr Castle assistant J.L.E. Dreyer logged "vF, very much elongated 72.5°, gradually little brighter middle. *10m 6' np."
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03 12 48.5 -05 13 29; Eri
V = 12.5; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 100°
17.5" (1/7/89): fairly faint, small, round, small
bright core, possible stellar nucleus.
Located 5.5' S of mag 8.3
William Herschel discovered NGC 1248 = H. III-443 = h292 on 5 Oct 1785 (sweep 457), noting "vF, vS, confirmed by 240 power." John Herschel made three observations and initially assumed he had made the discovery.
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03 10 01.2 -53 20 09; Hor
V = 11.8; Size 4.9'x2.3'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 86°
24" (4/9/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly bright, large, very elongated nearly 3:1 E-W, ~4'x1.4', broad concentration with a bulging middle. The galaxy was brighter along the major axis (bar). The observation was cut short by clouds, so it's possible the observation was somewhat compromised.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1249 = h2514 on 5 Dec 1834,
recording "B; L; vmE in pos. 80°; very gradually brighter middle to an
axis; 2.5' l; 1' br." His
position and description matches
NGC 1249 was first photographed by Delisle Stewart at Harvard's Arequipa Station between 1898 and 1901 and described in a list of NGC corrections as "spiral, 1 branch much brighter than other, E at 80°."
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03 15 21.1 +41 21 20; Per
V = 13.0; Size 2.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 159°
17.5" (12/3/88): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated NNW-SSE, bright core, faint almost stellar nucleus. Member of AGC 426.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1250 = Sw. 5-53 on 21 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at Warner Observatory. His position is accurate (on the west side of AGC 426).
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03 14 09.1 +01 27 24; Cet
= **, Carlson and Corwin.
Sidney Coolidge discovered NGC 1251 = HN 24 on 25 Jan 1860 with the 15-inch refractor of Harvard College Observatory during the Zone Survey of equatorial stars. He simply noted "faint nebulosity", but within 25" of his position is a faint double star (14.3/15.0 at 7"). All 9 of his nebulous objects in the NGC turned out to be single or double stars.
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03 10 44 -57 45 30; Hor
Size 10'
14" (4/7/16 - Coonabarabran, 145x): fairly large
scattered group of ~20 stars in a 10' region. Includes mag 6.6
John Herschel discovered NGC 1252 = h2515 on 4 Dec 1834, recording a "Star 8m, the chief of a cluster of 18 or 20 stars." His Cape catalogue position corresponds with mag 6.6 HD 20037 at 03 10 39.2 -57 48 35 (2000), the brightest in this 10' group. Apparently JH made a copying error after he precessed his coordinates to 1860 for the General Catalogue (#663) as his position there is exactly 20' too far south. Dreyer didn't catch this mistake so it carried over into the NGC. As a result, ESO says "Not found" and RNGC classifies NGC 1252 as an "unverified southern object", both using the erroneous NGC position.
The group of stars at Herschel's position has been considered an asterism as most of the brighter stars have different proper motion using Hipparchos and ACT data. See Baumgardt "The nature of some doubtful open clusters as revealed by HIPPARCOS" (A&A, 340, 402, 1998). But a more recent paper by de la Fuente Marcos, et al. (MNRAS 434, 194, 2013) found there is an old, metal-poor cluster remnant here. At a distance of nearly 900 parsecs from the Galactic disk, it is one of the furthest (from the disk) cluster remnants known.
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03 14 09.1 -02 49 22; Eri
V = 11.7; Size 5.2'x2.3'; Surf Br = 14.3; PA = 82°
48" (10/23/11): very bright, very large, elongated ~5:2
WSW-ENE, ~4'x1.6'. Contains a
large, very bright elongated core that gradually increases to the center. A mag 12.5 star is superimposed just SW
of the central region. A spiral
arm emerges from the galaxy on the ENE end and curls sharply clockwise towards
the SW on the follwing end of the galaxy and quickly dims. The arm appears patchy with a couple of
small knots near the outer edge (~1.6' from center). The arm on the west end is harder to make out as it emerges
from the central region near the superimposed star and is not as well defined,
appearing more as a hazy, mottled region with some brighter patches. A mag 12 star lies 3' ENE and just
beyond the star is
24" (12/1/13): NGC 1253A was picked up as a very faint to faint glow, elongated 2:1 E-W, 0.4'x0.2' (central region seen), low surface brightness. Situated 3.9' ENE of much brighter NGC 1253 and just 0.9' NE of a mag 12 star. NGC 1253 showed a little structure but I didn't take notes.
17.5" (1/7/89): moderately bright, oval ~E-W, no central brightening but contains a slightly brighter knot at the NE end. A mag 12 star is involved at the west end 52" from the center and a mag 11 star is 2.9' ENE of center. Forms a double system with NGC 1253A 3.7' ENE (just following the mag 11 star) which was not seen.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1253 = H. IV-17 on 20 Sep 1784 (sweep 280). He described "a small star with a very faint nebulous brush following (with 240x). I am sure with eyepiece No. 1 [157x] I should have overlooked it. The brush was faint and about 1.5' or 2' long. A star on each side which I viewed were free from that brush, though I drew them in the same part of the field." His position was 6' too far S. At the beginning of this sweep, he noted "The rope being broken the polar distance is coarsely marked in revolutions of the axel". d'Arrest measured an accurate position based on 4 separate measures.
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03 14 23.8 +02 40 42; Cet
V = 14.2; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5" (10/24/87): faint, very small, slightly elongated
SW-NE, small bright core, faint stellar nucleus. Equidistant between mag 8.7
Albert Marth discovered NGC 1254 = m 89 on 9 Sep 1864 with Lassell's 48" reflector on Malta and logged "F, vS, stellar". His position is accurate.
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NGC 1255 = ESO 481-013 = MCG -04-08-050 = UGCA 60 = AM 0311-255 = LGG 086-001 = PGC 12007
03 13 32.2 -25 43 31; For
V = 10.9; Size 4.2'x2.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 117°
13.1" (10/10/86): moderately bright, large, fairly diffuse, weak concentration, elongated NW-SE. A mag 12 star is 2.0' SW of center. In a small group with NGC 1201 and 1302.
E.E. Barnard discovered NGC 1255 = LM 1-98 on 30 Aug 1883
with the 6-inch refractor at Vanderbilt University (Sidereal Messenger, Vol 2,
page 226 and Object "b" in AN 108, 370, 1884) and described a
"faint nebula, not large, pretty even in light. A faint star close p
and slightly south probably involved.
Star is s and f the nebula by about 30'." Ormond Stone made
an independent discovery in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander
McCormick Observatory, recording "4.1'x2.0', PA 315°."
The NGC position is 2.5' south of
******************************
03 13 58.2 -21 59 10; Eri
V = 13.6; Size 1.1'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 108°
17.5" (11/10/96): faint, fairly small, slightly
elongated, weak even concentration to a small brighter core. A mag 15 star lies 1.1' N. Located 6.5' ESE of mag 9
John Herschel discovered NGC 1256 = h2516 on 13 Nov 1835,
calling it "F, S, almost stellar, but E, has a * 8 preceding 7.5', 2' N." His position and description (the star
is mag 9.3
******************************
03 16 59.5 +41 31 45; Per
= **, Corwin. Misidentified in RNGC and RC3.
Guillaume Bigourdan discovered NGC 1257 = Big. 16 on 19 Oct
1884 with the 12" at the Paris Observatory. There is nothing at his position, but according to Harold
Corwin, Bigourdan's position (once the position of his offset star is corrected)
points directly to a close pair of 15th magnitude stars at 03 16 59.5 +41 31
45. The RNGC, PGC and RC 3
misidentify
******************************
NGC 1258 = ESO 547-024 = MCG -04-08-053 = PGC 12034
03 14 05.5 -21 46 28; Eri
V = 13.3; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 17°
17.5" (11/10/96): faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, low even surface brightness. Appears ~1.5'x1.0' (slightly larger than listed dimensions). In field with NGC 1256 13' SSW.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1258 = LM 2-364 on 19 Nov
1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory, recording
"mag 15.6, 1.2' dia, vlE 0°, GC 665 [NGC 1256] 12' south." His position is just 0.2 min of RA east
of
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03 17 17.3 +41 23 07; Per
V = 14.2; Size 0.7'x0.7'
24" (2/15/18): at 375x; faint, small, round, 15"
diameter. A mag 15 star is at the
west edge and a small trio of 13th mag star is close east. In the central region of AGC 426 with
17.5" (12/19/87): extremely faint, very small. An extremely faint mag 15.5 star is at
the west edge. Located 3.7' NE of
UGC 2626 = (R)NGC 1259. First of
three with NGC 1260 and
Guillaume Bigourdan discovered NGC 1259 = Big. 17 on 21 Oct
1884 with the 12" at the Paris Observatory and noted, "round,
25" diameter, vslbM".
With respect to Big. 18 = NGC 1260, his position is 11 sec of RA west
and 1' S. This offset corresponds
to
******************************
NGC 1260 = UGC 2634 = MCG +07-07-047 = CGCG 540-081 = PGC 12219
03 17 27.2 +41 24 19; Per
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 86°
24" (2/15/18): at 375x; moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 E-W, 45" length, strong concentration with a bright round core. NGC 1259 lies 2.2' SW and MCG +07-07-048 is 1.8' SSE. The latter galaxy appeared faint, small, round, 15" diameter. A mag ~14.5 star is at the west edge.
17.5" (12/19/87): fairly faint, fairly small, oval ~E-W, weak concentration. This member of AGC 426 is the brightest of three with NGC 1259 2.2' SW.
Guillaume Bigourdan discovered NGC 1260 = Big. 18 on 19 Oct
1884 with the 12" at the Paris Observatory, reporting "mag 13.3-13.4,
25" dia, no nucleus."
His position corresponds with
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03 12 15.3 -55 13 01; Hor
V = 8.3; Size 6.9'; Surf Br = 0.0
18" (7/8/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): bright, symmetric globular, ~5' diameter, with a large very bright condensed core (concentration class II). A mag 9 star lies 3.6' NE of the center, just outside the halo. At 171x, the halo was just resolved into a large number of faint stars.
20" (7/8/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 212x, the resolution was a bit better in the halo than with the 18", but the blazing core was still unresolved.
James Dunlop discovered NGC 1261 = D 337 = h2517 on 28 Sep 1826 with his 9" reflector from Parramatta, NSW. He described (based on two observations) "a very bright round nebula, about 1.5' diameter, pretty well defined and gradually bright to the centre. A small star north following." No mention was made of resolution in either of his two observations, though it might have been possible at high power (brightest stars mag 13.5).
John Herschel observed the cluster twice, first describing it on 5 Dec 1834 (sweep 520) as a "globular, bright; large; irregularly round; 2.5' diameter; all resolved into equal stars 14 mag. Has a star 9th mag 45° N.f. 3' distant." On his second sweep he logged "pretty bright; round; very gradually brighter in the middle; 3' across; resolved into stars of 15th magnitude. A very faint nebula (??) precedes." There is a close pair of extremely faint galaxies southwest of the globular, but I doubt Herschel could have picked these up.
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03 15 33.6 -15 52 46; Eri
V = 14.2; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 135°
48" (11/4/21): moderately bright, fairly small, round, slightly brighter core and nucleus. The halo has a fairly low surface halo but a well defined periphery and an irregular surface brightness (NGC 1262 is a face-on spiral).
17.5" (12/30/99): extremely faint, very small, round, 0.4' diameter, no concentration. Requires averted vision and could not hold steadily. A mag 15 star lies 1.0' SW.
The redshift-based distance of this galaxy is nearly 1.1
billion l.y., with a second measurement in NED yielding 1.4 billion l.y! The larger figure places it as the most
distant NGC, further than
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1262 = LM 1-99 on 12 Nov
1885 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory,
recording "mag 15.0, pS, irregularly round, suddenly brighter in the
middle to a nucleus, halo 15.5."
Within the accuracy of his measurement (nearest minute of RA), his
position matches
******************************
03 15 39.6 -15 05 55; Eri
V = 14.2; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5" (12/30/99): extremely faint and small, round, 15" diameter. Requires averted to glimpse. Once or twice the small halo disappeared and an extremely faint stellar nucleus was momentarily visible.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1263 = LM 1-100 on 31 Dec
1885 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory,
recoerding it as "mag 14.0, 0.7' dia, lE 0°, suddenly brighter
middle." His very rough RA
(nearest min of RA) is 0.7 min west of
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03 17 59.5 +41 31 14; Per
V = 14.2; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 30°
24" (2/15/18): at 375x; fairly faint, fairly small,
slightly elongated SW-NE, 0.5'x0.4', very small slightly brighter nucleus. The nearest member of AGC 426 is PGC
12263, 1.4' S, which was extremely faint and small, 10" diameter, required
averted to pick up. 5' to the SE are
17.5" (12/3/88): very faint, small, round, low surface brightness. An extremely faint companion is 1.5' SSW. Member of AGC 426.
CGCG 540-085, which RNGC misidentifies as NGC 1264, is 4.4' SSW. It appeared very faint, extremely small, round, even surface brightness. Three stars forming a right triangle are 2'-3' west.
Guillaume Bigourdan discovered NGC 1264 = Big. 19 on 19 Oct
1884 and noted "mag 13.3, 30" diameter, vslbM." His position corresponds with
******************************
03 18 15.8 +41 51 28; Per
V = 12.1; Size 1.8'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 165°
24" (1/28/17): at 282x; large, very diffuse glow with a
bright star superimposed just east of center! This galaxy appeared as a low surface brightness haze
perhaps 1.25' in diameter. With
careful viewing, there appeared to be a very small, slightly brighter core just
west of the star. A mag 10.4 star
lies 2.7' S.
17.5" (1/7/89): very faint, small, round glow. This member of the AGC 426 cluster is located just east of a mag 11 star and has a striking location. Forms a pair with IC 312 6' SSW.
Note: The bright star is directly superimposed, so there was some confusion in this observation.
Note: In 2017 it was determined that based on the historical record NGC 1265 is identical to IC 312 (description below) and the traditional identification NGC 1265 = UGC 2651 is incorrect.
24" (1/28/17): at 282x; moderately bright, fairly
small, oval 3:2 NW-SE, 0.6'x0.4', small bright core.
Guillaume Bigourdan discovered NGC 1265 = Big. 20 on 14 Nov
1884 and reported "mag 13.3, 15" diameter, slbM." His position
is 5 tsec of RA east and 1.4' south of
In January 2017 I wrote Harold Corwin regarding my observation: "[I] initially was stumped on NGC 1265. It took me a minute or two to notice NGC 1265 as a relatively large, diffuse glow surrounding a fairly bright star that is superimposed. The star is not evident on the DSS, but you can clearly see it on the SDSS, including its diffraction spikes. NGC 1265 supposedly has a V mag ~12, but I'm guessing that includes the star, and the glow of IC 312 at V = 13.4 was more obvious to me."
Corwin checked Bigourdan's records and found he misplaced his offset star by 8'. Once corrected, his offset points to IC 312! Although the 8 arcminute error is unexplained, Corwin concludes "it is clear that Bigiourdan discovered IC 312 and not UGC 2651." Although he has updated his files to this identification, it will be difficult to change other databases and the literature on the Perseus galaxy cluster.
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03 16 00.8 -02 25 38; Eri
V = 12.7; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 115°
17.5" (1/7/89): faint, small, oval 3:2 ~E-W, even surface brightness. A mag 13.5 star is 1.5' WSW.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1266 = H. III-194 on 20 Sep
1784 (sweep 280) and noted "eF and eS. 240 verified it" There is nothing at his position, but
11.7' north and 13 sec of RA east is
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03 18 44.9 +41 28 04; Per
V = 13.2; Size 0.9'x0.8'
24" (2/13/18): at 375x; fairly bright, fairly small,
round, fairly high surface brightness, increases to a bright stellar
nucleus. Forms a pair with NGC
1268 1.0' N in the center of AGC 426 with a number of galaxies nearby including
17.5" (10/24/87): faint, very small, round, faint
stellar nucleus. Forms a close
pair with
CGCG 540-089 is extremely faint and small, round. Two mag 14 stars are close south just 16" and 32" from the center.
CGCG 540-087 is faint, small, slightly elongated ~N-S. A mag 13.5 star is 0.8' N of center.
13.1" (1/28/84): very faint, small, compact, arc of stars just south. In a group of 4 in AGC 426.
Heinrich d'Arrest discovered NGC 1267 on 14 Feb 1863 with the 11-inch Merz refractor at the Copenhagen Observatory. He noted a size of 8" and his position (measured on 2 nights) is accurate. The same night he also discovered nearby NGC 1268, 1270, 1272, 1273 and 1278.
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NGC 1268 = UGC 2658 = MCG +07-07-056 = CGCG 540-093 = WBL 097-013 = PGC 12332
03 18 45.1 +41 29 19; Per
V = 14.5; Size 1.1'x0.9'; PA = 120°
24" (2/13/18): at 375x; fairly faint, fairly small, very slightly elongated,~0.6'x0.5', nearly even surface brightness. A 15th magnitude star is superimposed on the south side. Forms a close pair with NGC 1267 1.2' S. NGC 1268 has a significantly lower surface brightness.
17.5" (10/24/87): extremely faint and small, round, faint stellar nucleus. Forms a close pair with NGC 1267 1.2' S. Also very near are CGCG 540-089 1.8' SW and NGC 1270 is 2.7' ESE. Located in the central core of AGC 426 with NGC 1272 6.8' E.
13.1" (1/28/84): extremely faint, very small, diffuse. Located 1' N of NGC 1267 in AGC 426.
Heinrich d'Arrest discovered NGC 1268 on 14 Feb 1863 with
the 11" refractor at Copenhagen Observatory. His position (measured on 2 nights) and description (1'
north of NGC 1267) matches
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03 17 18.2 -41 06 26; Eri
See observing notes for
John Herschel discovered NGC 1269 = h2518 on 1 Nov 1836, and logged "vB; R; gradually little brighter middle; 15"." On the same sweep he found NGC 1291 = h2521 and strangely he recorded identical declinations and almost identical descriptions! Could he have reobserved the same object unknowingly? In MN, Vol 62, p469, Innes comments "not visible in the 7-inch [at the Cape of Good Hope]. This is perhaps the same as NGC 1291, observed by John Herschel on the same night. JH gives for the latter exactly the same declination and description as for h2518." Pietro Baracchi also searched for NGC 1269 unsuccessfully with the Great Melbourne Telescope on 16 Feb 1888. The most reasonable conclusion is Herschel recorded this object twice and NGC 1269 = NGC 1291. See Corwin's notes.
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NGC 1270 = UGC 2660 = MCG +07-07-057 = CGCG 540-095 = LGG 088-006 = PGC 12350
03 18 58.1 +41 28 13; Per
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 15°
24" (2/13/18): at 375x; relatively bright, fairly
small, round, ~0.9' diameter, fairly high surface brightness, increases to the
center, thin fainter halo. In the
central core of AGC 426 with the trio of NGC 1267, 1268 and CGCG 540-089
immediately west and NGC 1272 4.5' ENE.
17.5" (10/24/87): faint, very small, slightly elongated ~N-S, small bright core. Located in the central core of AGC 426 with NGC 1267 2.6' W, NGC 1268 2.7' WNW and NGC 1272 4.4' ENE.
13.1" (1/28/84): faint, small, weak concentration. Last of four in a small group in the core of AGC 426 with NGC 1267 2.5' W.
Heinrich d'Arrest discovered NGC 1270 on 14 Feb 1863 with the 11" refractor at Copenhagen Observatory and placed it 14 seconds of time following NGC 1267. At the same time, d'Arrest discovered nearby NGC 1267, 1268, 1272, 1273 and 1278. Dreyer measured a micrometric offset from NGC 1272 in 12 Dec 1876. Dreyer found this galaxy again on 11 Sep 1888 and reported it as new in his 8th list. Dreyer correctly assumed Sw. 8-30 was a reobservation of one of the earlier discoveries in the cluster, so didn't assign it an IC designation.
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03 19 11.3 +41 21 12; Per
V = 14.1; Size 0.8'x0.35'; PA = 123°
17.5" (8/12/88): very faint, small, slightly elongated, bright core, faint stellar nucleus. Member of AGC 426.
Guillaume Bigourdan discovered NGC 1271 = Big. 21 on 14 Nov
1884, recording "mag 13.5, 20" diameter, no nucleus." His position is just off the south edge
of
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NGC 1272 = UGC 2662 = MCG +07-07-058 = CGCG 540-098 = LGG 091-003 = PGC 12384
03 19 21.3 +41 29 27; Per
V = 11.8; Size 2.0'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.2
24" (2/13/18): at 375x; bright, fairly large (largest in AGC 426!), round, ~2' diameter. Strongly concentrated with a large bright core that gradually increases to the center but no central pip. The surface brightness of the core is lower than NGC 1275, which is 5' ENE.
17.5" (10/24/87): fairly faint, small, round, small
bright core. This galaxy is the
second brightest in AGC 426 and forms the SW vertex of a distinctive
parallelogram of brighter galaxies with NGC 1275 5' ENE,
13.1" (1/28/84): fairly faint, fairly small, bright core.
8" (1/1/84): extremely faint and small, round.
Heinrich d'Arrest discovered NGC 1272 on 14 Feb 1863 with the 11" refractor at Copenhagen Observatory. He estimated a size of 45"-50" diameter and measured the position on 2 nights (27 seconds preceding NGC 1275). The same night he found NGC 1267, 1268, 1270, 1273 and 1278.
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NGC 1273 = MCG +07-07-059 = CGCG 540-099 = LGG 088-029 = PGC 12396
03 19 26.7 +41 32 26; Per
V = 13.2; Size 1.1'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.2
24" (2/15/18): at 375x; relatively bright, fairly
small, round, 35" diameter, very small bright nucleus. One of a dozen galaxies logged within
8'! Forms the NW vertex of a
trapezoid with NGC 1272, 1274 and 1275 and at the midpoint of NGC 1272 3' SSW
and
17.5" (10/24/87): faint, very small, round, small bright core. Forms the NW vertex of a parallelogram of brighter galaxies in the core of AGC 426 with NGC 1272 3.1' SSW, NGC 1275 4.4' ESE, and NGC 1278 5.3' ENE.
13.1" (1/28/84): faint, small. Located 4.4' WNW of NGC 1275 in the core of AGC 426.
Heinrich d'Arrest discovered NGC 1273 on 14 Feb 1863 with
the 11" refractor at Copenhagen Observatory. His position (measured on 2 nights) matches
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03 19 40.5 +41 32 55; Per
V = 14.1; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 43°
24" (2/13/18): at 375x; fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:3 SW-NE, 25"x15", slightly brighter nucleus. Located in the center of an oval ring of galaxies in the core of AGC 426. The four nearest are NGC 1278 2.7' NE, NGC 1275 2.6' SE, NGC 1273 2.6' WSW and CGCG 540-101 2.2' NW! The latter galaxy appeared fairly faint, fairly small, round, 25" diameter. An equilateral triangle of mag 14 stars is close south.
17.5" (10/24/87): faint, very small, weak concentration, slightly elongated. Located in the dense central core of AGC 426 just 2.7' NW of NGC 1275 and 2.6' E of NGC 1273.
CGCG 540-101 = PGC 12405, which is misidentified as IC 1907 in MCG, PGC and RC3, lies 2.3' NW. It appeared very faint, small, round. A small triangle of stars is close south.
13.1" (1/28/84): very faint, very small. Located 2.7' NW of NGC 1275 within AGC 426.
Lawrence Parsons, the 4th earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 1274
on 13 Dec 1874 and labeled it as "d" on his sketch. The sketch and micrometric offset from
a nearby star matches
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NGC 1275 = UGC 2669 = MCG +07-07-063 = CGCG 540-103 = Perseus A = 3C 84 = PGC 12429
03 19 48.1 +41 30 43; Per
V = 11.9; Size 2.2'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 110°
24" (2/13/18): at 375x; bright, fairly large, slightly
elongated WNW-ESE, ~1.6'x1.3'.
Divided into three distinct zones; sharply concentrated with a strong
bright core, a prominent quasi-stellar nucleus and a halo that gradually fades
out. Similar or slightly smaller in size to NGC 1272, but with a higher surface
brightness core/nucleus. A mag
13.8 star is just off the NW side.
A dozen members of AGC 426 were logged within 5' of NGC 1275! The closest is
17.5" (10/24/87): fairly bright, fairly small, oval
~E-W, small bright core. NGC 1275
is a Seyfert galaxy and is the largest and brightest member of AGC 426. Surrounded by a swarm of faint galaxies
in the core including NGC 1272 5.2' WSW, NGC 1273 4.4' WNW, NGC 1274 2.6' NW,
13.1" (1/28/84): fairly bright, fairly small, small bright core.
8" (1/1/84): faint but not difficult, small, slightly elongated, small bright core.
6" (10/24/87): extremely faint and small, round. Used a 6" mask on the 17.5".
William Herschel discovered NGC 1275 = H. II-603 = h293 on
17 Oct 1786 (sweep 614). His decription reads, "pretty bright, stellar
[nebula], or a pretty considerable star with a small, very faint chevelure
[halo]." Earlier in the same
sweep, he discovered
John Herschel made a single observation on 18 Sep 1828 (sweep 182) and measured an accurate position. Birr Castle assistant George Johnstone Stone observed NGC 1275 on 16 Dec 1848 and noted "A multitude of nebs. knots in the neighborhood, principally preceding; counted 15; many more."
Heinrich d'Arrest observed the cluster on 14 Feb 1863 (discovering NGC 1267, 1268, 1270, 1272, 1273 and 1278) and described NGC 1275 as a "nebula duplex", the second component being NGC 1278 about 3' NE, so d'Arrest was the first to observe NGC 1278. But he wasn't sure which of the two nebulae was NGC 1275 (H. II-603), so reported his observation of NGC 1275 as new and noted for NGC 1278: "II 603? [h]293?". John Herschel credited d'Arrest with the discovery of GC 675 (later NGC 1278), but Dreyer thought Herschel discovered NGC 1278 and he mistakenly assigned d'Arrest's discovery to NGC 1275. Steinicke agrees (personal e-mail) that Dreyer reversed the discovery credits and descriptions for NGC 1275 and NGC 1278 in the NGC and concludes:
NGC 1275 = II 603 = h 293 = GC 674, discovered by WH on 17 Oct 1786 and observed by d'Arrest on 14 Feb 1863.
NGC 1278 = GC 675, discovered by d'Arrest on 14 Feb 1863 and independently by Bigourdan on 22 Oct 1884 (IC 1907).
NGC 1275 contains a Sy2 nucleus and is one of the 6 original galaxies studied by Seyfert in his seminal 1943 paper "Nuclear Emission in Spiral Nebulae". It is a powerful radio source (Perseus A)
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03 19 51.2 +41 38 31; Per
= **, Corwin. =
24" (2/13/18): at 375x; fairly faint, fairly small, round, 25" diameter, weak concentration with a slightly brighter core. In the central core of the Perseus galaxy cluster 2.8' NNE of NGC 1273 and 3.9' WNW of NGC 1278.
17.5" (12/3/88): very faint, very small, oval. Located in the central core of AGC 426 on a line with NGC 1277 and NGC 1278 2' SE.
J.L.E. Dreyer discovered NGC 1276 on 12 Dec 1876 while measured positions within the cluster. From NGC 1278, his micrometric offset is 291" in PA 352.3° (or 3.5 seconds of RA west and 4.8' north). There is no galaxy close to this offset, but at 4.7' separation in PA 353° is a 15" pair of stars that Corwin identifies as NGC 1276. I'm surprised Dreyer didn't resolve this pair, though perhaps he thought one component was nebulous.
Malcolm Thomson suggested PGC 12430 as a possible match though the offsets are 6 seconds of RA west of NGC 1278 and only 2' N. Karl Reinmuth stated in his 1926 monograph, "not found [on a Heidelberg plate] in Dreyer's place; perhaps 1.6' nnp of NGC 1277." Reinmuth also refers to PGC 12430, but no simple error in Dreyer's offsets lands of this galaxy. RNGC also appears to identify PGC 12430 as NGC 1276.
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NGC 1277 = MCG +07-07-064 = CGCG 540-104 = LGG 088-007 = PGC 12434
03 19 51.5 +41 34 25; Per
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 92°
24" (2/13/18): at 375x; fairly faint to moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 2:1 E-W, fairly high surface brightness, very small bright core, stellar nucleus. Forms a "double" with NGC 1278" just 45" SE between centers.
17.5" (10/24/87): faint, very small, oval ~E-W, small bright core. Located in the central core of AGC 426 3.7' N of NGC 1275 and forms a close pair with NGC 1278 0.8' SE.
13.1" (1/28/84): very faint, extremely small. Located 0.8' NW of NGC 1278.
Lawrence Parsons, the 4th Earl of Rosse, discovered NGC 1277 = Sw. 8-32 on 4 Dec 1875. Dreyer independently found the galaxy a year later on 12 Dec 1876 and both observations are included in Dreyer's GC Supplement (5304 = 5305). Dreyer equated the GC entries in the NGC.
Lewis Swift found this galaxy again on 14 Sep 1888 and reported it as new as the 32nd nebula in his 8th list, writing "eeeF; vS; R; close D[ouble] with 1276; M[iddle] of 3 in line; 1271, 73, 76, 78 in field". His position is within 1' of NGC 1277 and the description applies, except it forms a close double with NGC 1278. Dreyer didn't assign an IC designation to Sw. 8-32, apparently correctly deciding it was a duplicate. Unfortunately, Sw. 8-31 didn't receive an IC designation either, although it applies to PGC 12430 (described as "one of 3 in a line").
******************************
NGC 1278 = IC 1907 = UGC 2670 = MCG +07-07-065 = CGCG 540-105 = PGC 12438
03 19 54.1 +41 33 48; Per
V = 12.4; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 85°
24" (2/13/18): at 375x; moderately bright, fairly
small, slightly elongated E-W, 40" diameter, bright core, gradually
increases to center. Slightly
brighter than NGC 1277, which is off the northwest side [50" from
center].
17.5" (10/24/87): fairly faint, fairly small, oval,
small bright core. Located in the
central core of AGC 426. Forms a
close pair with NGC 1277 0.8' NW with
13.1" (1/28/84): faint, small. Located 3.4' N of NGC 1275 and forms a close pair with NGC 1277.
Heinrich d'Arrest discovered NGC 1278 on 14 Feb 1863 with the 11" refractor at Copenhagen Observatory. William Herschel is credited with the discovery in the NGC, but H. II-603 and h293 should apply to NGC 1275 instead, as well as the description "pB, pS, R, bM". Guillaume Bigourdan independently found this galaxy on 22 Oct 1884 and reported it in his 4th Comptes Rendus list as Big. 375 (later IC 1907). Both d'Arrest and Bigourdan missed nearby NGC 1277. See notes on NGC 1275 for more on the confusion of NGC 1275 and 1278.
******************************
NGC 1279 = PGC 12448 = PGC 12449
03 19 59.0 +41 28 47; Per
V = 14.6; Size 0.5'x0.2'; PA = 0°
17.5" (8/12/88): very faint, very small, slightly elongated. Visible continuously with averted vision. Located in the central core of AGC 426 just 2.8' SE of NGC 1275! This galaxy is not listed in MCG, CGCG or RC3 and was incorrectly identified in the PGC.
17.5" (10/24/87): very faint, small, slightly elongated ~N-S.
13.1" (1/28/84): extremely faint, very small, near visual threshold. Located 2.8' SE of NGC 1275.
J.L.E. Dreyer discovered NGC 1279 on 12 Dec 1876 with the
72" at Birr Castle. He simply logged "vF, vS" and measured a
micrometric offset from a star between NGC 1275 and NGC 1272 at 272.4" in
PA 104.5°. At this precise offset
(270" in PA 105°) is
******************************
03 17 57.1 -00 10 09; Cet
V = 13.4; Size 0.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 55°
17.5" (10/24/87): faint, small, round, weak concentration.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 1280 = St. 12-25 on 30 Nov 1877. His published micrometric position was reduced on 19 Dec 1881 with his description reading, "vF, vS, R, gradually brighter in the middle, seems resolvable."
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NGC 1281 = MCG +07-07-067 = CGCG 540-108 = PGC 12458
03 20 06.1 +41 37 48; Per
V = 13.3; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 68°
24" (2/13/18): at 375x; moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 4:3 WSW-ENE, 30"x24", sharply concentrated with a very bright, very small core that has a high surface brightness. A mag 10.5 star is 1.0' WSW. Located 4.6' NNE of NGC 1278 in the core of AGC 426.
17.5" (10/24/87): faint, small, elongated WSW-ENE. Located in the central core of AGC 426 1.0' NE of a mag 10 star. NGC 1275 lies 7.8' SSW.
J.L.E. Dreyer discovered NGC 1281 on 12 Dec 1876 with the
72" at Birr Castle and noted "vF, S, *11m 1' p". With respect to NGC 1278 (incorrectly
identified by Dreyer as h674), this object was placed 10.8 seconds of RA east
and 239" N. This micrometric
offset points exactly at
******************************
03 20 12.1 +41 22 01; Per
V = 13.2; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 25°
17.5" (8/12/88): faint, fairly small, oval SW-NE, bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 1283 2' NNE in the core of AGC 426. NGC 1275 lies 10' NW.
17.5" (11/14/87): fairly faint, small, round, slightly brighter core. Located 1' E of a mag 13.5 star.
13.1" (1/8/84): faint, fairly small, diffuse halo.
Located 10' SE of NGC 1275. Forms
a pair with
Édouard Stephan probably discovered NGC 1282 = Big. 22 on 29 Nov 1875. His rough, unpublished position was 2' SE of center, similar to his other positional errors. He didn't follow up with an accurate position and publish the discovery, so did not receive recognition in the NGC. Guillaume Bigourdan rediscovered it on 23 Nov 1884 with the 12" at the Paris Observatory. His description reads, "mag 13.2-13.3, 20" diameter, faint stellar ncl."
******************************
NGC 1283 = UGC 2676 = MCG +07-07-069 = CGCG 540-110 = PGC 12478
03 20 15.5 +41 23 55; Per
V = 13.9; Size 0.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 70°
17.5" (8/12/88): faint, small, round. A pair of stars are close north.
17.5" (11/14/87): faint, very small, slightly elongated. Forms the southern vertex of an isosceles triangle with a mag 13.5 star 1' N and a mag 14 star 1' NNW. This member of AGC 426 forms a pair with NGC 1282 2' SSW.
Guillaume Bigourdan discovered NGC 1283 = Big. 23 on 23 Nov 1884 with the 12" at the Paris Observatory, reporting "mag 13.4, 20" diamewter, very little brighter middle." His position is accurate.
******************************
03 17 45.5 -10 17 20; Eri
V = 12.1; Size 2.0'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 90°
17.5" (12/28/94): very faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter, low even surface brightness. A wide mag 13.5/14.5 double at 26" lies 2' SSE. Located 9.8' NNW of mag 7.1 SAO 148889. Appears fainter than listed V = 12.1.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1284 = H. III-956 = h2519 on
10 Dec 1798 (sweep 1087) and noted "vF, vS, 2 or 3' north of 2 small
stars.". His position matches
******************************
03 17 53.4 -07 17 54; Eri
V = 13.4; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 35°
17.5" (12/28/94): faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 ~N-S, weak broad concentration but no defined core. Slightly mottled or irregular surface brightness.
Heinrich d'Arrest discovered NGC 1285 on 28 Oct 1865 with the 11" refractor at Copenhagen Observatory. His single position is just off the east side of the galaxy.
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03 17 48.5 -07 37 01; Eri
V = 13.8; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 150°
18" (11/23/05): fairly faint, small, round, 25"
diameter, very small bright core.
A mag 15 star is just of the west side, ~40" from the center. Located 4.9' ENE of mag 9.7
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1286 = Sw. 3-25 on 10 Nov 1885
with the 16" refractor at Warner Observatory. His position is 7 sec
of RA east of
******************************
03 18 33.4 -02 43 51; Eri
V = 14.2; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5" (10/24/87): faint, small, round, even surface
brightness. Located 9' NW of mag
7.1
William Herschel discovered NGC 1287 = H. III-195 on 20 Sep 1784 (sweep 280) and noted "eF, eS, verified with 240 power." His RA is 13 seconds too large. Heinrich d'Arrest noted the error and his mean position (3 nights) is close off the northeast edge of the galaxy.
******************************
03 17 13.2 -32 34 34; For
V = 12.1; Size 2.3'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 178°
17.5" (12/28/00): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 4:3 ~N-S, 2.0'x1.5', broad concentration with no distinct. The surface brightness appears somewhat uneven (face-on Sb) although the outer halo fades smoothly into the background.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1288 = h2520 on 19 Nov 1835 and recorded "vF; L; R; very gradually little brighter middle; 2.5' diam." His position and description is accurate. Lewis Swift saw the galaxy as "considerably elongated in the meridian [N-S]. It is not round as Sir J. Herschel says."
NGC 1288 was first photographed by Delisle Stewart at Harvard's Arequipa Station between 1898 and 1901 and described as "Close 2-branch spiral, diameter 1', stellar nucleus."
******************************
03 18 49.8 -01 58 24; Eri
V = 12.6; Size 1.8'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 100°
24" (11/23/19): at 375x; between fairly faint and moderately bright, better than average surface brightness, fairly small, elongated nearly 2:1 E-W, strong concentration with a prominent core that increases to a stellar nucleus.
17.5" (12/28/94): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated
3:2 E-W, broad concentration to a brighter core. An 8' line of four mag 11-13 stars oriented SW-NE follows;
the closest is a mag 11 star 3.6' ESE.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1289 = Sw. 4-13 on 1 Sep 1886 and
recorded "vF; S; R; 4 st following in a row.". His position was 11 seconds of RA west
of
******************************
03 19 25.2 -13 59 23; Eri
V = 14.8; Size 0.5'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.9
17.5" (1/12/02): faint, very small, round, 20"
diameter. Located 1.3' SE of a mag 13.5 star. Forms a pair with
Ormond Stone discovered NGC 1290 = LM 1-101 (along with NGC 1295 = LM 1-102) in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. There is nothing at his rough position (nearest min of RA) but 1.2 tmin of RA east is PGC 12395. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
RNGC and MCG misidentify
******************************
NGC 1291 = NGC 1269 = ESO 301-002 = MCG -07-07-008 = PGC 12209
03 17 18.2 -41 06 26; Eri
V = 8.5; Size 9.8'x8.1'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 156°
25" (3/31/19 - OzSky): at 244x; extremely bright, large, elongated 4:3 NNW-SSE, ~3.5'x2.7', very bright core with an intense nucleus. A mag 12.2 star is is superimposed at the N edge [1.7' from center] and a second very faint star is on the halo on the south side. The huge outer ring was not noticed.
17.5" (8/31/86): very bright, fairly large, contains a
very bright, large core. A mag 12
star is just off the north end 1.7' from the center. Mag 8
13.1" (10/10/86): very bright, moderately large, round, very bright core, almost stellar nucleus, large faint halo. A star is involved on the north side.
James Dunlop discovered NGC 1291 = D 487 = h2521 on 2 Sep 1826 with his 9" reflector at Parramatta and recorded "a pretty bright round nebula, about 1.5' diameter, very bright and condensed to the centre, and very faint at the margin; with a very small star about 1' north, but not involved.". His single position was 4' too far ESE. Probably due to a clerical error, John Herschel included two entries for this galaxy in his Cape Catalogue from his observation on 1 Nov 1836 - namely, h2521 (later NGC 1291) and h2518 (later NGC 1269). The RA for h2518 was 2.6 minutes of time too small, though otherwise the two entries are essentially identical and neither he nor Dreyer caught the error. In 1901 Robert Innes was unable to find NGC 1269 with the 7" refractor at Cape Town and first suggested it was identical to NGC 1291.
On sweep 754 (5 Dec 1836), Herschel described NGC 1291 as "Globular; vB, R, 1st gradually, then suddenly very mbM; r, mottled, but not resolved.". In a 1908 paper in Annals of the Harvard College Observatory, Solon Bailey (director of the Boyden Observatory at Arequipa from 1893 to 1919) expressed his doubt on the object's nature: "This object is given as a globular cluster in the NGC. This appears probable, although it is not resolved on the [24"] Bruce plates [at Arequipa]." He later included it in a list of uncertain or not probable globular star clusters. Photographs taken at the Helwan Observatory in Egypt between 1914 and 1916 revealed only "structureless nebulosity."
Photographs taken around 1920 with the 30-inch reflector at the Cordoba observatory in Argentina revealed the large outer ring. Based on the image, Charles Perrine described NGC 1291 as "probably a spiral nebula of exceptional interest" with "a large apparently disconnected ring"...about one and one-half turns of a helix, the doubled portion (showing two streams) being to the north of the nuclear portion of the nebula. The diameter of the helix is about 7'. The diameter or perhaps major axis at right angles to the major axis of the center portion is 10'."
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03 18 14.8 -27 36 37; For
V = 12.1; Size 3.0'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 7°
13.1" (10/10/86): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 2:1 SSW-NNE, bright core. A group of four stars lies to the north includes a mag 11 double star at 24" separation 3' NE, a third mag 11 star 4.4' NNE and a mag 12 star 3' due north.
E.E. Barnard discovered NGC 1292 in Nov 1885 with the 6" Cooke refractor at Vanderbilt University. His position and description in Sidereal Messenger 5, p25 ("rather faint, moderate size, elongated nearly north and south, just south and slightly preceding a small wide double-star") is accurate.
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NGC 1293 = MCG +07-07-075 = CGCG 540-116 = PGC 12597
03 21 36.4 +41 23 35; Per
V = 13.7; Size 1.0'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5" (12/3/88): faint, small, round, faint stellar nucleus. Forms a pair with NGC 1294 2' SSE. Member of AGC 426.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1293 = H. III-574 = h294,
along with
John Herschel made an observation on 18 Sep 1828 (sweep 182): "extremely faint; round; bright middle; the north preceding of two [with NGC 1294]." He made an error computing the declination, but his identifications are clear.
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NGC 1294 = UGC 2694 = MCG +07-07-076 = CGCG 540-117 = PGC 12600
03 21 40.0 +41 21 36; Per
V = 13.4; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 167°
17.5" (12/3/88): faint, small, round, small bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 1293 2' NNW. Member of AGC 426.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1294 = H. III-575 = h295, along with NGC 1293, on 17 Oct 1786 (sweep 614). He logged them together as "Two. Both very faint, stellar, very little brighter middle, but the southern [NGC 1294] is the brightest and largest." John Herschel mistaenly called this galaxy the "north-following of two" on 18 Sep 1828 (sweep 182).
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NGC 1295 = MCG -02-09-030 = PGC 12465
03 20 03.3 -13 59 54; Eri
V = 14.3; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 175°
17.5" (1/12/02): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 N-S, 0.6'x0.3', very small bright core. A mag 13.5 star lies 1.3' NW. Located 3' WSW of a mag 10.3 star and 8' N of mag 9 SAO 148906. Forms a pair with NGC 1295 9' due east. The identifications of NGC 1290 and NGC 1295 are reversed in the RNGC.
Ormond Stone discovered NGC 1295 = LM 1-102 (along with NGC 1290 = I-101) in 1886 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His description reads "mag 15.0, 0.2' dia, *10 3.0' in PA 75° (ENE)." There is nothing at Stone's rough position (nearest minute of RA) but 1 min of RA east is MCG -02-09-030 = PGC 12465 and the star is just where he placed it. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes). This galaxy is misidentified as NGC 1290 in RNGC and MCG.
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03 18 49.7 -13 03 44; Eri
V = 13.5; Size 1.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 0°
17.5" (12/30/99): faint, small, round, 0.6' diameter, weak concentration. At 280x, there is a hint of structure or possibly a very faint star is attached. The DSS image shows a barred spiral with spiral arms attached at the east and west ends of the bar.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1296 = LM 1-365 in 1886
with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory, reporting
"0.2' diam, R". His
position is 34 tsec of RA east of
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03 19 14.2 -19 06 00; Eri
V = 11.8; Size 2.2'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 3°
17.5" (8/31/86): moderately bright with a large faint halo nearly 2' diameter, broadly concentrated halo, small bright nucleus. A mag 13.5 star is at the north edge 1' NNE of center. Companion of NGC 1300, which lies 20' SSE.
E.E. Barnard discovered NGC 1297 around Jan 1885 with his
5-inch Byrne refractor while sweeping comets (Sidereal Messenger 4, p53 and The
Observatory 8, p123). He called it
"small, round, and very much brighter, somewhat suddenly, in the centre. Rather faint from its generally low
altitude. It is south following a
9th mag star by 1 1/4'. This nebula is 20'± north preceding a larger
nebula. I have taken this latter
nebula to be [
******************************
NGC 1298 = UGC 2683 = MCG +00-09-062 = CGCG 390-063 = PGC 12473
03 20 13.1 -02 06 51; Eri
V = 14.0; Size 1.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 14.7; PA = 70°
17.5" (10/24/87): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated oval WSW-ENE, weak concentration. NGC 1289 lies 22' WNW.
Heinrich d'Arrest discovered NGC 1298 on 4 Jan 1864 with the
11" refractor at Copenhagen Observatory. His position (observed on 2 nights) is very good and he
accurately measured a mag 13-14 star that precedes by 8 seconds of time. The MCG misidentifies
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NGC 1299 = MCG -01-09-028 = PGC 12466
03 20 09.6 -06 15 45; Eri
V = 13.6; Size 1.2'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 40°
17.5" (1/1/92): moderately bright, fairly small,
elongated 5:2 SW-NE, irregular surface brightness. A bright knot or possibly a star is superimposed at the NE
end. The galaxy appears to extend
out from the pointed NE corner towards the SW.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1299 = H. II-287 = h296 on 27 Jan 1785, logging it as "F, vS, lE, easily resolvable, unequally bright." On 15 Dec 1786 (sweep 650) he noted "vF, pS, E."
NGC 1299 was observed 9 times at Birr Castle, perhaps trying to resolve it. The earliest was by assistant George Johnstone Stoney on 19 Dec 1848 and noted as "gradually brighter in the middle; E [southwest-northeast]."
The position angle is off by 90 deg in the RC 3.
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NGC 1300 = ESO 547-031 = MCG -03-09-018 = UGCA 66 = LGG 090-002 = PGC 12412
03 19 41.0 -19 24 40; Eri
V = 10.4; Size 6.2'x4.1'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 106°
48" (10/25/14 and 10/29/16): the northern spiral arm is brightest and thickest in the 1' section, oriented SW-NE, where it attaches to the bar. At 375x and 488x at least three knots (HII complexes) were clearly resolved along this region. The brightest knot is on the southwest end (close to the end of the bar) and appears as a very faint, small, elongated glow, ~12"x8". This HII complex contains NGC 1300:[H69] 16/19 from Paul Hodge's 1969 "HII Regions in Twenty Nearby Galaxies" (ApJS, 18, 73). [H69] 15, the next brightest knot, is 0.3' NE and appeared very faint and small, ~8" diameter. Finally, [H69] 14, the faintest knot, is near the northeast end of this arm segment (~15" NE of [H69] 15) and is extremely faint and small, 6" diameter. The northern arm appears to fade out as it extends east (north of the core) but reappears along the eastern end of the arm.
The root of the southern arm at the east end of the bar is brighter and thicker, but no HII regions were resolved. The long southern arm could be traced the full length (nearly 4') sweeping west and arcing north on its western half. A small, weak knot is at the very tip, which is 2.5' W of center (on line with the bar).
30" (10/15/15 - OzSky): beautiful classic barred spiral at 303x! A prominent 3' bar runs WNW-ESE and contains a very bright, roundish 1' core that gradually brightens to the center. An easily visible arm is attached at the east end of the bar. It hooks sharply to the west on the south side, gradually curling towards the north. The arm has a fairly even surface brightness except where is attaches to the bar in a brighter, thicker section. It ends nearly due west of the core [2.2' from center]. An opposing arm is attached at the west end of the bar and is brightest initially along a clumpy section (containing at least 2 resolved knots) angling from southwest to northeast. The central section of the northern arm (directly north of the core) has a very low surface brightness but it brightens in a thin section near the east end. The two main arms extend at least 4.5'x3' ~E-W
48" (10/25/11): this prototype barred spiral was mesmerizing at 375x. Running roughly E-W through the center is a long bright bar, ~3' in length. The center is sharply concentrated with an intensely bright 1' core that continues to increase to a stellar nucleus. At the west end of the bar, a fairly bright arm emerges and hooks back dramatically to the east (counterclockwise) to the north of the bar and continues to the northeast end of the galaxy. The arm is brightest in a thick arc, oriented SW-NE, where it attaches to the bar. The central section of the arm to the north of the core is slightly fainter and then brightens slightly on its northeast end. A mag 15.5-16 star is superimposed in the gap between this arm and the core, 45" NE of center. The second arm emerges at the east end of the bar and is brightest initially in a fairly thick arc extending counterclockwise to the southwest. This arm is slightly more separated from the core as it gracefully curves to the southwest side of the galaxy. The two main arms increase the overall size of the galaxy to 5'x3' WNW-ESE.
17.5" (8/31/86): fairly bright, elongated ~E-W, bright core, stellar nucleus. A spiral arm is visible at the west end of the central bar curving to the north. NGC 1297 lies 20' NNW.
8" (10/31/81): faint, fairly large, elongated, low surface brightness, diffuse.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1300 = h2522 on 11 Dec 1835, recording "B; vL; 1st very gradually then pretty suddenly much brighter middle; 3' l; 2' b; mE. (N.B. These dimensions can only refer to the brighter portions.)" His second descriptions reads: "pF, vL; 1st gradually then pretty suddenly brighter middle to a faint nucleus; mE 8' or 10' l, 2' b.". Herschel's position (2 observations) in his Cape Catalogue is accurate but in the General Catalogue he made a clerical error so his position for GC 689 = NGC 1300 was 1° too far south. Barnard caught this error (Sidereal Messenger 4, p125) and Dreyer corrected the position while compiling the NGC.
NGC 1300 was missed by William Herschel - the closest
galaxies he discovered were
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03 20 35.4 -18 42 58; Eri
V = 13.4; Size 2.2'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 140°
17.5" (12/30/99): very faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, 0.8'x0.4', weak concentration. A mag 15 star lies 1.7' NNW of center. Located 30' NW of NGC 1297 and 44' NNW of NGC 1300.
Ormond Stone discovered NGC 1301 = LM 1-103 in 1886 with the
26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory, logging "mag
13.0, iF, vmE 135°." His rough
position is 13' NW of
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03 19 51.0 -26 03 37; For
V = 10.7; Size 3.9'x3.7'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 172°
13.1" (10/10/86): fairly bright, compact, oval ~N-S, small very bright core. A mag 11.5 star is 1.9' NE of center. NGC 1201 and 1302 are the brightest members of the LGG 086 group.
8" (10/31/81): fairly faint, bright core, fairly small, round.
E.E. Barnard discovered NGC 1302 around Jan 1885 with his 5-inch Byrne refractor while sweeping comets (Sidereal Messenger 4, p53 and The Observatory 8, p123). His position is accurate.
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03 20 40.8 -07 23 40; Eri
V = 13.9; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 20°
17.5" (1/12/02): faint, small, slightly elongated N-S,
30"x25". The halo
suddenly brightens to a sharp 5" nucleus. A mag 15 star is just off the southeast side 20" from
center. Forms the northern vertex
of an isosceles triangle with mag
9.7
Heinrich d'Arrest discovered NGC 1303 on 28 Oct 1865 with an
11" refractor at Copenhagen.
His single position matches
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03 21 12.8 -04 35 03; Eri
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 130°
17.5" (1/7/89): very faint, small, oval WSW-ENE, weak concentration.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1304 = H. III-444 on 5 Oct
1785 (sweep 457) and logged
"eF, pS, E.". His
position (reduced by Auwers) is just 3 sec of RA east and 2' S of MCG
-01-09-030 = PGC 12575. Corwin
suggests that
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03 21 23.0 -02 19 01; Eri
V = 13.3; Size 1.4'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 130°
17.5" (10/24/87): very faint, small, slightly elongated ~N-S. A faint mag 15.5 star is 30" off the NE edge and 0.9' from center.
Heinrich d'Arrest discovered NGC 1305 on 4 Jan 1864 with an 11" refractor at Copenhagen, logging it as "pB, R, 20" diam, *15 near the northern end." His position is 1' too far north.
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03 21 03.0 -25 30 45; For
V = 12.8; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.6
17.5" (12/30/99): fairly faint, fairly small, round,
0.7' diameter. Weak, even
concentration to a slightly brighter core and a faint stellar nucleus. Located 17' WNW of mag 6.5
Ormond Stone discovered NGC 1306 = LM 1-103 in 1886 with the
26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag
14.8, vS, gradually brighter in the middle, no Nucl, *10.5 4' E." His rough position matches
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NGC 1307 = NGC 1304 = MCG -01-09-030 = PGC 12637
03 21 12.8 -04 35 03; Eri
V = 13.7; Size 1.3'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 130°
See observing notes for NGC 1304.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1307 = LM 2-366 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory, reporting "mag 15.3, 0.2' diam, R, *9.5 follows 8 sec, north 3'." Close to his discovery position is KUG 319-47 = PGC 12637, though this galaxy may be too faint to have picked up by Leavenworth. Corwin suggests that NGC 1307 is identical to NGC 1304, discovered earlier by William Herschel. This brighter galaxy is 1 tmin of RA west of Leavenworth's position (a common error). Although there is no star matching Leavenworth's description, Corwin suggests a mag 11.5-12 star 6 tsec of RA west and 3.2' north might be Leavenworth's intended star. If Leavenworth reversed his directions, then NGC 1307 = NGC 1304. RNGC calls NGC 1307 nonexistent. See Corwin's notes.
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03 22 28.6 -02 45 27; Eri
V = 13.9; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 45°
17.5" (1/7/89): faint, small, round, weak concentration. Located within a small group of four stars including two mag 11 stars 1.5' E and 1.9' NNW, also a pair of mag 13.5 stars lie 2' WSW. These four stars form an isosceles trapezoid.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1308 = H. II-568 on 30 Sep
1786 (sweep 608), recording "eF, S, iF. In the midst of 3 or 4 stars; the
following thereof is the brightest."
His position and description of the nearby stars is an exact match with
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03 22 06.3 -15 24 00; Eri
V = 11.5; Size 2.2'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5" (1/1/92): fairly bright, moderately large, halo
gradually increases to brighter middle, faint almost stellar nucleus,
well-defined halo slightly elongated SW-NE. Located 4' NE of mag 7.5
8" (11/28/81): fairly faint, small, round. A mag 8 star is 4' SW.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1309 = H. I-106 = h2523 on 3 Oct 1785 (sweep 451), logging it as "cB, cL, irregularly round, bM, 3' diameter." John Herschel described it as "pF, R, gradually little brighter middle, pos from a * 7 mag = 31°, difference in RA 7.5 sec, * 4' S."
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03 21 03.5 -37 06 07; For
V = 12.1; Size 2.0'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 95°
17.5" (1/12/02): faint, moderately large, the halo is
slightly elongated ~E-W, 1.8'x1.4'.
The halo is weakly concentrated to a slightly brighter, 1' round
core. Located 20' WNW of
John Herschel discovered NGC 1310 = h2524 on 22 Oct 1835 and
reported "vF, R, pL, very little brighter middle; 90 arcsec." His position is 2' S of
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03 20 07.2 -52 11 11; Hor
V = 13.0; Size 3.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 40°
24" (11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): moderately bright, fairly large, very elongated 7:2 SW-NE, 2.2'x0.6', broad concentration with a large, brighter core but no distinct nucleus. Located 9.5' S of mag 8.4 HD 20916. Member of the Dorado Group.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1311 = h2525 on 24 Dec 1837,
recording it as "F, mE in position 37.3 degrees; gradually brighter in the
middle, 2' long, 15 arcseconds broad.". His position and description is accurate. NGC 1311 and
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03 23 41.7 +01 11 05; Tau
= **, Corwin.
Sidney Coolidge discovered NGC 1312 = HN 23 on 16 Dec 1859
with the 15-inch refractor of Harvard College Observatory during the Zone
Survey of equatorial stars. He
simply noted "a circular nebulosity", but at his exact position is a
double star at 03 23 41.7 +01 11 05 (J2000). Bigourdan was unable to find this object and Karl Reinmuth,
in his 1926 survey based on Heidelberg plates, mentions "perhaps *, ef *
ssf vnr." RNGC, CGCG, UGC,
MCG and RC3 all misidentify
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03 18 16.1 -66 29 53; Tuc
V = 8.7; Size 9.1'x6.9'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 39°
24" (4/4/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this was the first object I took a look at using the 24" f/3.7 as it was the brightest galaxy I had yet to observe. I was amazed to find a striking, two-armed barred spiral with obvious bright HII knots in the arms! At 200x the main body of the galaxy appeared as a bright oval or wide bar ~4.5'x3.5' oriented SSW-NNE with a central bulge. A relatively short spiral arm emerges from the south-southwest end and hooks towards the northwest. A brighter elongated HII knot (cataloged as [PES80] 5/6), ~30"x20", is embedded within this extension. A mag 15 star is west of the northwest end of this arm.
Just east of the NNE end of the main bar is another brighter HII knot ([PES80] 1), ~30"x15" and oriented E-W. A faint star (or stellar knot) is less than 1' NW. This bright HII region is embedded in a diffuse arm that curves gently east-southeast from the north end of the bar. After the bright knot, this extension dims but ends at [PES80] 3, a third bright knot ~15" diameter, which is isolated at the end of the arm (nearly due east of the core). The HII designations are from a 1980 study by Page, Edmunds and Smith in MNRAS, 193, 219.
James Dunlop discovered NGC 1313 = D 206 = D 207 = D 205? =
h2528 on 27 Sep 1826. He described
D 207 as "a faint ill defined nebula about 1 1/2' diameter, round figure,
a very minute star south slightly involved in the margin - a bright star about
20' south of the nebula." His
reduced position was 13' too far east but the declination was incorrectly
transcribed, so his published position was off by 30'. D 206 was described as "a faint
ill-defined nebula, rather extended in the direction of the meridian [N-S],
with several exceedingly minute stars in it." Finally D 205 was placed 1.4° too far west and 10' small,
but the description fits: "a very faint small nebula, north following a
pretty bright star [mag 8.7
John Herschel only observed this bright galaxy on 2 Nov 1834 (sweep 508) and logged "pB, irreg round or little extended, vL, very gradually brighter middle, resolvable, 3'."
Joseph Turner observed and sketched the galaxy on 13 Nov 1878 with the 48-inch Melbourne Telescope (p.194 of logbook). He sketched the central bar oriented N-S, broader on the south end and tapering on the east end. Just north of end of the "bar" he sketched a small knot, probably a HII region. A small elongated patch was seen just east of the north end of the bar, oriented NW-SE (part of the eastern spiral arm). A symmetric elongated patch was shown just west of the south end, also oriented NW-SE (this is the brightest section of the western arm).
Pietro Baracchi also observed the galaxy on 4 Dec 1885 and wrote, "pB, vL, irregular, pretty much brighter middle. This object is complicated. It seems to have appendages not quite detached from the main body but alomost separated from it by two very faint portions which seem at first void of nebula, giving a first impression of three detached nebulae, the middle of which is large, elongated due N and S and gradually pretty much brighter middle and the other two, small very faint patches one north and one south of the middle one. The north one pretty much brighter than the south one - but these three individualities are connected by extremely faint nebulous intervals. Another extremely faint pretty large round flat object south-preceding [NGC 1313]. I believe this is a new nebula." His sketch includes this object as a diffuse patch labeled as "New?" on the southwest side. At his position is the HII complex [PES80] 8, which is situated between the central part of the galaxy and a mag 10 star 7.6' SW of center. [PES80] 1 is also shown on the sketch as a brighter patch on the NE end of the galaxy.
NGC 1313 was first photographed by Delisle Stewart at Harvard's Arequipa Station between 1898 and 1901 and noted as possibly a "2-branch spiral."
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03 22 41.2 -04 11 12; Eri
V = 14.2; Size 1.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.8
17.5" (1/12/02): very faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter. Appears as a low surface brightness glow just north of a mag 12 star [52" from center].
17.5" (1/7/89): not seen.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1314 = LM 2-367 on 18 Jan
1887 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and
recorded "mag 16.0, 2.0' diameter, E 170°, mag 10 star with an eF nebula
south, *16 in middle?" There
is nothing at his position but 1.1 tmin of RA west is
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03 23 06.6 -21 22 31; Eri
V = 12.4; Size 1.6'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.2
17.5" (12/28/00): moderately bright, slightly elongated
NW-SE, 1.5'x1.3', moderate concentration with a bright core. Located 21' NW of
John Herschel discovered NGC 1315 = h2526 on 13 Nov 1835,
logging "pB, R, gradually brighter in the middle, 25 arcsec." His position is accurate. The same
night he also found
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NGC 1316 = Arp 154 = Fornax A = ESO 357-022 = MCG -06-08-005 = PGC 12651
03 22 41.7 -37 12 30; For
V = 8.5; Size 12.0'x8.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 50°
17.5" (11/26/94): very bright, moderately large, oval 3:2 SW-NE, about 2.5'x1.5'. Dominated by an intense 40"x30" core which brightens to a non-stellar nucleus. Forms a pair with NGC 1317 6.3' N. Brightest member of the Fornax I cluster.
8" (9/25/81): bright, round, slightly elongated, small bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 1317 7' N.
James Dunlop discovered NGC 1316 = D 548 = h2527, along with
John Herschel first observed the galaxy on 22 Oct 1835 (seep 636) and noted "vB; pL; lE; very small & very much brighter middle to a nucleus 2" in diameter." On 28 Nov 1837 (sweep 801) he logged "vB; vL; 4' diameter; 1st gradually, then very suddenly very much brighter towards the middle to a stellar ncl."
NGC 1316 is the brightest member of the Fornax cluster and is also known as Fornax A, one of the closest and most famous radio sources in the southern hemisphere. Its radio lobes extend several degrees of sky. Arp classified it as a disturbed galaxy with interior absorption -- like Centaurus A, NGC 1316 contains an extensive system of dust filaments as well as low surface brightness shells and tidal tails, indicating a likely merger. Four supernovae have exploded since 1980.
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NGC 1317 = NGC 1318 = NGC 1392 = ESO 357-023 = MCG -06-08-006 = PGC 12653
03 22 44.4 -37 06 13; For
V = 11.0; Size 2.8'x2.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 78°
17.5" (11/26/94): moderately bright, fairly small, 1.2' diameter, even concentration to a small bright core and stellar nucleus. Forms a bright pair with NGC 1316 6.3' S. Located at the southwest end of the Fornax I cluster.
8" (9/25/81): faint, small, bright core. Forms a pair with NGC 1316 7' S.
James Dunlop discovered NGC 1317 = D 547 = h2529, along with NGC 1316, on 2 Sep 1826 with his 9" reflector from Parramatta. He described "a small faint round nebula about 15 arcseconds in diameter." and his position is ~15' too far ENE. John Herschel first observed the galaxy on 22 Oct 1835 and noted "pB, S, R, pretty suddenly brighter in the middle." His second sweep he recorded it as "pB, pL, 1' diameter; a miniature of the last neb. of this sweep." Julius Schmidt independently found the galaxy on 19 Jan 1865 and thought it was new, because JH made an typo of 20 degrees in NPD for h2529 in the CGH catalogue. JH corrected the NPD in the addendum of the catalogue, but apparently Schmidt didn't check.
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03 22 44.4 -37 06 13; For
V = 11.0; Size 2.8'x2.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 78°
See observing notes for NGC 1317.
Julius Schmidt found NGC 1318 on 19 Jan 1865 with the 6.2-inch refractor at the Athens Observatory in his survey of the Fornax Cluster (nebula "a" in his table). His position is almost identical to NGC 1317 = h2529. Schmidt assumed this nebula was "new" in his 1876 paper since he was working from John Herschel's Cape Catalogue. In the original listing for h2529, Herschel made an typo of 20 degrees in NPD but he corrected this mistake in the addendum of the catalogue. Apparently Schmidt didn't check his correction list. Dorothy Carlson and RNGC list this number as "Not Found".
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NGC 1319 = ESO 548-006 = MCG -04-09-003 = PGC 12708
03 23 56.5 -21 31 39; Eri
V = 12.9; Size 1.3'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 27°
17.5" (12/28/00): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated ~2:1 SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.6'. Increases to a small brighter core and occasional quasi-stellar nucleus. Located 6.8' due west of NGC 1325! A mag 14 star lies 0.8' NW of center.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1319 = h2533 on 13 Nov 1835 and
logged it as "F; S; R; bM; 15"; precedes IV-77 [NGC 1325]." His position matches
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03 24 48.7 -03 02 33; Eri
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 135°
24" (12/17/22): at 327x; fairly bright, moderately
large, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE, 1' length, small high surface brightness core.
Forms an interacting pair with
17.5" (11/25/87): fairly faint, small, elongated NW-SE, moderate concentration, small bright core, faint halo. First of four in the field and forms a close pair with NGC 1321 1.7' N.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1320 = H. III-197 = h298 = h2530, along with NGC 1321, on 20 Sep 1784 (sweep 280). He described the pair as "Two. Both excessively faint, verified with 240x but with 157x I had but a very distant suspicion of them." John Herschel made observations from both Slough, England as well as the Cape of Good Hope.
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NGC 1321 = MCG -01-09-035 = Mrk 608 = PGC 12755
03 24 48.6 -03 00 56; Eri
V = 13.7; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 45°
24" (12/17/22): at 327x; fairly bright, elongated 5:2 E-W, 30"x12", high surface brightness. Forms a bright pair with NGC 1320 1.7'.
17.5" (11/25/87): fairly faint, small, elongated ~E-W, bright core. Appears slightly smaller but higher surface brightness than NGC 1320 1.7' S. Second of four in the field.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1321 = H. III-196 = h297 = h2531, along with NGC 1320, on 20 Sep 1784 (sweep 280). He described the pair as "Two. Both eF, verified with 240x but just suspected with 157x." John Herschel observed the pair from both Slough on 16 Oct 1827 (sweep 96), as well as the Cape of Good Hope on 5 Oct 1831 (sweep 739) .
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NGC 1322 = MCG -01-09-037 = PGC 12761
03 24 54.7 -02 55 09; Eri
V = 13.5; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 100°
24" (12/17/22): at 327x; moderately bright, fairly
small, slightly elongated ~E-W, 30" diameter, small bright core increases
to a very small bright nucleus.
17.5" (11/25/87): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated, weak concentration. Third of four in the field and appears slightly fainter than the NGC 1320/NGC 1321 pair. NGC 1321 lies 6' SSW.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1322 = h2553 on Oct 5 1836 and logged "F, R, bM, 15", the 3rd of three [with NGC 1320 and 1322]." His position was accurate.
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03 24 56.1 -02 49 19; Eri
V = 15.0; Size 0.9'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 85°
24" (12/17/22): at 327x; faint, small, slightly elongated E-W, 20"x15". A mag 14.5 star (close double) is 30" SW of center. Northernmost of four in a 13' N-S string with NGC 1322 5.8' S. NGC 1320/1321 at the S end lie in the foreground.
17.5" (11/25/87): very faint, extremely small, round. Located 30" NE of a mag 14 star. Fourth of four in a group, with two pairs at different separations. NGC 1322 and 1323 have similar redshifts.
Bindon Blood Stoney discovered NGC 1323 on 2 Nov 1850 (Saturday) while reobserving the field containing NGC 1320 and 1321. Bindon may have been observing with his brother George Johnstone, as he visited Birr Castle several weekends in Fall 1850. The description reads, "suspected neb (or perhaps only a star) with a F* close sp." It's possible Stoney found this galaxy earlier on 19 Dec 1848. He mentioned a "star or nebula about 2 1/2' north of [NGC 1322]. But the separation is nearly 6' and there is an extremely faint star 2' NNE of NGC 1322, which is more likely the object seen on that date. The Eridanus quartet was observed a total of 14 times at Birr Castle!
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03 25 01.7 -05 44 44; Eri
V = 13.4; Size 2.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 135°
17.5" (11/25/87): fairly faint, fairly small, very elongated NW-SE, bright core.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1324 = H. III-445 = h299 on 5 Oct 1785 (sweep 457), logging "vF, pS, E." On 8 Jan 1831 (sweep 318), John Herschel noted, "vF; pmE; 20" long, 12" broad."
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NGC 1325 = ESO 548-007 = MCG -04-09-004 = UGCA 70 = LGG 097-002 = PGC 12737
03 24 25.6 -21 32 36; Eri
V = 11.5; Size 4.7'x1.6'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 56°
17.5" (12/28/00): bright, large, elongated 5:2 SW-NE, 3.0'x1.3', broad concentration with a large, brighter core. A mag 11.5 star is embedded in the northeast end. The southwest end is better defined and clearly tapers down, giving a lens-like appearance. The edge of the halo is more ill defined to the northeast of the star.
Second brightest in the
13.1" (10/10/86): fairly faint, pretty edge-on 3:1 SW-NE, weak concentration. A star is attached at the northeast end and a mag 13.5 star is 1.5' SE of center. Located in a small group with NGC 1319 6.8' W and NGC 1325A. NGC 1325A is faint, moderately large, round, but very diffuse.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1325 = H. IV-77 = h2534 on 19 Dec 1799 (sweep 1091). He described "a star about 9 or 10m with a nebulous ray to the south-preceding side. The ray is about 1.5' long. The star may not be connected with it." John Herschel described and sketched this galaxy from South Africa on 11 Nov 1835: "A complete telescopic comet; a perfect miniature of Halley's, only the tail is rather broader in proportion; mE; 90" l; the star at the head = 10 mag. See fig 17, Pl VI."
Joseph Turner sketched the galaxy on 15 Nov 1875 using the Great Melbourne Telescope (unpublished plate II, figure 8 1/2). He noted it appeared "much fainter than Herschel's sketch shows it - It seems to be much altered since he observed it." Instead of the tip of the galaxy at the brighter star (called "a perfect miniature of Halley's" by Herschel), Turner sketched a thin section of the galaxy, skirting around the start and extending further northeast.
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03 23 56.4 -36 27 52; For
V = 10.5; Size 3.9'x2.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 77°
17.5" (11/26/94): bright, fairly small, round, 1.3' diameter, well concentrated with a small bright core and bright stellar nucleus. On a line with three mag 13 stars 2.7' and 4.2' WSW and 3.6' to the ENE. A brighter mag 11 star lies 4.3' NNW. Located on the SW side of the Fornax I cluster.
8" (9/25/81 and 10/31/81): faint, fairly small, round, bright core.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1326 = h2535 on 29 Nov 1837, recording it as "60" diameter, very small & very much brighter middle to a nucleus, ? a disc." His position is accurate (on the SE side of the halo).
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03 25 23.2 -25 40 46; For
V = 14.7; Size 1.0'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 176°
24" (12/1/13): at 260x appeared very faint, very small,
elongated 3:2 N-S, 18"x12".
Visible ~80% of the time with averted. Situated 2.5' ENE of a mag 10.7 star.
Ormond Stone discovered NGC 1327 = LM 1-105 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and placed roughly at 03h 25m -25d 41' (2000). His description simply includes a magnitude of 16.3 for the nucleus, and the comment "neb?". Southern Galaxy Catalogue, ESO-LV, RC3 and Uranometria 2000 (2nd edition) identify NGC 1327 = ESO 481-026 at 03 25 23.2 -25 40 46 (2000). This galaxy is within 1 minute of RA and a reasonable match in position and description.
NGC 1327 was described by Delisle Stewart (based on plates taken at Harvard's Arequipa Station between 1898 and 1901) as "3 very faint stars, close stars, no nebula." ESO/Uppsala also identified a pair of stars with a wider third star about 8' NW of this galaxy as possibly NGC 1327, although they stars are too bright to be Stone's object. RNGC classifies this number as nonexistent and it is missing from the first edition of the Uranometria 2000.0 Atlas. See my RNGC Corrections #6 and Corwin's notes.
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03 25 39.1 -04 07 30; Eri
V = 14.2; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 130°
17.5" (11/25/87): faint to fairly faint, very small,
round, weak concentration, very faint stellar nucleus. Located 4.6' SW of mag 8.7
17.5" (10/24/87): faint, very small, round, slightly brighter core. Located ~5' SW of a mag 8 star.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1328 = LM 2-368 in 1886
with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His position is 0.5 tmin of RA east of
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03 26 02.6 -17 35 29; Eri
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 35°
17.5" (12/30/99): faint, small, slightly elongated
SW-NE, 0.7'x0.5'. Contains a small
bright core, ~10" in size and a faint stellar nucleus with direct
vision. A mag 11.5 star lies 4.0'
S. Located 9' NE of mag 9 SAO
148955. A faint edge-on galaxy
(
John Herschel discovered NGC 1329 = h2536 on 11 Dec 1835 and
commented "F, R, gradually little brighter middle, 30 arcsec.". His
position matches
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03 29 04.1 +41 40 30; Per
24" (2/14/15): at 225x appears as small, fuzzy patch with 1 star often resolving [probably the mag 15 star at the northwest end. At 375x, a second mag 15.5 star just 15" E was cleanly resolved. At 450x, a third mag 16 star was resolved.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 1330 = St. 12-26, along with
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NGC 1331 = IC 324 = ESO 548-019 = MCG -04-09-012 = LGG 097-025 = PGC 12846
03 26 28.3 -21 21 19; Eri
V = 13.4; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2
13.1" (10/10/86): faint, fairly small, almost round. Located 2' SE of NGC 1332.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1331 = H. III-959 on 19 Dec
1799 (sweep 1091). He recorded
"The second is close to it [NGC 1332], or about 1 1/2' south following the
former; it is very faint, very small." His single position on this sweep is 22 seconds of RA too
small and happens to fall close to
Joseph Turner sketched the pair on 26 Nov 1875 with the Great Melbourne Telescope (unpublished plate II, figure 9) as well as Pietro Baracchi on 7 Jan 1885.
Guillaume Bigourdan independently found this galaxy on 3 Dec
1888 and placed it accurately (B. 142, later
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NGC 1332 = ESO 548-018 = MCG -04-09-011 = UGCA 72 = LGG 097-003 = PGC 12838
03 26 17.1 -21 20 04; Eri
V = 10.3; Size 4.7'x1.4'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 120°
13.1" (10/10/86): bright, moderately large, very bright core, edge-on 4:1 NW-SE, 2.4'x0.6'. A faint mag 14-14.5 star is just southwest of the core. Forms a pair with NGC 1331 = IC 324 2.8' SE (collinear with the major axis). NGC 1332 is the brightest in a group with NGC 1315, NGC 1319, NGC 1325, NGC 1331 and Holmberg VI (NGC 1325A).
8" (12/6/80): fairly bright, fairly small, elongated NW-SE, bright core, diffuse halo. NGC 1331 not seen.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1332 = H. I-60 on 9 Dec 1784 (sweep 331). He logged "very bright, small, little extended, much brighter middle." He made a second observation using the front view (without a secondary) on 19 Dec 1799 (sweep 1091) and discovered NGC 1331. He recorded both as "Two, the 1st [NGC 1332] very bright, small bright nucleus with faint branches from np to sf." The RA order of NGC 1331 and 1332 is reversed in the GC and NGC, despite Herschel's noting that III. 959 (NGC 1331) was 1 1/2' SE of I. 60 (NGC 1332). So the pair is out of RA order.
Joseph Turner sketched the pair on 26 Nov 1875 with the Great Melbourne Telescope (unpublished plate II, figure 9) as well as Pietro Baracchi on 7 Jan 1885.
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03 29 19.7 +31 24 57; Per
Size 9'x7'
18" (1/20/07): fairly large, striking reflection nebula with a 10th magnitude star at the NE end. The nebula curves to the southwest ending with a 1' brighter knot with very faint star involved near its edge. A couple of mag 14 stars are superimposed between the mag 10 star and the knot. The total size is roughly 7'x4'. The surrounding region (particularly to the north) is nearly starless and clearly affected by dust. This region has a number of Herbig-Haro objects and is an active star formation region.
17.5" (2/9/02): bright, interesting reflection nebula
at 140x. Apparently illuminated by
a mag 10 star oddly offset at the NE end of the glow. The appearance is irregular; extending ~10'x6' SW-NE in the
general direction of a mag 10 star 11' SW. The SW extension contains a couple of faint mag 14 stars and
ends at a small, brighter knot that appears to surround a very faint star or
stars. The field is oddly void of
faint stars and there is a large starless region to the north (this is the dark
nebula
17.5" (12/7/90): fairly bright reflection nebula surrounds a mag 10 star that is offset to the northeast side of the nebula. This is a large object, about 10'x6' and elongated SW-NE. There is a bright knot in the southwest end. Two or three 15th magnitude stars are superimposed.
13.1" (11/29/86): fairly bright nebula, large, extends SSW of a mag 9.5 star, oval, slightly brighter at the south edge.
Eduard Schönfeld discovered NGC 1333 = Au 17 on 31 Dec 1855 with a 3-inch Fraunhofer refractor at Bonn Observatory, while measuring stars for the BD catalogue (NGC 1333 received the number BD +30° 548). He noted it as a nebulous star. The discovery was not announced until 1862 in AN 1391 and Auwers included it the same year as #17 in his "Verzeichnis neuer Nebelflecke" (list of new nebulae). In the meantime Horace Tuttle independently discovered the object on 5 Feb 1859 with a 3-inch comet-seeker and Bond (director of Harvard College) announced it as new in 1859MNRAS..19..224B: "it follows a star of the 9-10 mag by 6 seconds, and is 2' north of it. It is barely visible in a telescope of 3 in aperture."
In September 1862 d'Arrest noted it was as faint as a Herschel nebula of third class with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen, but since Tuttle's (independent) discovery was made using a 3-inch scope, he thought it might be a variable nebula (a popular topic among visual observers). Winnecke also took the view that it "must be a new one" as it was listed neither in the Slough catalogue nor Auwers' lists. Based on all the observations, Schönfeld reached the conclusion this case was a "...striking example of how the visibility of very faint, large diffuse nebulae depends on the magnification, air transparency and adaptation to the dark of the eye, so that, compared with ordinary fixed stars, aperture takes a back seat." In 1914 Barnard photographed the region at Yerkes Observatory and noted the nebula appeared "roundish and not symmetrical with respect to the star - its center seems to be several minutes to the south." Summarized from Harold Corwin's identification notes and Steinicke's "Observing and Cataloguing Nebulae and Star Clusters".
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03 30 01.8 +41 49 57; Per
V = 13.1; Size 1.5'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 115°
24" (2/14/15): at 225x; fairly faint, fairly small, oval 2:1 WNW-ESE, ~0.6'x0.3', broad concentration to a brighter core, which increases to a fairly weak nucleus. A mag 13.5-14 star is 1.0' NW of center. A mag 15.5 star is at the eastern end [30" E of center] and a similar star is at the north edge of the core. Located on the east side of AGC 426.
17.5" (1/1/92): faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 WNW-ESE, bright core. A mag 13.5 star is just off the WNW tip. An extremely faint stellar nucleus seen for moments. NGC 1335 lies 16' SSE. This is a possible outlying member of AGC 426.
Heinrich d'Arrest discovered NGC 1334 = Sw. 8-37 on 14 Feb
1863 with the 11-inch refractor at Copenhagen and logged "vF, pL,
35", No nucl. A mag 16 star precedes by 9.6 seconds due west." His position and description matches
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NGC 1335 = UGC 2762 = MCG +07-08-019 = CGCG 541-018 = PGC 13015
03 30 19.5 +41 34 22; Per
V = 13.8; Size 1.1'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 165°
24" (2/14/15): fairly faint to moderately bright,
fairly small, elongated 5:3 N-S, 30"x18". Contains a bright, elongated small core. Located 3' N of mag 9.0
17.5" (1/1/92): very faint, very small, round, an
extremely faint star is possibly involved, can just hold steadily with
averted. Located 4' N of mag 8.5
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 1335 = St. 12-27, along with NGC 1330, on 13 Oct 1869. His rough, unpublished position is 13' to the NW of this galaxy, so the identification is not uncertain. His published micrometric position in list 12 (#27) was reduced on 14 Dec 1881 and is accurate. UGC doesn't label this galaxy as NGC 1335.
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NGC 1336 = ESO 358-002 = MCG -06-08-016 = LGG 096-009 = PGC 12848
03 26 32.2 -35 42 50; For
V = 12.3; Size 2.1'x1.5'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 22°
18" (12/22/11): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 3:2 ~N-S, 1.0'x0.7. Broad concentration but no distinct core. Observation may have been through thin clouds. Located 12' WSW of mag 5.7 Chi 2 and 15' NNE of mag 6.4 Chi 1!
17.5" (1/12/02): moderately bright, fairly large, elongated nearly 3:2 SSW-NNE, 2.0'x1.4'. Gradually increases to a large, brighter core. Situated within a group of several mag 6 stars and located 13' W of mag 5.7 Chi 2 and 14' NNE of mag 6.4 Chi 1! Member of the Fornax I cluster.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1336 = h2537 on 22 Oct 1835 and
recorded on his last of 3 observations "vF, lE, 40 arcsec." His position matches
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03 28 05.8 -08 23 21; Eri
V = 11.9; Size 5.8'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 145°
13.1" (1/28/84): fairly faint, moderately large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, even surface brightness.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1337 = Sw. 3-26 on 10 Nov 1885
with his 16" refractor and recorded "vL; vE nearly in meridian;
eF." His position
matches
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03 28 54.5 -12 09 12; Eri
V = 12.7; Size 1.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 55°
48" (10/22/11): at 488x this bright, fairly large,
roundish galaxy has an interesting structure. Off center within the glow is a bright "bar" that
extends 1' from NW to SE. The bar
contains a small bright core and a stellar nucleus. Surrounding the bar feature is 1.2' roundish halo, that is
more extensive on the SW side but with a noticeably lower surface
brightness. The halo on the NE
side of the bar is brighter but smaller.
Located 2.0' W of a mag 10 star and 6' SW of mag 8.8
17.5" (10/20/90): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated WNW-ESE, even surface brightness. Located 2' W of a mag 10.5 star and 6' SW of mag 8.5 SAO 148982.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 1338 = St. 13-24 on 18 Dec
1883. His published micrometrical
position was measured on 15 Dec 1884 and matches
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03 28 06.5 -32 17 11; For
V = 11.6; Size 1.9'x1.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 172°
18" (12/22/11): fairly bright, fairly small, elongated 4:3 or 3:2 ~N-S, 0.9'x0.6'. Has a high surface brightness and evenly increases to a small bright core and stellar nucleus. Located 6' SE of double star HJ 3578 = 9.2/12.6 at 27".
13.1" (10/10/86): moderately bright, very compact, round, bright core. An uneven mag 10.5/13 double star at 30" separation lies 6' NW. Member of the Fornax I cluster.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1339 = h2538 on 18 Nov 1835 and logged "pB, R, pretty suddenly little brighter middle, 40 arcsec." On a later sweep he noted "B, R, pretty suddenly much brighter middle; a double star precedes." The double star (HJ 3578) is 5.8' NW.
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03 28 19.1 -31 04 05; For
V = 10.4; Size 6.0'x3.5'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 165°
18" (12/22/11): very bright, fairly large, elongated
2:1 NNW-SSE, ~3'x1.5'. Contains a
very large, faint halo but sharply concentrated with a very bright, elongated
core that increases to the center.
Mag 10
17.5" (11/26/94): bright, moderately large, elongated
2:1 NNW-SSE, 2.3'x1.0', well concentrated with a very bright 30" round
core and a bright stellar nucleus.
Forms an isosceles right triangle with mag 9.7
8" (10/31/81): fairly faint, slightly elongated N-S.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1340 = h715 on 19 Nov 1835 and
logged "vB, lE, pretty suddenly brighter middle, 45 arcsec". There is nothing at his position but
exactly 10' S is
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03 27 58.4 -37 08 58; For
V = 12.3; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 134°
13.1" (10/10/86): fairly faint, fairly small, oval NW-SE, even surface brightness. A mag 12 star is off the SE end 0.9' from center. Member of the Fornax I cluster.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1341 = h2540 on 29 Nov 1837 and
noted "F, S, R; has a star 12th mag following." His position and description matches
NGC 1341 was first photographed by Delisle Stewart at Harvard's Arequipa Station between 1898 and 1901 and described in a list of NGC corrections as "vE at 140°."
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03 31 36 +37 22; Per
V = 6.7; Size 14'
17.5" (12/23/92): about 100 stars mag 9-14 in 15' diameter, scattered in chains and loops. Two mag 8 stars off the NE side are probably field stars, a nice double star is at the west end. There are several striking star lanes at low power including a long stream oriented E-W. A line of six stars oriented NW-SE forms the SW side and terminates at an easy double star. The NW end is near the striking double star (10.4/11.2 at 14". The field has a large variation of magnitudes.
8": bright, large, scattered, consists of mag 8 stars and fainter.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1342 = H. VIII-88 = h301 on 28 Dec 1799 (sweep 1092). He described "a cluster of coarsely scattered large stars, about 15' diameter." This was the last open cluster that he discovered, though it was observed again on 14 Jan 1801 (sweep 1094).
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03 37 49.7 +72 34 17; Cas
V = 12.7; Size 2.6'x1.6'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 80°
48" (11/2/13): bright, large, elongated 2:1 ~E-W, ~2.2'x1.1', unusually sharply concentrated with a blazing, round core ~0.4' diameter, which is punctuated by a faint stellar nucleus. Two faint stars [14" separations] are superimposed within the eastern side of the halo and faint spiral arcs were visible in the outer halo. An extremely faint companion, identified in NED as HFLLZOA G134.74+13.65, was seen as a very low surface brightness patch 1.2' NE of center. A relatively wide pair of stars (h2190 = 13/14 at 15" separation) is 1' NNW of center. This is an unusual "nuclear ring" galaxy with intense starburst activity in the ring.
17.5" (10/13/90): fairly faint, fairly small, large brighter core, extremely faint halo elongated 2:1 E-W. A double star (h2190 = mag 13/14 at 15" separation) is off the NNW edge 1.0' from the center.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1343 = H. III-694 = h300 on 11 Oct 1787 (sweep 764) and noted "vF, vS, irr R, bM. 360 confirmed it." John Herschel made two observations, recording on 29 Oct 1831 (sweep 378), "F, R, gradually brighter in the middle, 15". Close to the double star h 2190." His position is accurate.
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NGC 1344 = NGC 1340 = ESO 418-005 = MCG -05-09-005 = AM 0326-311 = LGG 096-004 = PGC 12923
03 28 19.6 -31 04 05; For
V = 10.4; Size 6.0'x3.5'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 165°
18" (12/22/11): very bright, fairly large, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, ~3'x1.5'. Contains a very large, faint halo but sharply concentrated with a very bright, elongated core that increases to the center. Mag 10 SAO 194317 lies 5.5' N and mag 9.6 HD 21668 lies 6' E.
17.5" (11/26/94): bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 2.3'x1.0', well concentrated with a very bright 30" round core and a bright stellar nucleus. Forms an isosceles right triangle with mag 9.7 SAO 194325 6' E and mag 10.4 SAO 194317 5.5' N of center. Outlying member on the north side of the Fornax I cluster.
8" (10/31/81): fairly faint, slightly elongated N-S.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1344 = H. I-257 = h2542 on 9 Oct 1790 (sweep 972). He recorded "considerably bright, irregularly round, very gradually much brighter middle, about 1.5' diameter." His position was accurate, though for some reason the RA in the NGC is 21 seconds too large. Precessing the 2000 coordinates back to 1790 equinox, the declination was -31° 48', making NGC 1344 the third most southerly deep sky object (second most southern galaxy after NGC 1366) that Herschel discovered. The altitude was only 6.6° as it crossed the meridian.
John Herschel independently found this galaxy on 19 Nov 1835 and assumed it was new, but his position was 10' too far north and it was catalogued again as GC 715 = NGC 1340. So, NGC 1344 = NGC 1340, with NGC 1344 the primary designation. The RA was corrected in Robert Baker's 1933 "Catalogue of 985 Extragalactic Nebulae in a Region in Fornax and Eridanus".
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03 29 31.7 -17 46 42; Eri
V = 13.8; Size 1.5'x1.1'; Surf Br = 14.2; PA = 33°
17.5" (12/30/99): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, 0.8'x0.5'. Contains a brighter, elongated core. A trio of mag 9.5-10.5 stars (with nearly equal sides of 4'-5') lies ~5' SW.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1345 = h2541 and noted
"vF, R, pretty suddenly little brighter middle, 20 arcsec.". His
position is an exact match with
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03 30 13.3 -05 32 36; Eri
V = 13.1; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 80°
24" (11/23/19): at 375x; fairly faint, fairly small,
oval 4:3 WSW-ENE, 0.6'x0.45', very small brighter core. A mag 13.4 star is just
0.6' W of center. Member of a
small group (USGC S125) that also incudes
NGC 1346 forms an interacting pair with
17.5" (11/25/87): fairly faint, very small, slightly
elongated, bright core. A mag 13.5
star is just 30" W. Located
13' WSW of mag 8.1
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 1346 = St. 8b-12 on 1 Dec 1875. He measured an accurate micrometrical position (list 8b, #12) on 15 Dec 1876 and noted it followed a mag 13 star by 2.2 seconds (of time).
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03 29 41.8 -22 16 45; Eri
V = 13.0; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.6
24" (2/5/21): at 200x; fairly faint, fairly small, round, diffuse, even surface brightness. At 260x, there was a weak central concentration. The companion wasn't seen in very poor seeing.
17.5" (1/12/02): faint, moderately large, irregularly
round, 1.2' diameter, weakly concentrated. A very faint companion at the S edge was not seen. Located 14' N of mag 6.8
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1347 = LM 2-369 in 1886
with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded
"mag 16.0, 1.0'x0.8', E 130°, suddenly brighter in the middle to a
nucleus." His position is
only 8 sec of RA east of
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03 34 09 +51 25 12; Per
Size 6'
18" (11/23/05): at 225x, this unimpressive cluster appears ~4'x3', elongated NW to SE with roughly 20 stars resolved. Includes two mag 10.5-11.5 stars, a few mag 12 stars with the remainder mag 13-15. The stars are fairly evenly distributed with a couple of tight clumps of stars on the south side. Appears fairly well detached in a low power field, though not eye-catching. Located two degrees NE of Alpha Persei (Mirfak).
William Herschel discovered NGC 1348 = H. VIII-84 on 28 Dec 1790 (sweep 989) and noted "a cluster of small stars, not very rich." This is a reddened cluster (see Astronomy and Astrophysics, v.387, p.479-486, 2002) at a distance of roughly 6000 light years.
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03 31 27.5 +04 22 51; Tau
V = 13.0; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.2
17.5" (10/21/95): faint, small, round, 0.6' diameter, very weak even concentration to a quasi-stellar nucleus. Located along the hypotenuse of a small right triangle formed by three mag 13.5 stars with the nearest star 1.6' SE.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1349 = Sw. 6-13 on 20 Dec 1886
with his 16" refractor and reported "eeF; S; R; between 2
stars." His position is 10
tsec E and 1' S of
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03 31 07.9 -33 37 42; For
V = 10.3; Size 5.2'x2.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 0°
18" (12/22/11): bright, large, oval 2:1 N-S,
3.0'x1.4'. Sharply concentrated
with a very bright oval core surrounded by a much fainter halo. The core steadily increases to a very
small, brighter, quasi-stellar nucleus.
Located 6' SW of mag 7.2
17.5" (11/26/94): bright, fairly large, elongated 3:2 N-S. The halo appears about 3'x2' although difficult determine the exact dimensions as the halo fades gradually into the background. Sharply concentrated with a very bright 20" round core and stellar nucleus. A very faint star is just west of the south extension and two mag 12 stars are 2.7' SE and 3.0' E of center. Located 6' SW of mag 7.2 SAO 194353. Fornax I cluster member.
8" (10/31/81): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 N-S, bright core.
James Dunlop discovered NGC 1350 = D 591 = h2545 on 24 Nov 1826 with his 9" reflector from Parramatta, NSW. He noted (single observation) "a very faint small ill-defined nebula, south-following [preceding] a small star." He probably was referring to the mag 7.2 star 6' NE. His position was fairly poor, nearly 15' to the SE.
John Herschel observed the galaxy in his sweep of 19 Oct 1835, logging "bright, large, much elongated, but with a round nucleus much brighter than the environing faint atmosphere. PD roughly taken. Transit missed, the observation having been lost by relying on the RA given by Mr. Dunlop's Catalog (3h 25m) which is too great. That here set down is assumed at random as probably nearer the truth." His approximate position was corrected by DeLisle Stewart based on a photograph taken between 1898 and 1901 at Harvard College Observatory's Arequipa Station and repeated in the IC 2 Notes.
Harold Knox-Shaw also photographed the galaxy at the Helwan Observatory between 1909-11 with the 30" Reynolds reflector and described an "oval ring with central star and traces of structure external to this in the form of either another ring or spiral arms".
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03 30 34.9 -34 51 15; For
V = 11.6; Size 2.8'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 140°
18" (12/22/11): fairly bright, oval 3:2 NW-SE,
0.8'x0.5', high surface brightness.
Brightens evenly to a very small bright core and a quasi-stellar
nucleus. Located 9' SE of mag 9.4
13.1" (10/10/86): fairly faint, fairly small, oval NW-SE, bright core. Fornax I cluster member.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1351 = h2544 on 19 Oct 1835 and
reported "pB, R, pretty suddenly brighter middle, 30 arcsec.". His
position matches
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03 31 32.9 -19 16 42; Eri
V = 13.3; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 134°
17.5" (11/17/01): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly
elongated WNW-ESE, weak concentration.
Located 4.4' NW of mag 8.4
John Herschel discovered NGC 1352 = h2543 on 11 Dec 1835 and
recorded "eF; S; pretty suddenly little brighter middle; has a * 8 mag
S.f. Very difficult and probably not to be seen without a recently polished
mirror, such as was used in this observation." His position and description matches
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03 32 03.0 -20 49 05; Eri
V = 11.5; Size 3.4'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 138°
17.5" (11/26/94): fairly bright, moderately bright, elongated 5:2 NW-SE, 2.5'x1.0', large bright core, stellar nucleus. The halo appears more extensive NW of the core. The major axis is parallel to a mag 11.5 star off the SE end 2.8' from the center.
8" (11/28/81): faint, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, bright core. A mag 12 star is 2.8' SE of center.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1353 = H. III-246 = h2546 on 9 Dec 1784 (sweep 331). He noted "very faint, elongated, equally bright." On 19 Dec 1799 (sweep 1091) he reported "considerably bright, considerably large, irregular figure, little elongated from np to sf." John Herschel logged it on 11 Nov 1835 as "bright, much extended, gradually much brighter middle, 90" l, 40" br.
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03 32 29.4 -15 13 16; Eri
V = 12.4; Size 2.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 148°
18" (11/23/05): this galaxy was a pleasant surprise as it appeared moderately bright and large, very elongated 3:1 NW-SE, 1.4'x0.3'. Contains a fairly bright bulging core with fainter extensions that fade and taper at the tips (spindle shape). A mag 14 star lies off the SE end, 1.2' S of center.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1354 = H. III-487 = h2547 on 30 Dec 1785 (sweep 499) and recorded "vF, S, E." John Herschel called it "vF, S, lE, gradually little brighter middle, 25" diameter." The NGC position is accurate.
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NGC 1355 = MCG -01-10-002 = PGC 13169
03 33 23.5 -04 59 55; Eri
V = 13.3; Size 1.4'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 80°
17.5" (11/25/87): fairly faint, fairly small, very
elongated WSW-ENE, bright core.
13.1" (11/29/86): faint, small, edge-on WSW-ENE, bright core.
Samuel Hunter, LdR's assistant, discovered NGC 1355 on 27 Dec 1861. His sketch clearly shows NGC 1355 labeled as Alpha, along with NGC 1358 (close to a double star). Heinrich d'Arrest independently discovered NGC 1355 on 8 Oct 1864 while observing nearby NGC 1358. He was surprised this nebula was missed by William Herschel and Lord Rosse (unaware of Hunter's observation). Stephan recorded NGC 1355 on 22 Nov 1875 during an observation of NGC 1358, as well as Dreyer on 6 Nov 1877. Dreyer later realized that Alpha on Hunter's diagram was d'Arrest's "nova". Nevertheless, he credited d'Arrest and not LdR with the discovery in the GC Supplement and NGC.
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NGC 1356 = ESO 200-031 = Rose 37 = PGC 13035
03 30 40.6 -50 18 35; Hor
V = 13.0; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 149°
24" (4/5/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 260x appeared moderately bright and large, slightly elongated N-S, ~1.2'x1.0'. Weak concentration, though with direct vision a faint, stellar nucleus is visible. With careful viewing the galaxy appeared to be mottled or clumpy.
Forms a close pair with much fainter
John Herschel discovered NGC 1356 = h2549 on 23 Dec 1837 and recorded "vF, R, gradually brighter in the middle, 40 arcsec." The next sweep he logged "vF, pL, irregular, near stars." His first position is at the northern tip of the galaxy.
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03 33 17.0 -13 39 49; Eri
V = 11.5; Size 2.8'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 85°
13.1" (12/7/85): fairly bright, moderately large,
round, bright core. Forms the
vertex of an isosceles right triangle with mag 8.1
William Herschel discovered NGC 1357 = H. II-290 = h2548 on 1 Feb 1785 (sweep 364) and recorded "F, pL, R, bM, about 5 or 6' south preceding of a pretty large star." John Herschel logged it twice from the Cape of Good Hope and noted on 8 Dec 1835 "pF, pL, R, 40", near three stars, two of which are 10th mag." Sir Robert Ball, observing with the 72" at Birr Castle on 13 Nov 1866, remarked "cB, pL, bM, either double or with a star [correct] very closely preceding. Observations interrupted by the superb display of shooting stars." According to Wikipedia, the 1866 Leonids produced hundreds per minute and a few thousand per hour in Europe.
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NGC 1358 = MCG -01-10-003 = LGG 103-001 = PGC 13182
03 33 39.7 -05 05 22; Eri
V = 12.1; Size 2.6'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 15°
17.5" (11/25/87): moderately bright, moderately large,
irregularly round, sharp concentration.
A pretty mag 13 double star at 15" separation is 1.7' ENE. Located 8' W of a mag 10 star. Forms a pair with NGC 1355 6.8'
NW. Member of the
13.1" (11/29/86): faint, small, almost round, small bright core. A faint double star is close east and brighter star to west.
13" (12/18/82): very faint, small, elongated N-S.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1358 = H. III-446 = h302 on 5 Oct 1785 (sweep 457) and noted "vF, S, between some small stars." His position was too far south, but John Herschel measured an accurate position (two observations) copied into the NGC.
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03 33 47.2 -19 29 23; Eri
V = 12.2; Size 2.4'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 139°
17.5" (11/17/01): fairly large oval 4:3 NW-SE,
3.0'x2.5' WNW-ESE, fairly low surface brightness with no significant
concentration. This galaxy has a
disturbed, knotty appearance that was not picked up visually. Brightest in a small group with ESO
548-044 8.5' NE and part of the larger
John Herschel discovered NGC 1359 = h2550 on 12 Oct 1836 and
recorded "F, L, R, very gradually little brighter middle, 2'." His position matches
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03 33 14.6 -25 52 18; For
V = 9.6; Size 460"x320"
18" (1/17/09): superb view at 115x and OIII filter. Appears as a huge oval, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, extends ~6'x4', contains a bright mag 11 central star. This showpiece planetary is clearly asymmetric and notably brighter on the NNE side in a sector extending from the center and fanning out to the north. This brighter region is irregular in surface brightness and slightly dims before brightening along the NNE rim. The south side is slightly fainter and contains a weaker arc or lane.
18" (1/1/08): at 115x; this unusual planetary is a huge oval or irregular egg-shape, ~6'x4', oriented SSW-NNE (PA ~30°) surrounding a very bright mag 11 central star. Excellent contrast with an OIII filter as it really brings out its asymmetric structure. The planetary is noticeably brighter in a fan-shaped wedge spreading out from the central star to the north. At times the northeast rim appeared a bit clumpy. The fainter south side has a slightly darker lane extending to the southeast.
17.5" (11/17/01): At 100x with OIII filter, this huge planetary appears a very large oval 3:2 or 4:3 SSW-NNE, ~6'x4.5' with a striking central star. Appears clearly brighter on the north side of the central star in a section defined by a triangular wedge with apex at the central star. The nebulosity dims a bit on the west side as well as the south.
17.5" (10/8/88): very bright, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE, 6'x4' diameter, very bright mag 11 central star, almost even surface brightness. Very impressive planetary with or without OIII filter.
14.5" (12/17/20): bright, unusually large PN with a prominent 11th mag central star. Irregular oval or egg shape SSW-NNE, nearly 6'x4'. Noticeably brighter along the north side in a roughly triangle slice extending from the central star. Much weaker on the SE flank. Good contrast gain at 76x and 87x using OIII and UHC filters.
13.1" (10/10/86): very large, oval 4:3, very bright mag 10-11 central star. Impressive at 88x using an OIII filter.
13.1" (10/20/84): large, pale oval ~N-S, bright central star. Appears moderately bright using a filter.
80mm finder (1/1/08): faintly visible at 25x as a dim oval glow surrounding a faint star. Adding an OIII filter significantly increased the contrast and the outline appeared better defined.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1360 in 1859 with his 4.5-inch
comet-seeker. He didn't announce
the observation until 1885, though.
Wilhelm Tempel also discovered it on 9 Oct 1861, along with
In the March 1885 issue of "The Sidereal Messenger: A
Monthly Review of Astronomy" Swift reported that "in 1859 while
searching in Eridanus for comets I ran upon the most conspicuous nebulous star
visible from this latitude - a 7th magnitude star nearly in the center of a
bright nebulosity. As both were so
bright, I, of course, supposed they were well known. Not until five years since was I aware that this wonderful
object was not in the G.C."
Dreyer credited Swift (his earliest discovery) and Winnecke in the
NGC. So, NGC 1360 was
independently "discovered" by four observers, the most (along with
This is one the brightest objects missed by the Herschels as well as by John Dunlop. In 1914, Hardcastle classified NGC 1360 as a spindle-shaped nebula. The following year, Knox-Shaw at the Helwan Observatory reported it wasn't a spindle but was "probably like the Owl", based on a photograph taken with the Reynolds reflector. Minkowski first classified it as definitely a planetary in 1946. A star was incorrectly plotted at the position on the Uranometria 2000 Atlas (first edition) because the CoD and CPD catalogue (used as a source for the U2000) included the central star.
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03 34 17.7 -06 15 54; Eri
V = 13.9; Size 1.6'x1.4'; Surf Br = 14.6; PA = 39°
17.5" (1/12/02): fairly faint, fairly small, round, 0.8' diameter, weak concentration to a very small, brighter core. Situated nearly midway between two mag 12 stars 5' NW and 5' ESE.
Ormond Stone discovered NGC 1361 = LM 2-370 in 1886 with the
26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His position is just 0.2 tmin east and
1' north of
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03 33 53.0 -20 16 56; Eri
V = 12.8; Size 1.2'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 5°
17.5" (12/9/01): fairly faint, fairly small, round,
30" diameter. Steadily
increases to a small brighter core and a faint stellar nucleus. Located 5.4' NNW of mag 8.9
John Herschel discovered NGC 1362 = h2551 on 13 Nov 1835 and recorded "vF; S; R." His position (measured on 2 sweeps) is accurate. William Herschel is credited with the discovery in the GC and NGC, but H. III 960 applies to NGC 1370 (see that number).
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03 34 49.3 -09 50 33; Eri
V = 13.1; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 45°
17.5" (11/17/01): fairly faint, fairly small,
irregularly round, 0.7'x0.6', very weak concentration. Forms a close pair with
Sherburne Burnham discovered NGC 1363 = Sw. 5-54 with the
18.5-inch Clark refractor at Dearborn Observatory on 31 Dec 1877 (Memoirs of
the Royal Astr Soc, Vol 44, p169). At Burnham's offset from a nearby mag
6 star is
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03 34 58.8 -09 50 19; Eri
V = 14.7; Size 0.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5" (11/17/01): very faint, very small, round, 20" diameter, no other details visible. Forms a close pair with NGC 1363 2.3' W. Located 5.6' ENE of mag 6.2 SAO 149047.
Frank Muller discovered NGC 1364 = LM 2-371 in 1886 with the
26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory while observing NGC
1363 (previously discovered by Sherburne Burnham). His position is a good match with
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03 33 35.9 -36 08 24; For
V = 9.6; Size 11.2'x6.2'; Surf Br = 14.1; PA = 32°
48" (10/22/11): stunning view of this huge, barred spiral with the full extent of the long, graceful arms clearly visible and a great deal of structure. The very bright bar runs nearly 3' WSW-ENE and contains an extremely bright core that increases to a striking knotty nucleus that is sliced by a dust lane running SW to NE. The dust lane creates a mini spiral in the center with a bright elongated section south of the lane that has an "arm" attached at its northeast end that curls to the southwest. The section of the nucleus north of the lane appears as a small but brighter arm, gently curving from SW to NE.
The main northern spiral arm is attached at the west end of the bar and has a bright, mottled "knot" as it emerges from the bar and heads north-northeast. This knot contains the HII regions [H69] 23-25 from Paul Hodge's 1969 "HII Regions in Twenty Nearby Galaxies" (ApJS, 18, 73). It was also the site of SN 2001du, a supernova discovered visually by Robert Evans. This arm dims a bit and then brightens along a 1' strip (containing [H69] 19) just northwest of a superimposed mag 13.5 star. The arm then dims significantly but can be easily traced a total length of 6.5', ending just southeast of a mag 13.5-14 star.
The main southern arm emerges on the east-northeast end of the bar as a brighter patch or OB association that contains [H69] 2,3, matching the west end. A group of stars is just beyond this patch to the east. The arm extends ~6.5' SW and is bordered by several stars; a mag 14.5 star is on the south edge before the middle of the arm, a mag 16 star 1.3' due south of this star and two mag 15/16 stars are on the inside (northern edge) beyond the middle of the arm. A very small, very faint knot is near the southwest tip of the arm. The arm dims significantly at this point but bends and continues another 2' NW.
24" (11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): viewed SN2012fr, a type Ia supernova, as a mag 12 star situated just 2" west and 52" north of the center of NGC 1365.
24" (4/5/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this is the best visual barred spiral in the sky and although it was only at 33° elevation (well past the meridian), the view was stunning at 200x with its long sweeping arms making a slashing cosmic "Z" in the eyepiece. I was also surprised by the structure in the fairly small, extremely bright core that is embedded in the 3' E-W bar. On the north edge of the mottled core, a very short, hooking appendage extended towards the northeast with a fainter counterpart on the southwest end. This gave the small core the appearance of a tiny barred spiral! At the west end of the bar a bright arm emerges, dramatically sweeping back to the NNE (sharp 110° angle) beyond a mag 13 star that is situated near the 1/3 mark of its total length. The counterpart on the east end of the bar shoots to the southwest, reaching a faint star at its end. The total distance between the tips of the arms is roughly 10'.
20" (7/8/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): At 127x and 212x, NGC 1365 appeared as an amazing two-armed barred spiral, similar to the photographic appearance. The core is a quite bright, bulging oval embedded in a larger bar oriented ~E-W. Attached at opposite ends of the bar are two long, graceful arms that extend quite a distance and are nearly straight. The arm attached on the west side of the bar wraps around a mag 12.5 star about 1' NW of the core and extends well beyond towards the NNE. The opposite arm attached on the following end is slightly fainter and shoots towards the SSW. The tips of the outer arms dramatically increase the total size of the galaxy.
18" (12/30/08): although a pale imitation of the view from Australia, with careful viewing at 175x the spiral arm attached at the west end of the central bar was faintly visible sweeping to the NNE for ~3' in length. The counterpart on the SE side was not seen.
13.1" (12/22/84): bright, elongated core, large, 3' diameter, very diffuse outer halo. Member of the Fornax I cluster.
8" (1/1/84): fairly bright, fairly large, bright core, diffuse halo, broad concentration.
8" (9/25/81): moderately large, elongated, gradually brighter core.
James Dunlop discovered NGC 1365 = D 562 = h2552 on 2 Sep 1826. He described "a pretty large faint round nebula, about 3 1/2' diameter, gradual slight condensation to the centre, very faint at the margin." He made two observations but his published RA was off by a full 10 minutes of time. His handwritten notebook positions are only 9' E and 9' SE, so he clearly made a transcription error (of 3 minutes in time) in his catalogue. As a result, Dunlop wasn't credited with the discovery in the GC or NGC.
John Herschel independently discovered NGC 1365 on 28 Nov
1837 (sweep 801) and described "A very remarkable nebula. A decided link
between the nebula
Albert Le Sueur sketched a pair of dramatic spiral arms, central bar and core as a "Z" shaped figure using the 48-inch Great Melbourne Telescope on 30 Jan 1870 (unpublished plate VII, figure 84). Joseph's Turner sketch (unpublished lithograph plate II, figure 10) on 2 Dec 1875 shows a distinct bar but the outer halo forms a nearly complete oval, so the overall shape is a squashed "Theta". NGC 1365 was probably first photographed by Delisle Stewart at Harvard's Arequipa Station between 1898 and 1901 and described as "! open, 2-branch spiral, double nucleus."
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NGC 1366 = LGG 096-029 = PGC 13197
03 33 53.7 -31 11 39; For
V = 12.0; Size 2.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 2°
13.1" (10/10/86): fairly faint, small, bright core,
thin faint extensions 2:1 N-S, 1.0'x0.5'.
Located 6.8' S of mag 6.2
William Herschel discovered NGC 1366 = H. III-857 = h2553 on 9 Oct 1790 (sweep 972). He recorded "very faint, small, irregularly figure, little brighter middle." His position is at the south edge of the galaxy. In 2000 coordinates, NGC 1366 is the 4th most southerly object that Herschel discovered, but precessing his positions back to their discovery dates, NGC 1366 is the most southerly deep sky object that Herschel discovered (-31° 54' for 1790). It appeared at an elevation of 6.6° as it crossed the meridian and the observation was made standing or sitting on steps on the ground, not in the observing gallery. In the same sweep he also discovered the far southern galaxies NGC 1344 and NGC 1097 in Fornax.
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03 35 00.7 -24 56 04; For
V = 10.7; Size 5.6'x3.9'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 135°
17.5" (11/26/94): fairly bright, moderately bright,
elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 2.5'x1.5', halo fades into the background. Very bright elongated core 30"
diameter increases to a stellar nucleus.
A mag 8.3 star
8" (10/31/81): faint, moderately large, bright core, diffuse halo.
Ormond Stone found NGC 1367 = LM 1-106 in 1886 with the
26-inch Clark refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded
"mag 13.0 [bright], *9, nf 5.0'." His rough position is a good match with
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03 34 58.9 -15 39 23; Eri
V = 14.2; Size 1.3'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 108°
18" (11/26/03): very faint, small, elongated 5:3 NW-SE,
0.7'x0.4', weak concentration, very small bright core. Forms an isosceles triangle with a mag
14 star 1.8' ESE and a mag 14.9 2.5' NE.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1368 = LM 1-107 on 12 Nov 1885 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position falls 3' S of MCG -03-10-012 = PGC 13247. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observator. Stephane Javelle rediscovered it on 29 Dec 1905 (unpublished J. 4-1503). Finally, Robert Baker listed it as new in his 1937 Harvard catalogue of galaxies in Fornax and Eridanus. MCG doesn't label this galaxy as NGC 1368.
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NGC 1369 = ESO 358-034 = MCG -06-09-004 = LGG 096-019 = PGC 13330
03 36 45.2 -36 15 24; Eri
V = 12.8; Size 1.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 12°
18" (12/30/08): faint, fairly small, irregularly round,
~0.9'x0.8', very weak concentration.
Located 4.3' NW of mag 7.2
Julius Schmidt discovered NGC 1369 on 19 Jan 1865 with the 6.2" Plössl refractor at the Athens Observatory. It was found during a survey on the Fornax Cluster (nebula "b" in his table). but there is nothing at his position, which is 9.4' SE of NGC 1365. Interestingly, NGC 1365 is the previous entry in his table (AN 2097, p137) and that position is very accurate. The entry that follows NGC 1369 is a bright star (assigned mag 5.6), which supposedly follows NGC 1369 by 7 sec in RA and 2.4' S, though its position must also be in error. Harold Corwin found that if Schmidt made 3 minute error in RA for both objects (change 27 to 30), then NGC 1369 = ESO 358-034 = PGC 13330 and the bright star (4.5' SE) is mag 7.2 HD 22621.
This galaxy was listed in a table of new nebulae found between 1909-11 at the Helwan Observatory, but Knox-Shaw remarked that it was "possibly identical with [NGC] 1369." ESO-LV (surface photometry catalogue) and RC3 identify NGC 1369 = ESO 358-034 but the ESO-Uppsala catalogue and MCG don't label this galaxy as NGC 1369. The RNGC calls this number nonexistent.
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NGC 1370 = ESO 548-048 = MCG -03-10-013 = LGG 095-002 = PGC 13265
03 35 14.5 -20 22 26; Eri
V = 12.6; Size 1.5'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 50°
17.5" (12/9/01): fairly faint, small, elongated 4:3 SW-NE, 0.6'x0.4'. Situated exactly midway between two mag 13/14 stars just off the NW and SE flanks (both ~40" from center)! NGC 1362 lies 20' WNW.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1370 = H. III-559 = H.
III-960 = h2554 on 20 Sep 1786 (sweep 597). He logged III. 559 as "3 very small stars in a line,
with vF nebulosity. On 19 Dec 1799
(sweep 1091) he recorded III. 960 as "very faint, very small, 300x
confirmed it." His position
on both sweeps are pretty close to
In the CGH catalogue, John Herschel assigned the first H-designation to h2551 (NGC 1362) and the second to h2554 (NGC 1370). Auwers has a note to III. 559, commenting on the large discrepancy in position with h2551 (87 seconds in RA and 4' in Dec). In the GC, Herschel decided to reverse the assignment of his father's numbers and Dreyer copied this in the NGC. But both observations refer to NGC 1370. John Herschel made 3 observations, recording on 11 Dec 1835, "vF; R; situated exactly between 2 stars 14th mag."
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NGC 1371 = NGC 1367 = ESO 482-010 = MCG -04-09-029 = UGCA 79 = AM 0332-250 = LGG 097-012 = PGC 13255
03 35 01.3 -24 56 00; For
V = 10.7; Size 5.6'x3.9'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 135°
17.5" (11/26/94): fairly bright, moderately bright, elongated 3:2 NW-SE, 2.5'x1.5', halo fades into the background. Very bright elongated core 30" diameter increases to a stellar nucleus. A mag 8.3 star SAO 168653 (wide double at 53" with a mag 11.5 star) is 4.5' NE. NGC 1360 lies one degree SSW.
8" (10/31/81): faint, moderately large, bright core, diffuse halo.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1371 = H. II-262 = h2555 on
17 Nov 1784 (sweep 321) and logged "F, a little & irr E above 1' in
dia." His position is ~5' N
of
Ormond Stone independently found the galaxy in 1886 and recorded LM 1-106 (later NGC 1367) as "mag 13.0 [bright], *9, nf 5.0'." His rough position is a good match for NGC 1371 and his comment about the nearby star clinches the equivalence. Dorothy Carlson and Harold Corwin both conclude NGC 1371 = NGC 1367, with NGC 1371 the primary designation.
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03 36 59.7 -15 52 53; Eri
V = 14.3; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.2
18" (11/23/05): very faint, extremely small, round,
15"-20" diameter. A mag
14.5 star lies 1' SW.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1372 = LM 1-108 on 12 Nov
1885 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position (nearest min of RA)
is 0.9 tmin west of
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03 34 59.2 -35 10 16; For
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 131°
18" (12/17/11): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated
4:3 NW-SE, 40"x30", broad concentration. Smallest and faintest in a trio with
13.1" (12/22/84): very faint, extremely small. First of three with NGC 1374 4.8' SE
and
John Herschel discovered NGC 1373 = h2556 on 29 Nov 1837 and
recorded "eF, vS, the preceding of three [with NGC 1374 and
1375]." His position is quite
poor and lands at the southwest edge of NGC 1374, so clearly there was some
problem with the observation. When
Julius Schmidt observed the field he measured an accurate position for NGC
1374, but was unsure of its identification and has no measurement for NGC
1373. Still, there are only three
galaxies here, and Herschel's description is appropriate for
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NGC 1374 = ESO 358-023 = MCG -06-08-029 = LGG 096-014 = PGC 13267
03 35 16.6 -35 13 35; For
V = 11.1; Size 2.5'x2.3'; Surf Br = 12.9
18" (12/17/11): very bright, moderately large, round, 1.2' diameter. Contains a relatively large intense core that increases to the center. Forms a striking pair with NGC 1375 2.3' S of center. NGC 1373 lies 4.9' NW and
13.1" (12/22/84): fairly bright, round, bright core. In a close trio with NGC 1375 2' S and NGC 1373 4.8' NW. Member of the Fornax I cluster.
8" (10/31/81): faint, small, round.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1374 = h2557 (along with NGC 1373 = h2556 and NGC 1375 = h2558) on 29 Nov 1837, recording "vB, pL, lE, gradually much brighter middle, the 2nd of three." His position was 1.6' ENE of center (similar offset as NGC 1375). In 1865 Julius Schmidt measured a more accurate position with the 6.2" refractor at the Athens Observatory.
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NGC 1375 = ESO 358-024 = MCG -06-08-030 = LGG 098-002 = PGC 13266
03 35 16.8 -35 15 57; For
V = 12.4; Size 2.2'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 91°
18" (12/17/11): fairly bright, fairly large, elongated 5:2 E-W, 1.4'x0.6'. Broad concentration with a fairly large brighter core. Forms a striking pair with NGC 1374 2.3' N.
13.1" (12/22/84): fairly faint, edge-on streak 3:1 E-W. In a trio with NGC 1374 2.4' N and NGC 1373 6.8' NW. Member of the Fornax I cluster.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1375 = h2558 in the Fornax Cluster and described "B, S, lE, pretty much brighter middle; the 3d of 3 [with NGC 1373 and 137] of the same RA as the second." His RA is 7 sec too large, but Julius Schmidt's position (measured on 19 Jan 1865 with the 6.2" refractor at the Athens Observatory and listed as nebula "c") is accurate in RA.
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NGC 1376 = MCG -01-10-011 = LGG 103-002 = PGC 13352
03 37 05.9 -05 02 34; Eri
V = 12.1; Size 2.0'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 95°
17.5" (11/25/87): moderately bright, fairly large, slightly elongated, diffuse, weak concentration. Member of the NGC 1376/1417 Group (LGG 103).
13.1" (12/7/85): moderately bright, round, moderately large, weak concentration, diffuse.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1376 = H. II-288 = h303 on 28 Jan 1785 (sweep 359) and logged "F, pL, irr R, r." John Herschel measured an accurate position on 16 Oct 1827 (sweep 96), calling it "L; the faintest thing imaginable."
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03 36 39.0 -20 54 05; Eri
V = 12.5; Size 1.8'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 92°
17.5" (12/9/01): moderately bright, fairly small,
elongated 2:1 E-W, bright core, 1.2'x0.6'. Located 11' W of mag 9.5
William Herschel discovered NGC 1377 = H. II-961 = h2560 on 19 Dec 1799 (sweep 1091) and noted "vF, vS." John Herschel made two observations from the Cape of Good Hope, recording it as "F, S, R, bM, 15 arcsec."
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03 35 58.2 -35 12 40; For
= **, Carlson & ESO. Not found, de Vaucouleurs
Julius Schmidt discovered NGC 1378 on 19 Jan 1865 with the 6.2-inch refractor at the Athens Observatory during his survey of the Fornax Cluster (nebula "d" in his table). His position corresponds with an 11" double star (brighter component mag 13.2) and ESO, Dorothy Carlson and Harold Corwin identify NGC 1378 with these two stars.
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03 36 04.0 -35 26 29; For
V = 10.9; Size 2.4'x2.3'; Surf Br = 12.8
18" (12/17/11): very bright, fairly large, round, 1.6'
diameter. Well concentrated with a very bright 20" core that increases to
a bright, stellar nucleus.
Slightly larger
13.1" (12/22/84): bright, almost round, bright core, almost stellar nucleus. Forms a right angle with NGC 1387 11.5' SE and NGC 1381 10' NE. Member of the Fornax I cluster.
8" (10/31/81): faint, small, round, bright core.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1379 = h2561 on 25 Dec 1835 and
reported a "Globular cluster, pB, R, gradually pretty much brighter
middle, 70 arcsec." His
position corresponds with
In 1915, Harold Knox-Shaw reported it was not resolved visually and showed on continuous spectrum on a photograph taken at the Helwan Observatory with the Reynolds reflector.
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03 36 27.5 -34 58 31; For
V = 9.9; Size 4.8'x2.3'; Surf Br = 12.4; PA = 7°
18" (12/17/11): extremely bright, large, elongated ~5:3 N-S, ~3.0'x1.8'. Sharply concentrated with an intense, elongated core that brightens to the center, though there was no evident nucleus. A mag 13.5 star is superimposed ~0.9' SW of center. This is one of the brightest Fornax cluster galaxies.
13.1" (12/22/84): very bright, elongated 2:1 N-S, bright core, faint elongated halo. A very faint mag 14 star is SW of the core 1.2' from the center. Member of Fornax I cluster.
8" (10/31/81): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated, bright core.
James Dunlop discovered NGC 1380 = D 574 = h2559 on 2 Sep 1826 with his 9" reflector at Parramatta. He recorded "a rather faint pretty well-defined elliptical nebula, about 1' long, and 50" broad, a little brighter to the centre." His single position was well off, 19.5' too far ESE, but this is brightest single galaxy he likely picked up. John Herschel also made a single observation on sweep 635 (19 Oct 1835) and logged, "very bright; large; round; pretty suddenly brighter towards the middle; A fine nebula." He added: "The obs. of the place like that of Dunlop 591 above was lost by setting the instrument on the place given in Mr Dunlop's Catalogue, and relying on his RA (3h 31m) which is too great, instead of sweeping over them, when they could not have escaped being regularly taken." In 1865 Julius Schmidt measured a more accurate position with the 6.2" refractor at the Athens Observatory.
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NGC 1381 = ESO 358-029 = MCG -06-09-003 = PGC 13321
03 36 31.6 -35 17 43; For
V = 11.5; Size 2.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 139°
18" (12/17/11): fairly bright, fairly large, very
elongated 3:1 NW-SE, 1.6'x0.5'.
Sharply concentrated with a small, very bright core that increases to
the center. A mag 14 star lies
1.8' SE and a similar star is 3' NW.
Situated nearly at the midpoint of a line connecting
13.1" (12/22/84): fairly bright, edge-on 3:1 NW-SE, bright core, faint elongated halo. A mag 14 star is 1.8' SE of center. Member of the Fornax I cluster with NGC 1379 10' SW and NGC 1387 14' SSE.
8" (10/31/81): faint, small, elongated.
Julius Schmidt discovered NGC 1381 on 19 Jan 1865 with the
6.2-inch Plössl refractor at the Athens Observatory. It was found during his survey of the Fornax Cluster on the
same night (nebula "e" in his table published in 1876). His position is an excellent match with
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NGC 1382 = NGC 1380B = ESO 358-037 = MCG -06-09-009 = PGC 13354
03 37 09.0 -35 11 42; For
V = 12.9; Size 1.5'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 179°
18" (12/17/11): fairly faint, moderately large, round, 0.8' diameter. Fairly low surface brightness with only a broad, mild concentration and no core or zones. NGC 1381 lies 9.6' SW.
13.1" (12/22/84): very faint, round, fairly small, very diffuse. On a line with NGC 1381 9.5' SW and NGC 1379 20' SW. Member of the Fornax I cluster.
Julius Schmidt discovered NGC 1382 on 19 Jan 1865 with the 6.2-inch Plössl refractor at the Athens Observatory. It was found during a survey of the Fornax Cluster (nebula "f" in his table). There is nothing at his position, but 37 seconds of RA east and 1.7' S is ESO 358-037. This is the only reasonable candidate but his position for NGC 1381 (the previous object is his list) is accurate, so the identification NGC 1382 = ESO 358-037 is uncertain.
Harold Knox-Shaw found this galaxy again on a photograph taken with the 30-inch Reynolds reflector between 1912-14 at the Helwan Observatory and reported it as new in the 1915 observatory bulletin. de Vaucouleurs called this galaxy NGC 1380B in his 1956 "Survey of Bright Galaxies South of -35° Declination", based on Mt Stromlo plates. See Harold Corwin's notes for more.
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03 37 39.2 -18 20 22; Eri
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 91°
17.5" (12/11/99): moderately bright, moderately large,
elongated 3:2 E-W, 1.0'x0.6', well concentrated. Situated between two mag 13/14.5 stars 1.5' SW and NE. First in a group of 7 NGC galaxies
including
John Herschel discovered NGC 1383 = h2562 on 11 Dec 1835 and recorded "pF, vS, R, pretty suddenly much brighter middle." His position is accurate.
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03 39 13.5 +15 49 08; Tau
V = 14.4; Size 0.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 145°
17.5" (11/2/91): very faint, very small, round. A mag 13.5 star is 1.2' WNW of
center. Located 3.5' WSW of mag
8.6
Albert Marth discovered NGC 1384 = m 90 on 20 Oct 1864 with
William Lassell's 48" on Malta and noted a "neb * 13." His position falls very close to a
faint, unequal double star but Harold Corwin notes that 1.6' S is
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03 37 28.8 -24 30 07; For
V = 10.9; Size 3.4'x2.0'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 165°
48" (10/29/19): at 610x; very bright, large, excellent spiral with an unusual, chaotic appearance! Overall, the galaxy is elongated ~5:3 N-S, ~3.0'x1.8', with a prominent thick bar running ~E-W through the center. A small, bright knot is close north of the west end of the bar.
A brighter, elongated patch (probably a short section of a spiral arm) was easily seen extending north of the bar. Only the initial part of the southern arm attached to the west end of the bar was visible. The main, long spiral arm was rooted on the east end of the bar and stretched well north of the central region. Its surface brightness seemed irregular or patchy. The arm faded and was less defined as it curled clockwise and spread west on the north end of the halo. The south portion of the halo was faint overall (due to dust) but displayed a semi-circular outline due to the very low surface brightness southern arm.
17.5" (11/26/94): fairly bright, moderately large. Dimensions are 2.5'x2.0' slightly elongated N-S, but with an irregular appearance. A bright bar appears to extend through the galaxy WNW-ESE surrounded by an irregular patchy halo more elongated N-S. Spiral structure is strongly suggested with a spiral arm on the NE side. The galaxy appears more extensive north of the bar. Located within a 10' string of four mag 11-12 stars oriented SW-NE.
8" (10/31/81): faint, fairly small, brighter core.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1385 = H. II-263 = h2563 on 17 Nov 1784 (sweep 321) and recorded "F but less bright than the last [NGC 1371], bM, about 1.5' dia." His position is 4' too far north-northwest. John Herschel called this object "B, R, gradually pretty much brighter middle, 40 arcsec" and measured an accurate position.
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03 36 46.2 -35 59 58; Eri
V = 11.2; Size 3.4'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.7; PA = 25°
18" (12/17/11): bright or very bright, large, elongated
5:2 SW-NE, 2.5'x1.0'. Gradually
brighter outer halo, then sharply concentrated with a very bright, elongated
core that increases towards the center.
13.1" (1/1/84): moderately bright, elongated 2:1 SW-NE,
bright core. NGC 1389 lies 16' NNE
and NGC 1369 15' S (not observed).
Located 5.2' NNW of mag 9.5
8" (1/1/84): fairly faint, bright core, almost round.
Julius Schmidt discovered NGC 1386 on 19 Jan 1865 with the
6.2-inch Plössl refractor at the Athens Observatory during his survey of the
Fornax Cluster (nebula "g" in his table). His position is at the east
edge of
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NGC 1387 = ESO 358-036 = MCG -06-09-007 = LGG 096-016 = PGC 13344
03 36 56.8 -35 30 24; For
V = 10.7; Size 2.8'x2.8'; Surf Br = 12.8
18" (12/17/11): at 285x appeared bright to very bright,
fairly large, round, 2' diameter.
Sharply concentrated with a very bright 25"-30" core that
increases to a stellar or quasi-stellar nucleus. Bracketed at low power by NGC 1379 11.5' WNW and
13.1" (12/22/84): moderately bright, small, round, possible faint stellar nucleus. Member of Fornax I cluster. NGC 1381 lies 14' NNW and NGC 1379 11.5' WNW.
8" (10/31/81): faint, small, round, broad concentration.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1387 = h2564 on 25 Dec 1835 and described a "globular cluster, vB, R, gradually much brighter middle, 90 arcseconds, A globular cluster in all probability identical with this, was also seen in Sweep 636, while searching beyond the meridian for Dunlop 562." His position is accurate. He also described a few other galaxies in the Fornax cluster as globulars (NGCs 1310, 1379, 1399 and 1436). In 1915 Knox-Shaw reported it was similar to 1380 and 1399 "and probably a nebula", based on a photograph as well as a visual observation with the 30-inch Reynolds reflector at the Helwan Observatory.
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03 38 12.0 -15 53 58; Eri
V = 13.9; Size 0.7'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5" (12/9/01): very faint, small, round, 20" diameter. Forms the eastern vertex of a triangle with a mag 11.5 star 4.5' W and a mag 13 star 3' SW. NGC 1372 lies 17' W.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1388 = LM 1-109 on 12 Nov
1885 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position (nearest min of RA)
happens to be fairly accurate in this case, falling 2.4' SE of
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NGC 1389 = ESO 358-038 = MCG -06-09-010 = LGG 098-004 = PGC 13360
03 37 11.7 -35 44 46; Eri
V = 11.5; Size 2.3'x1.4'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 30°
18" (12/17/11): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, 60"x40". Moderately concentrated with a brighter core and a thin fainter halo. Forms the SW vertex of a trapezoid with a mag 10 star 3' N, and two mag 12 stars 3' E and 3.7' NE.
13.1" (1/1/84): moderately bright, small, almost round, weak concentration. Member of Fornax I cluster.
8" (1/1/84): faint, small, round.
Julius Schmidt discovered NGC 1389 on 19 Jan 1865 with the 6.2-inch Plössl refractor at the Athens Observatory. It was found during his survey of the Fornax Cluster (nebula "h" on his list). His position is accurate.
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03 37 52.1 -19 00 30; Eri
V = 13.7; Size 1.4'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 19°
17.5" (1/12/02): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 SSW-NNE, 1.0'x0.4'. Very weak concentration along the major axis. Situated 6' N of a mag 9.8 star and ~40' SW of the NGC 1407 group.
Frank Muller discovered NGC 1390 = LM 2-372 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and noted "mag 14.0, 1.0'x0.6', E 260°." There is nothing at his position but 16 sec of RA west and 2' N is ESO 548-054 = PGC 13386, the only nearby candidate. His PA is in error (should read 20°, instead of 260°). The RA was corrected in Robert Baker's 1937 "Catalogue of 1113 Galaxies in a Region in Fornax and Eridanus".
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03 38 52.9 -18 21 15; Eri
V = 13.3; Size 1.1'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 65°
17.5" (12/11/99): faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3
~E-W, very weak concentration.
Located between
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1391 = LM 2-373 in 1886
with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick Observatory. His description reads "mag 15.4,
0.4' dia, R, gradually brighter middle to a nucleus, 1st of 3, one of which is
GC 742 [NGC 1383]. There is
nothing at his position, but 28 tsec of RA east is
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03 22 44.4 -37 06 13; For
V = 11.0; Size 2.8'x2.4'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 78°
See observing notes for NGC 1317.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1392 = Sw. 6-15 on 13 Feb 1887, along with Sw. 6-14, and recorded "vF; pS; R." There is nothing at his position, though Sw. 6-15 was placed ~4.5' N of brighter VI-14. Swift has a long note at the end of his 6th list about VI-14 and VI-15. He assumed VI-14 referred to the "Great Southern Comet" 1887-I, though he found it 3° south of the predicted place. At the end of his paper, H.C.F. Kreutz remarked that the most recent orbital calculations placed Swift's nebula 38 minutes of RA east and 4° south of the position of the comet, so they were likely not related. More of the story which follows, is gleaned from Gary Kronk's book on Lewis Swift and Harold Corwin's IC identification notes.
In the following volume of Astronomische Nachrichten (AN 118, 203), Swift wrote (17 Dec) "I have made two unsuccessful attempts to refind the two objects one of which I thought was very probably Comet 1887-I. The seeing on both occasions were fairly good but not equal that when seen which was exceptionally fine. I am therefore not surprised that the faintest one was not seen as it was a very faint object and though so near the suspected comet was not noticed for some little time. In fact I begin to fear I shall never see the faint one again in consequence of an increased number of electric street lights south of and not far from the observatory."
Barnard also searched for Swift's nebulae and reported on 19 November (AN 118, 173) he strongly suspected Swift's positions were erroneous as he searched for the comet unsuccessfully on 11 and 12 February and would have picked up a brighter object when he covered Swift's position. After later receiving a letter from Swift, he specifically searched for the nebulae again on the 15th of November with a 6.4-inch refractor (at Vanderbilt) and found nothing at Swift's position. But expanding his search area he found two nebulae with the same relative positions and appropriate descriptions that "seems to me that these are Swift's objects". A note was added by A. Krueger, AN's editor, that based on Barnard's position, the two nebulae are GC 697 and 698 (= NGC 1316 and 1317). This would imply Swift made a very large error of 15 minutes of time in RA (too far east), but otherwise these galaxies are a good match with Swift's description and relative positions!
Swift was apparently quite upset by Barnard's remarks and responded in the AN 118 note (5 Jan 1888) that the previous night he observed Barnard's nebulae and "they bear about as much resemblance to mine as the Orion nebula does to the Andromeda nebula. I am now more thoroughly convinced that the suspected object was a comet than I was at first and highly probably was comet 1887 I." Despite Swift's comments, the most likely conclusion is NGC 1392 = NGC 1317 and Sw. 6-14 = NGC 1316.
ESO misidentifies
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NGC 1393 = ESO 548-058 = MCG -03-10-019 = PGC 13425
03 38 38.5 -18 25 41; Eri
V = 12.0; Size 1.9'x1.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 170°
17.5" (12/11/99): moderately bright, moderately large, slightly elongated ~N-S, 1' diameter, bright core. Member of the NGC 1407 group. First of three on a line with NGC 1391 5.6' NE and NGC 1394 10' NE.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1393 = H. III-451 = h2565 on 6 Oct 1785 (sweep 459) and recorded "vF, S, R." John Herschel logged "pF, R, gradually little brighter middle, 30" diameter." Both Herschels missed nearby NGC 1391 and NGC 1394 to the NE.
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NGC 1394 = ESO 548-060 = MCG -03-10-021 = PGC 13444
03 39 06.9 -18 17 32; Eri
V = 12.8; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.1; PA = 5°
17.5" (12/11/99): fairly faint, elongated 2:1 SSW-NNE, 0.8'x0.4', small bright core. A mag 13 star lies 1.6' N. Third of three on a line with NGC 1393 and NGC 1391.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1394 = LM 2-374 in 1886
with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded
"mag 14.5, 0.4'x0.2', E 170°, suddenly brighter in the middle to a nucleus,
3rd of 3." There is nothing
at his position, but 30 seconds of time further east is
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03 38 29.8 -23 01 41; Eri
V = 9.6; Size 5.9'x4.5'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 126°
13.1" (10/10/86): bright, fairly small, oval 4:3 ~E-W,
very bright core, fainter halo.
Two faint mag 14 stars lie on the west and north edges 1.0' from
center. Brightest in a group of
five with
8" (10/31/81): fairly bright, small, round, small bright core.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1395 = H. I-58 = h2566 on 17 Nov 1784 (sweep 321) and logged "B, S, lE, mbM." John Herschel recorded "vB, pmE, pretty suddenly much brighter middle, 60" long", and measured an accurate position (2 sweeps).
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03 38 06.5 -35 26 24; Eri
V = 13.8; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 12.3; PA = 90°
18" (12/17/11): extremely faint, small, slightly elongated, ~20" diameter, low surface brightness. Requires averted vision and no details were visible. Located just 4.7' W of NGC 1399 (second brightest galaxy in the Fornax cluster).
18" (12/30/08): extremely faint, very small, slightly elongated, 20"x15". Required averted to glimpse though the observation may have been affected by clouds or contrails. Located 4.7' W of NGC 1399 in the Fornax I cluster.
Note: this identification is very unlikely and the number should probably be classified as "lost".
Julius Schmidt discovered NGC 1396 on 19 Jan 1865 with the
6.2-inch Plössl refractor at the Athens Observatory during his survey of the
Fornax Cluster (nebula "i" in his table). There is nothing at his position of 03 38 01 -35 40 17
(2000), and the RNGC classifies NGC 1396 as nonexistent. The Southern Galaxy Catalogue and RC3,
though, identify
But I'm not convinced that Schmidt could have picked up this galaxy with a 6-inch refractor as it was extremely faint in my 18-inch. Harold Corwin took another look at the SGC galaxy in September 2017 and is now also skeptical this is the object seen by Schmidt. See Harold Corwin's historical notes and my RNGC Corrections #6.
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03 39 47.2 -04 40 12; Eri
V = 13.7; Size 1.5'x1.5'; Surf Br = 14.4
17.5" (11/25/87): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated NW-SE, weak concentration.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1397 = H. III-569 on 30 Sep
1786 (sweep 608) and recorded "eF, lE, easily resolvable." His position (re-reduced by Auwers) is
just 1.3' NE of
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NGC 1398 = ESO 482-022 = MCG -04-09-040 = PGC 13434
03 38 52.0 -26 20 13; For
V = 9.7; Size 7.1'x5.4'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 100°
17.5" (11/26/94): very bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1, 2.2'x1.1', well concentrated with a very bright 30" rounder core and a stellar nucleus. NGC 1360 lies 1.3° NW. This galaxy has a beautiful inner and outer ring structure on deep images.
14.5" (12/17/20): bright, large, slightly elongated central region at least 1.5' diameter. Strongly and sharply concentrated with a very bright inner core that increases to an intense stellar nucleus. The outer halo is very diffuse and difficult to judge diameter but perhaps 2.5' to 3'.
8" (10/31/81): fairly bright, moderately large, round, bright core.
Wilhelm Tempel discovered NGC 1398, along with an independent discovery of NGC 1360, on 9 Oct 1861 using his personal 4-inch Steinheil refractor from Marseilles. Tempel didn't announce the discovery until May 1882. In the meantime it was independently found by Friedrich August Winnecke on 17 Dec 1868 with a 4.5-inch refractor by Reinfelder & Hertel at Karlsruhe. It was also found by Eugen Block (announced in AN 2287) on 18 Oct 1879 with a 4-inch refractor at Odessa. This is the brightest galaxy discovered by Tempel (V = 9.7) and the most southerly.
Based on plates taken at the Helwan observatory in 1927-31, NGC 1398 was described as an "oval ring 5' diameter, surrounding a faint, disc 1.5' diameter with a vB central almost stellar ncl, 1/2' with a pF axis E 10°."
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NGC 1399 = ESO 358-045 = MCG -06-09-012 = LGG 096-017 = PGC 13418
03 38 29.0 -35 27 04; For
V = 9.6; Size 6.9'x6.5'; Surf Br = 13.7
18" (12/17/11): very bright, large, round, 3'
diameter. The outer halo has a
fairly low surface brightness but the central portion is sharply concentrated
with a very bright 35" core.
The core continues to brighten significantly to a quasi-stellar
nucleus. A star is superimposed
less than 20" NNE of center.
Brighter of a pair with
13.1" (12/22/84): bright, large faint halo is broadly concentrated, brighter core. A star is superimposed 0.3' N of the center. This galaxy is the second brightest and second largest in the core of the Fornax I cluster. NGC 1404 is 10' SE.
8" (10/31/81): fairly bright, round, bright core.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1399 = h2569 on 22 Oct 1835 and recorded a "globular cluster, vB, pL, pretty suddenly brighter middle, resolvable or resolved, 2'." He also described a few other galaxies in the Fornax cluster as globulars (NGCs 1310, 1379, 1387 and 1436). In 1915, Harold Knox-Shaw reported it was not resolved visually awith the 30-inch Reynolds reflector at the Helwan Observatory.
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NGC 1400 = ESO 548-062 = MCG -03-10-022 = PGC 13470
03 39 30.8 -18 41 17; Eri
V = 11.0; Size 2.3'x2.0'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 40°
17.5" (12/11/99): fairly bright, moderately large, slightly elongated, brighter core, stellar nucleus. Smaller and fainter than NGC 1407 11' NE. Possible member of the NGC 1407 group.
13.1" (1/18/85): moderately bright, small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus, small faint halo. Forms a wide pair with NGC 1407 11.6' NE.
8" (10/31/81): faint, very small, round. Situated 11' SW of NGC 1407.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1400 = H. II-593 = h2567 on 20 Sep 1786 (sweep 597) and recorded "pB, pS, R, resembling the following [NGC 1407], but much less." John Herschel noted "B, R, pretty suddenly much brighter middle, 30"."
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NGC 1401 = ESO 482-026 = MCG -04-09-042 = LGG 097-010 = PGC 13457
03 39 21.9 -22 43 29; Eri
V = 12.3; Size 2.4'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 130°
13.1" (10/10/86): faint, small, edge-on 4:1 NW-SE, bright core. A mag 13.5 star is just 0.4' N of center. NGC 1403 lies 20' N.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1401 = H. III-247 = h2568 on 9 Dec 1784 (sweep 331) and noted "eF, vS." His RA was 23 seconds too large, but John Herschel measured an accurate position. I'm surprised neither noted the elongation.
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03 39 30.5 -18 31 37; Eri
V = 13.6; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 88°
17.5" (12/11/99): fairly faint, small, round, gradually increases to a small brighter core. Located 10' S of NGC 1400 in a group.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1402 = LM 2-376 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His position essentially matches ESO 548-061 = PGC 13467.
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NGC 1403 = ESO 482-025 = MCG -04-09-041 = PGC 13445
03 39 10.8 -22 23 18; Eri
V = 12.7; Size 1.3'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 175°
17.5" (11/2/91): fairly faint, small, 40" diameter, small bright core surrounded by a very faint halo, almost stellar nucleus. A mag 14.5 star is just off the west edge 30" from the center. A bright wide double star mag 8/10.5 at 30" is located 4' NNE. NGC 1401 lies 20' S.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1403 = LM 2-375 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His RA was 0.2 minutes of time too large and it was corrected in Robert Baker's 1933 "Catalogue of 985 Extragalactic Nebulae in a Region in Fornax and Eridanus".
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NGC 1404 = ESO 358-046 = MCG -06-09-013 = LGG 094-012 = PGC 13433
03 38 52.1 -35 35 38; For
V = 10.0; Size 3.3'x3.0'; Surf Br = 12.5
18" (12/17/11): very bright, moderately large, round,
1.5' diameter. The outer halo
gradually increases then brightens fairly rapidly to a small, very bright
core. The core increases to the
center but a stellar nucleus wasn't seen.
A mag 12-12.5 star is 45" SE, at the edge of the halo. Mag 8.1
At 285x, supernova 2011iv, discovered on Dec 2, was easily visible just 7" W and 8" N of center. The supernova was similar in brightness to the mag 12-12.5 star at or just off the southeast edge of the halo.
13.1" (12/22/84): bright, fairly small, round, bright
core. Located just 2.8' NNW of mag
8.1
8" (10/31/81): fairly bright, small, round, bright core. A mag 8 star is close SSE.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1404 = h2571 on 28 Nov 1837 and recorded (the following night) "vB, R, pretty suddenly much brighter middle, 40", has a star N.f." His RA was 12 seconds too large and the star is south following but this identification is certain. In 1865 Julius Schmidt measured a more accurate position with the 6.2" refractor at the Athens Observatory, though he initially reported it as a new nebula. His later table in 1876 correctly identifies it as h2571.
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03 40 18.9 -15 31 48; Eri
V = 15.6; Size 1.5'x0.5'; Surf Br = 15.1; PA = 153°
17.5" (12/9/01): extremely faint, fairly small,
elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, 0.6'x0.3'.
Requires averted to glimpse.
Located 5' NNE of brighter
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1405 = LM 1-110, along with NGC 1413, on 26 Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at Leander McCormick. He logged "mag 16.0, pL, vE 150°, gradually little brighter middle, sev vF st inv." His rough position (nearest minute of RA) is accurate and the position angle matches, though no are stars involved (noted first by Herbert Howe in 1900). Howe measured an accurate RA in 1899-00 at Denver.
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03 39 23.1 -31 19 18; For
V = 11.8; Size 3.8'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 15°
13.1" (1/18/85): fairly faint, edge-on 5:1 SSW-NNE, moderately large, 3.0'x0.6, brighter core, dims at ends of extensions. Located 16' ESE of mag 7.4 SAO 194416. Member of the Fornax I cluster.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1406 = h2572 on 18 Nov 1835 and accurately recorded "F, vmE, very gradually little brighter middle, 2' l, 20" br; *7 mag precedes in parallel."
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NGC 1407 = ESO 548-067 = MCG -03-10-030 = LGG 100-004 = PGC 13505
03 40 11.8 -18 34 48; Eri
V = 9.7; Size 4.6'x4.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 35°
24" (1/1/19): at 260x; very bright, very large, round, 2.5'-3' diameter. The galaxy displayed three distinct brightness zones that were sharply delineated. The large halo was fairly smooth, but the sharply concentrated with a very bright core. The core has a sharp brightness spike with an extremely bright nucleus!
A number of galaxies are nearby including NGC 1400 11.5' SW,
NGC 1402 10' WNW,
17.5" (12/11/99): bright, moderately large, round, 1.5' diameter, bright core, nearly stellar nucleus. Brightest in the NGC 1407 Group (LGG 100), which includes 8 NGC galaxies and IC 343.
13.1" (1/18/85): bright, fairly small, bright core, stellar nucleus. Forms a wide pair with NGC 1400 11.6' SW.
8" (10/31/81): bright, small, round, small bright core.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1407 = H. I-107 = h2570 on 6 Oct 1785 (sweep 459). He recorded "B, R, mbM or large nucleus, about 1.5' diameter." He included his sketch (fig. 28) in his 1811 PT publication as an example of "Nebulae that have a Nucleus". John Herschel called it "vB, L, R, first very gradually then very small, very much brighter middle; 3' diameter."
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03 39 24 -35 31; For
= Not found, RNGC, Corwin and ESO.
Julius Schmidt discovered NGC 1408 on 19 Jan 1865 with the 6.2-inch refractor at the Athens Observatory during his survey of the Fornax Cluster (nebula "k" in his table). There is nothing near his position, though a 20" pair of mag 14.5/15.5 stars is 1.6' NW and a slightly close pair of mag 13.5/15 star is 4' SE. Either might apply, so this number is considered lost. See Corwin's notes.
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03 41 10.4 -01 18 08; Tau
V = 13.9; Size 0.9'x0.7'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 130°
24" (2/5/21): NGC 1409 is the brighter southwestern
component of a double system with
17.5" (10/24/87): faint, small, oval SSW-NNE. This is a contact pair with NGC 1410 - just 14" between centers. At high power appears faint, small, round, small bright core. NGC 1410 is just 15" NE in a common halo. Located on the Eridanus border.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1409 = H. III-263 = h304 on 6 Jan 1785 (sweep 351) and logged "Suspected, eF, stellar or lE, 240x power rather confirmed it, but left a doubt." His position is 2' south of this double system (with NGC 1410).
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NGC 1410 = VV 729 = III Zw 55 = MCG +00-10-012 = CGCG 391-028 = PGC 13556
03 41 10.7 -01 17 55; Tau
V = 13.7; Size 1.2'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 120°
24" (2/5/21): NGC 1410 is the fainter northeastern component of an interacting double system with NGC 1409 [15" between centers]. At 260x; faint, very small, round, 15" diameter, stellar nucleus. Sometimes appears as a "bulge" extending out of the north side of NGC 1409, but resolved clearly at 375x.
17.5" (10/24/87): faint, very small, round, small bright core. Forms a very close contact pair with NGC 1409 on the Eridanus border.
R.J. Mitchell, Lord Rosse's observer, discovered NGC 1410 on 17 Jan 1855. He recorded a "Double neb [with NGC 1409], north and south, both vS, bM. Cannot make out whether there is a connexion between them."
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03 38 44.9 -44 06 02; Hor
V = 11.3; Size 2.3'x1.7'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 6°
24" (11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): very
bright, fairly large, elongated 4:3 ~N-S, ~2'x1.5'. Very sharply concentrated with an intensely bright 20"
core and fairly even surface brightness halo that gradually fades out.
13.1" (10/10/86): moderately bright, fairly small, round, bright core. One of farthest southern galaxies easily viewed from Northern California.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1411 = h2573 on 24 Oct 1835 and recorded "B, R, very small & very much brighter middle, 20 arcsec." His position is accurate. Harold Corwin suggests Lewis Swift may have found this galaxy again on 3 Oct 1897 at Echo Mountain, but made an error in recording the RA of Sw. 11-55, with the RA 9 min too small (the dec matches). If so, then NGC 1411 = IC 1943. See Corwin's notes for IC 1943.
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03 40 29.3 -26 51 44; For
V = 12.5; Size 1.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 131°
17.5" (1/12/02): moderately bright, moderately large, elongated nearly 2:1 NW-SE, 1.3'x0.7', bright core. Situated in a group of three mag 11/12 stars with a mag 12 star 1.6' SE. Located 38' SE of NGC 1398 in northeast Fornax.
John Herschel found NGC 1412 = h2574 on 20 Nov 1835 and
recorded "F, S, E, gradually pretty much brighter middle, 15"; has a
* S.f. distance 2'." There is
nothing at his position and NGC 1412 was reported as not found on a 60 min
exposure at the Helwan observatory (1935) or on Bruce 24-inch refractor plates
from South Africa (Robert Baker, 1933).
As a result the RNGC classified the number as nonexistent. But 40' due south of Herschel's
position is
Lewis Swift found this galaxy again on 26 Dec 1897, placed
it 37 sec of RA too far west (declination matches) in discovery list XI-58 (later
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03 40 11.5 -15 36 39; Eri
V = 14.3; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 14.1
17.5" (12/9/01): very faint, small, round, 20" diameter. A mag 14.5 star is located 1.7' W. Forms a pair with NGC 1405 5' NNE.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1413 = LM 1-111 (along
with NGC 1405 = I-110) on 26 Dec 1885 with the 26" refractor at the
Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 15.0, vS, R, little
brighter in the middle." His
rough position (nearest minute of RA) is 0.8 min of RA east of
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03 40 57.0 -21 42 48; Eri
V = 14.0; Size 1.4'x0.3'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 172°
17.5" (1/12/02): faint, fairly small, very elongated
3:1 N-S, 1.0'x0.3'. Collinear with
two mag 13 stars 6' S. Forms a
pair with
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1414 = LM 2-377 on 19 Nov 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 15.8, 1.6'x0.1', E 0° (N-S), brighter middle to a nucleus. His description and position is accurate (just off the south side). Herbert Howe corrected position, measured in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory, refers to NGC 1422. In Harvard Observatory's 1933 "Catalogue of 985 Extragalactic Nebulae in a Region in Fornax and Eridanus", Robert Baker noted the "Original NGC position in agreement with present catalogue".
NGC 1414 was first photographed by Delisle Stewart at Harvard's Arequipa Station between 1898 and 1901 and described in a list of NGC corrections as "Elongated at 165°."
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NGC 1415 = IC 1983 = ESO 482-033 = MCG -04-09-047 = LGG 097-011 = PGC 13544
03 40 56.8 -22 33 50; Eri
V = 11.9; Size 3.5'x1.8'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 148°
17.5" (11/2/91): moderately bright, moderately
large. Contains a bright core with
a bright almost stellar nucleus and a much fainter halo elongated 2:1
NW-SE. A mag 11 star is 2.7' NNW
of center. Forms a wide pair with
NGC 1416 9' S. Located 8.5' ESE of
mag 8.6
13.1" (10/10/86): moderately bright, elongated NW-SE, fairly small, bright core, faint elongated halo.
8" (11/28/81): faint, small.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1415 = H. II-267 = h2575 on 9 Dec 1784 (sweep 331) and logged "F, vS, R, little brighter in the middle." John Herschel made 3 observations from the CGH, recording it first as "pF, E, pretty suddenly little brighter middle, 40" long."
Lewis Swift probably independently found the galaxy on 8 Oct
1896 from Echo Mountain in Southern California and recorded it in list XI-55
(later
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NGC 1416 = ESO 482-034 = MCG -04-09-048 = PGC 13548
03 41 02.9 -22 43 08; Eri
V = 12.9; Size 1.3'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.5
17.5" (11/2/91): faint, small, round, weak
concentration. Located almost on
line with mag 9.2
Frank Muller discovered NGC 1416 = LM 2-378 in 1886 with the
26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag
15.5, 0.5' dia, R, *8.7 nr; *8.6 north 2'." His position 3' south of
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03 41 57.4 -04 42 18; Eri
V = 12.1; Size 2.7'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 175°
24" (1/25/22): at 228x and 327x; moderately bright and large, oval 2:1
N-S, 2'x1', relatively large brighter core, stellar nucleus. A mag 11.3 star is about 1' SE. Brightest in a group with
17.5" (11/25/87): moderately bright, moderately large,
elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, bright core.
A mag 11 star is 1.3' SE of center. Brightest in a group (LGG 103) with NGC 1418 4.9' ESE and IC
344 7.3' WNW. The group also
includes NGC 1358 and
13.1" (12/7/85): moderately bright, slightly elongated ~N-S, small bright core. A mag 10.5 star is close SSE. Second of three in a group.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1417 = H. II-455 = h306, along with NGC 1418, on 5 Oct 1785 (sweep 457). He recorded both as "Two. The preceding [NGC 1417] F, S, E, little brighter in the middle. The following [NGC 1418] eF, vS, E, hardly to be seen but 240 verified it; about 6 or 7' south following the first." His position is accurate.
On 16 Oct 1827 (sweep 96), John Herschel remarked "R; north-preceding a star. The second of 3 [with NGC 1418]." His position is 19 seconds of RA too far west, but the description applies (the star is 1.3' SE). He also accurately measured the position, but listed it under h307 (NGC 1418). See notes for IC 344 = h305.
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NGC 1418 = MCG -01-10-022 = Holm 70b = LGG 103-005 = PGC 13606
03 42 16.2 -04 43 50; Eri
V = 13.6; Size 1.3'x0.9'; Surf Br = 13.6; PA = 15°
24" (1/25/22): at 228x and 327x; fairly faint and
small, elongated 3:2 or 5:3 SSW-NNE, brighter elongated core is a bit offset
towards the N side. Fainter of a
pair with NGC 1417 5' WNW. NGC
1424 lies 14' E and mag 7.7
17.5" (11/25/87): fairly faint, fairly small, oval ~N-S, almost even surface brightness. A mag 12.5 star is 1.4' S. Forms a pair with NGC 1417 4.9' WNW. Member of the NGC 1376/1417 Group (LGG 103)
13.1" (12/7/85): faint, small, oval ~N-S. A mag 12 star is 1' S. Third of three in a group.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1418 = H. II-456 = h307, along with NGC 1417 on 5 Oct 1785 (sweep 457) and recorded, "Two. The preceding [NGC 1417] F, S, E, little brighter in the middle. The following [NGC 1418] eF, vS, E, hardly to be seen but 240 verified it; about 6 or 7' south following the first." His position was 2.6' too far NE, but the identification is certain. John Herschel had problems with his observation, and his description for 30 Dec 1826 applies to NGC 1417!
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03 40 42.1 -37 30 40; Eri
V = 12.6; Size 0.9'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.4
18" (1/21/04): faint, small, round, 0.5' diameter. Increases to a very small, brighter
core. An occasional stellar
nucleus was glimpsed when the seeing steadied up at 215x. Located 28' SW of mag 4.7
John Herschel discovered NGC 1419 = h2576 on 22 Oct 1835 and
recorded "pB, vS, pretty suddenly brighter middle, 15"
(clouded)." His position
(from two sweeps) matches
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03 42 39.8 -05 51 09; Eri
= ***, Corwin.
Heinrich d'Arrest discovered NGC 1420 on 28 Oct 1865 with the 11" refractor at Copenhagen. At his single position is a close triple star and he noted a mag 13 star precedes by 10.5 seconds of time in approximately the same declination. This clinches the identity with this close triple.
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03 42 29.4 -13 29 20; Eri
V = 11.4; Size 3.5'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 179°
18" (1/13/07): fairly bright, fairly large, very elongated N-S, ~3.2'x1.0', broad concentration with a brighter bulging core. The surface brightness is noticeably irregular and mottled with the impression of several brighter patchy knots. Most noticeable is a brighter northern end that appears to contains a small brighter spot. This end also seems to contain a small knot or extension that bulges out and angles towards the northwest. [This feature was verified on the DSS]. A mag 13 star is close west of the north end.
17.5" (11/2/91): fairly bright, fairly large, very elongated 4:1 N-S, 3.0'x0.7', broad weak concentration, fades towards tips. The surface brightness has a patchy or mottled appearance. The southern tip is slightly fainter than the northern edge. A mag 13 star is 2.8' NE of center.
8" (11/28/81): very faint, moderately large, elongated N-S. A distinctive 6.5' collinear string consisting of four stars mag 10-12 oriented NW-SE begins 8' S.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1421 = H. II-291 = h2577 on 1 Feb 1785 (sweep 364) and noted "pF, mE in the direction of the meridian, between 3 and 4' l and about 1' broad, resolvable." John Herschel observed this galaxy on 8 Dec 1835 and recorded "F, vmE, very little brighter middle, 3' l, 20" br; pos. = 184.2 degrees." Dreyer and Lord Rosse made a detailed observation with the 72" on 14 Oct 1876: "F, mE 178.7°, about 4' long; F* (17m +/- ) p near the on end, 38.7" distant, the brighter part of the neb seems abruptly terminated just foll the star, towards which it also appears curved; eF* or knot in neb foll the *17m."
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NGC 1422 = ESO 548-077 = MCG -04-09-051 = LGG 097-015 = PGC 13569
03 41 31.1 -21 40 53; Eri
V = 13.2; Size 2.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 65°
17.5" (1/12/02): extremely faint, very small, round,
20", low surface brightness.
Based on the DSS image, I only viewed the brighter core as this galaxy
is very extended SW-NE. Forms a
pair with NGC 1414 8' WSW. Located
30' NW of
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1422 = LM 2-379 on 19 Nov
1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and
recorded "mag 15.5, 0.8'x0.2', E 80 deg." There is nothing at his position, but roughly 1 min of RA
west is
NGC 1422 was first photographed by Delisle Stewart at Harvard's Arequipa Station between 1898 and 1901 and described in a list of NGC corrections as "elongated at 65°." He also corrected to RA.
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03 42 40.1 -06 22 54; Eri
V = 13.8; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 20°
18" (1/21/04): faint, small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE, 0.4'x0.3'. No details but not difficult. A mag 14.5 star follows by 1.3'.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1423 = Sw. 5-55 on 31 Oct 1886
with the 16" refractor at the Warner Observatory. His position is 29 sec of RA east of
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NGC 1424 = NGC 1429? = MCG -01-10-026 = PGC 13664
03 43 13.9 -04 43 48; Eri
V = 13.8; Size 1.7'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 10°
17.5" (11/25/87): faint, fairly small, slightly elongated ~N-S, even surface brightness. NGC 1418 lies 14' W and NGC 1417 19' W.
13.1" (12/7/85): faint, fairly small, almost round, diffuse, slightly elongated N-S. Located 14' E NGC 1418.
Bindon Blood Stoney discovered NGC 1424 on 8 Dec 1850
(Sunday) while observing the field of NGC 1417. Bindon may have been observing with his brother George
Johnstone Stoney, who visited Birr Castle several weekends in Fall 1850. This
galaxy was suspected during the earlier observation on Saturday night. The observer noted a "faint
nova" 16' following [NGC 1418].
The following month month Stoney called it "vF, E." This group was observed 15 times at
Birr Castle. Francis Leavenworth
mentioned the galaxy in his description of
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03 42 11.5 -29 53 36; For
V = 10.6; Size 5.8'x2.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 129°
13.1" (10/10/86): fairly bright, moderately large, elongated 2:1 NW-SE, bright core. A pair of mag 12.5/14 stars at 30" separation are 2' NE of center and a mag 11 star lies 2.5' N. Outlying member of the Fornax I cluster.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1425 = H. II-852 on 9 Oct 1790 (sweep 972). He recorded "faint, pretty large, irregularly round, gradually brighter middle." His position is accurate.
Harold Corwin comments that Lewis Swift's
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NGC 1426 = ESO 549-001 = MCG -04-09-054 = AM 0340-221 = LGG 097-016 = PGC 13638
03 42 49.1 -22 06 30; Eri
V = 11.4; Size 2.6'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 111°
13.1" (10/10/86): fairly bright, small, round, bright core, stellar nucleus.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1426 = H. III-248 = h2578 on 9 Dec 1784 (sweep 331) and recorded "vF, vS, lE." John Herschel made two observations from the CGH, first calling it "F" and then "B", probably due to varying sky conditions.
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03 42 19.4 -35 23 34; For
V = 10.9; Size 3.6'x2.5'; Surf Br = 13.2; PA = 76°
18" (12/17/11): bright, fairly large, elongated 4:3 ~E-W, 2.0'x1.5'. Well concentrated with a very bright, rounder 25" core that increases to a quasi-stellar nucleus. A mag 12.5-13 star is 1.7' W, a bit outside the halo.
18" (1/21/04): fairly bright, fairly large, oval 3:2 WSW-ENE, 2.0'x1.4'. Contains a large, prominent core which is rounder than the halo.
8" (1/1/84): fairly faint, small, slightly elongated E-W, diffuse. Member of the Fornax I cluster.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1427 = h2579 on 28 Nov 1837 and logged "pF; S; R; pretty suddenly much brighter middle; 20" dia." His position is accurate.
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03 42 22.8 -35 09 16; For
V = 12.7; Size 1.6'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 118°
18" (12/17/11): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 4:3 WNW-ESE, 0.7'x0.5'. Contains a faint outer halo, well-concentrated with a bright 20" core that increases somewhat to the center. A mag 13 star is at the west edge (35" from center).
18" (1/21/04): fairly faint, small, oval 2:1 WNW-ESE. A mag 13 star is just west of the NW edge and the galaxy is elongated in the direction of the star. Located 14' N of NGC 1427. Member of the Fornax I cluster.
Julius Schmidt discovered NGC 1428 on 19 Jan 1865 with the
6.2-inch Plössl refractor at the Athens Observatory. It was found during his survey of the Fornax Cluster (nebula
"l" in his table). His
position matches
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03 44 00 -04 43; Eri
= Not found, Corwin. =*, Carlson.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1429 = LM 2-381 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. He has two listings under this number. The first reads mag 15.2, 0.2' diameter, R, bgM with the note "1st of 2, one of which is GC 763 [NGC 1424]; *10 p 15s". The second object is listed at 0.5 min of RA east and described as mag 15.5, 0.3'x0.2', E 180° (N-S) with the note "second of 2". There is only a single galaxy near his position, namely NGC 1424 (discovered earlier at Birr Castle), which better matches the second entry (elongated N-S). So, NGC 1429 is nonexistent though Corwin comments his description may apply to a different pair of galaxies!
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03 45 02.9 -18 15 59; Eri
See observing notes for
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1430 = LM 2-380 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. He reported, "mag 15.4, 0.6'x0.4', E 20°, suddenly brighter in the middle to a nucleus." There is nothing at his position and no reasonable candidates showed up in a quick search of the surrounding fields. Bigourdan was not able to recover this object and it was reported not found on Harvard plates taken with the Bruce astrograph in South Africa (Baker, 1937).
Harold Corwin identified this number with a mag 13.3 star near Leavenworth's position but a single star does not fit his description (0.6'x0.4' in PA 20°). As a result, I had listed this object as lost. But in Apr 2016 Yann Pothier suggested that NGC 1430 is a duplicate of NGC 1440. The RA of NGC 1440 is 1.5 minutes further east (typical error in the Leander-McCormick observations) and the description is a fairly good match (except for the magnitude estimate). See Corwin's identification notes.
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03 44 40.8 +02 50 06; Tau
V = 14.1; Size 1.0'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.7; PA = 160°
17.5" (1/12/02): very faint, small, round, 0.5' diameter, low surface brightness, requires averted vision. Located 14' NW of mag 6.7 SAO 111393. Four mag 9.5-11 stars are in the 220x field including a mag 11 star 4' S.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 1431 = m 91 on 6 Sep 1864 with
William Lassell's 48" on Malta and recorded "eF, pL, iR." His position is 2' N of
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03 45 49.5 +24 22 05; Tau
Size 15'x15'
8" (12/28/16): at 124x (unfiltered): although all the bright stars in the Pleiades had scattered light halos, it appeared mag 3.9 Maia had a slightly more extensive halo and irregular halo than mag 3.7 Electra. So, I am fairly confident this was due to the outer reflection nebulosity surrounding Maia. The scattered light itself seemed about the same intensity around both stars.
Paul and Prosper Henry (brothers) discovered NGC 1432 on the first plate they took of the Pleiades on 16 Nov 1885 at Paris Observatory using the 33-cm astrograph. The plate showed nebulosity around Maia which they described "appears very clearly and has spiral form...it was impossible to see it in our telescopes." The discovery was announced in AN 113, p.239, though it didn't include their image of the nebula, which was published in 1888. The Maia nebula is the only object in the NGC discovered photographically!
Edward Pickering wrote a short article on 21 Jan 1886
(published in Astronomische Nachricten 113, 399) that he had already photographed the Pleiades on 3 Nov 1885
with an 8-inch lens and stated it only showed "certain
irregularities...due merely to defects in the photographic process." However, a comparison of the Henry
photograph revealed these "irregularities" included a patch west of
Maia, pointing to the north, and a diffuse remnant near Merope pointing south
(well known visible nebula).
Pickering also mentioned "a faint narrow streak of light projecting
from Electra on the following side", though Dreyer didn't include the
Electra nebula (
Otto Struve made the first visual observation on 5 Feb 1886 with the new 30-inch refractor at Pulkovo. On 23 Feb 1886 he made another observation and sketch showing the nebula stretching from Maia to the east. E.E. Barnard also observed it visually in 1890.
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03 42 01.5 -47 13 20; Hor
V = 9.9; Size 6.5'x5.9'; Surf Br = 13.7
13.1" (2/18/04 - Costa Rica): fairly bright, large, oval 3:2 WNW-ESE, broad concentration with a large halo. The overall dimensions are ~3.5'x2.2'. I had a strong impression of extensions or the beginnings of two spiral arms (sketch made and verified); one arm begins at the west end and starts to curve towards the east on the south side while the other is symmetrically placed on the following end and hooks west on the north side. On images these arms connect to form a perfect barred ring. A mag 12 star lies 2.8' SW of center, beyond the halo.
This barred spiral is the brightest member of the NGC 1433
group and part of the Dorado Cloud that includes
James Dunlop discovered NGC 1433 = D 426 = h2580 on 28 Sep 1826. His description (based on two observations) reads "a very faint nebula, about 1' diameter, rather elliptical in the parallel of the equator; with a brightish point or condensation of the nebulous matter, a little to the preceding side of the centre."
John Herschel first logged the galaxy on 14 Dec 1835 (sweep 654), "B, L, pmE, suddenly much brighter middle; 100" long, 60" broad". On 3 Dec 1837 (sweep 805) he noted "vB, L, mE, very suddenly much brighter middle to nucleus = 10th mag star."
Joseph Turner sketched NGC 1433 with the Great Melbourne Telescope on 10 Nov 1877. He showed the thin bar running E-W with a well defined, bright nucleus. (p. 149 of his logbook). It was first photographed by Delisle Stewart at Harvard's Arequipa Station between 1898 and 1901 and described as "!! vB, vL, ellips. spiral"
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03 46 12.8 -09 40 57; Eri
V = 14.3; Size 0.8'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 165°
17.5" (11/17/01): extremely faint and small, round,
10" diameter. Situated
between mag 8.6
Frank Muller discovered NGC 1434 = LM 2-382 in 1886 with the
26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag
15.3, 0.4' dia, R, *8.5, follows 25 sec and 3' N. " There is nothing at
his position, but 1.8 min of RA due east is
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03 46 10 +23 45 54; Tau
Size 30'x30'
24" (12/28/16): at 124x (unfiltered): the huge Merope
Nebula was easily visible, roughly spanning 20' in a wedge or triangular shape
with mag 4.2 Merope close to the northeast vertex. The most well defined edge is clearly the eastern side as it
extends N-S. The edge passes close
to a string of 7 stars oriented NNW-SSE, including two mag 10 stars and nearly
reaches mag 8.1
18" (1/26/11): at 73x (unfiltered), the Merope Nebula
was immediately visible as a huge wedge-shape or comet-shaped glow with Merope
near the focus on the northeast end and the nebula spreading out generally to
the south and west. The most
striking feature of the nebula is the well-defined and approximately eastern
edge oriented N-S that heads south from Merope, passing through a 1' pair of
mag 10/11 stars as well as a 1' pair of mag 10/12.5 star. The nebulosity can be traced a bit over
20' along this side. On the west
side of Merope the border is more ill-defined but roughly heads southwest for
~20'. The southern border is also
ill-defined but is roughly oriented NW to SE and nearly extends nearly as far
as mag 9
17.5" (3/2/02): at 100x, the Merope Nebula is the brightest of the reflection nebulae that encase the Pleiades. It appears as a moderately bright, very large, fan-shaped cone of light extended in a wedge SW to SE from Merope. The boundary of the nebulosity is straighter and better defined along the SE edge where it follows a string of mag 10-11 stars. The SW border is not as well defined but extends beyond a trio of mag 13 stars. The fan is broadest at its southern extremity which is roughly 15' from Merope.
16x80 (12/22/84): the Merope nebula was faint but definite in the 16x80 finder using a Deep Sky filter. Also, nebulosity surrounding other stars were confirmed with confidence at full aperture in the 13.1" at 62x.
8" (10/4/80 and 11/4/80): very large, faint, very elongated tear-drop shaped nebulosity extending SW away from Merope. Has a sharper edge along the eastern side. Best view using the Rich Field Adapter at 37x-50x.
Wilhelm Tempel discovered NGC 1435, the Merope Nebula, on 19 Oct 1859 from Venice with his personal 4-inch Steinheil refractor using 45x. The following historical summary is from Wolfgang Steinicke's book "Observing and Cataloguing Nebulae and Star Clusters".
The Merope Nebula was the first deep sky object Tempel
discovered. He initially thought
it was a comet, but the next night (20th) he checked and found no movement.
The discovery was published on 23 Dec 1860 (AN 54, 285). Christian
August Peters, the editor of Astronomische Nachricten, confirmed the
observation using a 7-inch refractor. Auwers first observed it on 14 Jan
1861, but d'Arrest was unsuccessful using the 11-inch Merz refractor at
Copenhagen in Aug 1862. Based on his negative results on several attempts,
he reported "I have hitherto been able positively to see nothing. ...I
therefore, even yet, am of opinion that this nebula is variable, otherwise the
original announcement of the discovery ... must be looked upon as been greatly
exaggerated. This report began a heated interchange involving many of the
world's most prominent visual observers over the next 30 years (see
In September 1862, Julius Schmidt supported d'Arrest, claiming if it was not variable he would have noticed it while carefully observing the Pleiades since 1841. He first reported a sighting on 5 Feb 1861, describing it as "very large, very pale and quite shapeless." Auwers responded critically to d'Arrest, claiming neither Tempel's (Merope) nebula nor NGC 1333 were variable but that "large, blurred, faint objects are much more easily visible in small instruments than in large ones" and d'Arrest's failure was due to "a small field of view, completely filled by the 15' large nebula". Charcornac at Paris Observatory also reported the nebula was difficult to see at high power. Schönfeld wrote that the nebula "instantly stuck out in the local telescope (6.5-inch refractor in Mannheim, Germany) on Sept 20, 1862 when I pointed it freely towards Merope, without knowing the exact place, looking like a blurred nebula with the shape and size described by Auwers."
d'Arrest responded to the attack on 12 Nov 1862 (AN 1393) stating "after a long effort I actually set eyes on Tempel's Nebula", though it was "the faintest object which I remember ever having seen in the refractor". He was "still convinced that the nebula was variable; otherwise the discovery report ["large, bright nebula"] must be seen as highly exaggerated." In March 1862, Winnecke viewed the nebula with a 4.1-inch refractor at low power and asked Otto Struve to take a look in the 15-inch Merz refractor, convinced that it would be difficult to see in the larger scope. Winnecke noted "Indeed, we were not convinced about its existence until the telescope was moved quickly back and forth". Winnecke concluded there was no reason to invoke variability to explain the observations. In 1863, Tempel wrote a letter to the French magazine Le Monde asserting that nebulae, in general, are unchanging (otherwise their constituent stars would have to be vary simultaneously) and that atmospheric conditions were the source of different observational results.
Reverend Thomas Webb observed the nebula on 6 Oct 1863 with his 5.5-inch Clark refractor, stating "on turning the telescope upon the group at 29x and 64x, though I probably should not have it discovered unknown, I found it with ease, as a very ill-defined, but on the whole egg-shaped haze, encompassing a brilliant star with its smaller but rather brighter end." As far as the variability "he [Schönfeld] thinks this and other suspected nebulae, being very feeble, large and diffuse, are influenced in visibility by magnifying power, varying transparency of the air, and practice of the eye, so that aperture is less concerned in their case than in that of minute stars." Although he never observed the nebula, John Herschel catalogued the Merope Nebula as GC 768 and his description stated "VAR" [variable].
The controversy about the variability and GC entry caused Lawrence Parsons (4th Earl of Rosse) to take a look with the 36-inch and 72-inch reflectors at Birr Castle, but he found no nebulosity in five observations from Feb 1871 to Sep 1873! Dreyer, himself, was unsuccessful (on a "misty" night) on 24 Dec 1875. The first (marginal) successful observation at Birr Castle was not made until 10 Dec 1877 and confirmed later that month.
The debate over variability wasn't settled. In 1875 Charles Wolf at Paris Observatory reported he was unable to see the Merope Nebula from Nov 1874 to Feb 1875 and Stephan at the Marseilles observatory confirmed this. Wolf concluded, "This nebula is truly variable and its period seems to be rather short". But Tempel published another report in Jan 1877 (AN 2139) concluding, "the invisibility of the Merope Nebula in a large telescope is due to the eyepiece and its field of view. If d'Arrest had used an eyepiece of lower power than 95x, giving a field of 20 to 25'; he would have seen the nebula very easily." Tempel also made disparaging remarks about the large reflectors at Birr Castle, claiming the 36-inch and 72-inch didn't show more stars than his 11-inch Amici refractor (Tempel and Dreyer had a bitter dispute in 1878 about the "spiral form of nebulae", which Tempel couldn't see in his 11-inch).
On 6 Mar 1877, Maxwell Hall drew the nebula with his 4-inch refractor at 100x and was amazed it was invisible to Lord Rosse and Robert Newall, who had a 25-inch Cooke refractor. Hall was also critical of Schiaparelli's description of the orientation of the nebula. Hall's article touched off another debate between Wolf, Common, Hough, Tempel, Swift, Barnard and Burnham.
Charles Wolf published his work on the Pleiades and included a sketch made in Nov 1875. He saw nebulosity extending to Electra and Celaeno, by masking Merope with the micrometer bar. A much earlier report by Hermann Goldschmidt to Leverrier in Paris on 21 Sep 1863, claimed he saw not only the Merope nebula but that the Pleiades were completely surrounded by diffuse nebulosity, extending over an area of 5°.
In 1880, Ainslie Common published a drawing of the Pleiades nebulosity using his 36-inch reflector. It showed a large, elongated patch SE of Merope (the wrong direction!) and two additional patches; one north of Merope and another to the NW of Alcyone. This caused some more controversy.
In 1880, Tempel published (MNRAS, 40, 622) an excellent drawing of the nebula using Amici I, with accurate form and brightness levels, along with a large number of nearby faint stars. He mentioned the various astronomers who confirmed the object, including Schmidt, Winnecke Auwers and Schönfeld, and also opponents such as d'Arrest, Secchi and the Birr Castle observers. He stated "But all ambiguity has been since cleared up, for on fitting the large telescopes with eyepieces of a low magnifying power the nebula becomes distinctly visible, and is shown by them with image equal in clearness to that given by the smaller instrucments. He also criticized Goldschmidt's observation of the Pleiades surrounded by nebulous clouds and the drawing of Common, saying the sketch must have "evidently been executed with a telescope of insufficient power to show the Merope Nebula." He concluded with satisfaction "It is now ascertained beyond question that the nebula exists...and anyone publishing statements about its non-existence merely uses vain words, and proclaims himself wanting in knowledge of the history and nebulae and the management of telescopes."
Common was offended and responded the "three-foot telescope" mentioned in his report was of three-foot aperture! Hall wrote one more report on 13 Dec 1880, claiming the nebula had changed shape, now "extending as far as Electra, and the parabolic form of the Nebula, as seen 1877, was destroyed." He wondered why Tempel had overlooked the "extension of the nebula in the direction of Electra."
Amazingly, the controversy of the existence of the Merope Nebula wasn't over. At Dearborn Observatory in Chicago, Hough and Burnham had previously been critical of earlier reports, because of their discordant descriptions and their negative results in 1879 and 1880 using the 18.5-inch Clark refractor at 120x and higher. After Tempel's paper, they made a concerted effort from 29 Nov 1880 to 22 Mar 1891 with various eyepieces, stopping down the refractor to 12-inch, even masking Merope. But they came up empty and decided the previous positive observers were misled by the glare from Merope and the neighboring stars! Dreyer immediately responded, criticizing the large exit pupil used and furthermore he didn't see anything unusual about or contradictory about previous published reports of a "large and diffused nebulosity". Also, the theory about the glare from Merope causing an illusion was rejected. Swift also responded on 2 Dec 1881, that he independently ran across the Merope Nebula in 1874 while searching for comets with his 4.5-inch refractor and "strongly suspected it was a new comet." His analysis was that Hough and Burnham used too high of a power as he could see the nebula even stopped down to 2-inch aperture at 25x.
Barnard observed and drew the Merope Nebula and nearby stars with his 5-inch refractor in 1883. He wrote "it is plainly visible in my 5-inch refractory, it has been seen with a 2.5-inch telescope, in the presence of a quarter-full moon." He criticized Common's sketch but felt his sketch agreed with Tempel's (though it extended further west past Electra). Barnard also mentioned that Trouvelot reported that it is variable and had become very faint (he described the nebula as changing to a dim purplish color) and "can now be seen only by those acquainted with its former appearance"!
Paul and Prosper Henry first photographed the Pleiades on 16 Nov 1885 and revealed additional nebulosity around Maia, later catalogued as NGC 1432 (the only photographic discovery in the NGC) as well as faint nebulosity near Electra. In 1886 Charles Wolf published a comparison between the photographic image and the visual observations that showed significant changes in the Merope Nebula. Morever, the separate nebula observed by Goldschmidt and Wolf had disappeared but he concluded that photographic and visual observations can never be reconciled as objects invisible on photographs can exist visually. Surprisingly, the image most closely resembled the ridiculed drawing of Common. Common wrote that his sketch showed the Maia Nebula, however the connection is poor - his placement is closer to Alcyone than Maia.
The image encouraged others to search for addition nebulae in the Pleiades. On 26 Feb 1886, Spitaler and Palisa in Vienna reported the Maia nebula appeared as a "small flaky nebulosity, completely separated from Maia" and on 3 Mar, the former was "only the brightest knot of an extended nebulosity, completely covering Maia." Spitaler wrote "one can hardly refrain from thinking that at least the whole Pleiades region west and north of Alcyone is covered by an extended nebulosity, of which all previously perceived, apparently isolated nebulae, are merely bright knots of light."
On 23 Oct 1886 Isaac Roberts took a 3 hour exposure which revealed "not only are the stars [Alcyone, Maia, Electra, Merope] surrounded by nebulae, but the nebulosity extends in streamers and fleecy masses, till it seems almost to fill the spaces between the stars, and to extend far beyond them." Common again felt vindicated and repeated his treatment by Tempel, "who thought I had not used a sufficiently large telescope" (a misunderstanding by Tempel).
Another image was taken by the Henry brothers in 1888 showing extensive nebulosity. At an RAS meeting on 8 Jun 1888, Common says "I immediately compared my sketches with it and found that every star I had seen, except one, was there, and, of course, in their proper places." Robert Newall, who also attended the meeting, stated he was certain that his observations differed from Common with Merope appearing as an oval comet with Merope at the focus and he had not seen the additional patches claimed by Common.
In an 1888 issue of Knowledge, English astronomer Arthur Ranyard wrote an article titled "Great Nebula in the Pleiades" and stated "The observations are worth examining, as they throw some light on the differences which are always likely to exist when observations are pushed into the border-land of vision, where by reason of the extreme faintness or minuteness of the objects examined, the eye begins to fail, and the imagination begins to play a larger and larger part in filling up the gaps where the senses of the eye-straining observer fail him."
Maxwell Hall made a late interesting set of observations in 1889 in Jamaica. He compared the view of the Merope Nebula using a 9-inch reflector with a glass mirror and his 4-inch Cook refractor. He reported "a glance through the refractor showed the well-known nebula projected against the dark background or field of view; but in the reflector there was so much light scattered around the field of view that the nebula was invisible." He concluded this explained the positive sightings in smaller refractors and vice versa, the failure with larger reflectors (especially Lord Rosse's initial failures). In 1891, Spitaler reviewed the major observations of the Pleiades nebulae in a 20-page paper and created a remarkable map of the region, showing extensive nebulosity surrounding the Pleiades. He argues his map shows the main structures were correctly drawn and generally only the boundaries vary.
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03 43 37.1 -35 51 12; Eri
V = 11.7; Size 3.0'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 150°
18" (1/21/04): large, low surface brightness glow with just a weak concentration. Appears slightly elongated NNW-SSE, perhaps 2.5'x2.0', but edges fade into the background so difficult to determine the outline of the halo. A mag 9.7 star lies 11' NE. Member of the Fornax I cluster.
James Dunlop discovered NGC 1436 = D 562 = h2581 = h2582 with his 9" reflector at Parramatta and described "a pretty large faint round nebula, about 3.5' diameter, gradual slight condensation to the centre, very faint at the margin." His position was 22' too far SSE.
John Herschel logged it on 9 Jan 1836 (sweep 636) as "very bright, and evidently a globular cluster." He only gave the rough place from Dunlop. He made another observation (h2582) on 28 Nov 1837 (sweep 801) but assumed it was new and as a result NGC 1436 = NGC 1437. Dorothy Carlson and RNGC list NGC 1436 as "Not Found". See Corwin's notes for the full story.
While searching for NGC 1436 with the Great Melbourne
Telescope on 14 Feb 1888, Pietro Baracchi discovered
******************************
NGC 1437 = NGC 1436 = ESO 358-058 = MCG -06-09-025 = AM 0341-360 = LGG 986-022 = PGC 13687
03 43 37.1 -35 51 12; Eri
V = 11.7; Size 3.0'x2.0'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 150°
18" (1/21/04): large, low surface brightness glow with just a weak concentration. Appears slightly elongated NNW-SSE, perhaps 2.5'x2.0', but edges fade into the background so difficult to determine the outline of the halo. A mag 9.7 star lies 11' NE. Member of the Fornax I cluster.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1437 = h2582 on 28 Nov 1837 and
logged "F, vL, gradually little brighter middle, R, 4"
dia." His position matches
******************************
03 45 17.2 -23 00 09; Eri
V = 12.4; Size 2.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 69°
17.5" (11/2/91): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 WSW-ENE, halo gradually brightens but no nucleus. A mag 11 star just 20" off the east edge detracts from viewing and a very faint mag 14.5 star lies 1.7' S.
Ormond Stone discovered NGC 1438 = LM 1-112 on 11 Dec 1885
with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded
"mag 15.0, vmE 60°, *10 follows 1.0'." His rough position (nearest minute of RA) and description
matches
NGC 1438 was first photographed by Delisle Stewart at Harvard's Arequipa Station between 1898 and 1901 and he corrected the position.
******************************
03 44 49.9 -21 55 14; Eri
V = 11.4; Size 2.5'x2.3'; Surf Br = 13.3
13.1" (10/10/86): moderately bright, fairly small, bright core, stellar nucleus, round, large faint halo.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1439 = H. III-249 = h2584 on 9 Dec 1784 (sweep 331) and recorded "vF, vS." John Herschel made 3 observations from the CGH, first logging it as "pF, S, R, bM, 20" dia."
******************************
NGC 1440 = NGC 1442 = NGC 1430: = NGC 1458: = ESO 549-010 =
03 45 02.9 -18 15 59; Eri
V = 11.5; Size 2.1'x1.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 28°
13.1" (1/18/85): moderately bright, small, small faint
halo, bright core, stellar nucleus.
Located 7' ENE of mag 10
William Herschel discovered NGC 1440 = H. II-458 = h2583 on
6 Oct 1785 (sweep 459) and recorded "pB, R, bM." John Herschel made
two observations from South Africa, logging it on 11 Dec 1835 as "pB; R;
very suddenly much brighter middle to a nucleus = *13' 60" dia." William also made an observation on 20
Sep 1786 with a 1° error in declination, with the designation II-594. JH included this observation in the GC
(773), although he noted that Auwers considered it identical to II-458. Dreyer added it as
Joseph Turner observed this galaxy on 10 Nov 1877 with the Great Melbourne Telescope and noted it "resembles a planetary nebula with a faint halo surrounding the nucleus, which is a little elongated n the north-following direction."
Finally, Francis Leavenworth found this galaxy again in
1886, recorded it in the second discovery list (#387) from the Leander
McCormick observatory but made a 2 min error in RA (too far east). Dreyer assumed it was new and was catalogued
as
******************************
03 45 43.0 -04 05 31; Eri
V = 12.9; Size 1.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 70°
24" (12/8/20): at 260x-375x; between fairly faint and
moderately bright, very elongated 3:1 E-W, 0.9'x0.3', contains a bright
core. Brightest and largest in
trio with
13.1" (12/18/82): faint, small, slightly elongated. Largest and brightest of three with NGC 1449 5.7' SE and NGC 1451 6.2' ENE. Brighter NGC 1453 lies 13' NE.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1441 = H. II-597 on 30 Sep 1786 (sweep 608) and recorded "faint, extended in a row with some stars." The star "in a row" are 4.4' WSW, 1.6' E and 3' ENE. He made a second observation on 26 Nov 1786 (sweep 638) and recorded "extremely faint, small, irregular figure. I suspected two more following; but quite uncertain, not having been out long enough." The two objects he suspected are almost certainly NGC 1449 (6' SE) and NGC 1451 (6' ENE).
******************************
NGC 1442 = NGC 1440 = NGC 1458: = ESO 549-010 = MCG -03-10-043 = PGC 13752
03 45 02.9 -18 15 59; Eri
See observing notes for NGC 1440.
William Herschel found NGC 1442 = H. II-594 on 20 Sep 1786 (sweep 597) and logged "pB, vS, R, bM." There is nothing at his position and it was reported as not found on Harvard plates taken with the Bruce astrograph in South Africa (Baker, 1937). But exactly one degree north is NGC 1440 = H. II-458, which he earlier discovered on 6 Oct 1785. The equivalence was first noted by Auwers but John Herschel still included his father's observation in the GC (774) as well as Dreyer in the NGC with the comment H. II-594 is probably identical to H. II-458 = NGC 1440. Leavenworth found this galaxy again in 1886 and reported it as new in his second list (#387, later NGC 1458), though his RA was 2 minutes of time too large. So, NGC 1440 = NGC 1442 = NGC 1458.
******************************
03 45 53.1 -04 03 09; Eri
= *, Corwin. "Not found", Carlson.
Wilhelm Tempel discovered NGC 1443 in 1882, and described in paper V (AN 2439) "class III and forms with NGC 1441 and the two d'Arrest nebulae (NGC 1449 and NGC 1451) a trapezoid, so the second northernmost in this group". There is nothing at his position, but Corwin identifies a single mag 14.5 that fits Tempel's description. See Corwin's identification notes.
******************************
03 49 26 +51 39 18; Per
V = 6.6; Size 4'
17.5" (11/2/91): at 220x, about 20 mag 7-14 stars scattered in a 5' diameter, not rich or impressive. The group mainly consists of a bright double star (STF 446 = 7/10 at 9") with a third fainter mag 13 star 12" NE of the bright mag 7 star. Close northwest is a line of four mag 10-12 stars oriented SW-NE.
The bright star (B-type
8" (1/1/84): consists of a mag 7.5 star with 7 faint stars just west. The brightest star is STF 446 = 7.5/9.0 at 10".
William Herschel discovered NGC 1444 = H. VIII-80 = h308 on 18 Dec 1788 (sweep 894) and recorded "a cluster of small stars, containing one large one, 9-10 mag; 2 or 3' diam. not rich." On 8 Nov 1831 (sweep 384), John Herschel logged a "cluster of about 20 st; place that of a superb double star (∑ 446); the rest 12m."
******************************
03 44 56.1 -09 51 20; Eri
V = 14.0; Size 0.8'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5": faint, small, slightly elongated, 0.4'x0.3', weak concentration. Located 2.2' SE of a mag 12 star and 25' ESE of mag 3.5 Delta (35) Eridani. NGC 1434 lies 21' NE.
Frank Muller discovered NGC 1445 = LM 2-383 in 1886 with the
26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and reported "mag
14.5, 0.3' dia, R, *9, position 330° at 2'." His position is 0.8 min of RA east of
******************************
03 45 57.5 -04 06 44; Eri
= *?, Corwin.
J.L.E. Dreyer discovered NGC 1446 on 8 Jan 1877 observing with the 72" at Birr Castle. He commented "perhaps a vF neb f [NGC 1441]" with no micrometric offsets and the sketch only shows two stars following NGC 1441, so it's unclear what object Dreyer had in mind. (in 1882). Wilhelm Tempel independently recorded a new object in 1882 with the 11-inch refractor at the Arcetri Observatory and placed it 16 seconds of RA east of NGC 1441 and +3/4' in declination. There is nothing at this exact separation and Harold Corwin lists a possible star if the +3' to 4' should read -3' to 4'. Dreyer assumed both observations referred to the same object, so he and Tempel are credited in the NGC.
******************************
03 45 47.1 -09 01 07; Eri
V = 14.4; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 105°
17.5" (1/12/02): faint, very small, round, 20"
diameter, very small brighter nucleus.
Located 2.7' WSW of mag 7.9
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1447 = LM 2-384 in 1886
with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded
"mag 14.5, 0.4' dia, R, neb?; *9.5 at 3.2' separation in PA 240° (WSW)
." His position is 3' S of
******************************
03 44 32.0 -44 38 38; Hor
V = 10.7; Size 7.6'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 41°
18" (12/30/08): moderately bright, large, edge-on ~6:1 SW-NE, ~4.5'x0.8'. Contains a brighter, elongated core that increases to the center. A brighter star is close southeast of the core (1.4' from center) and a fainter star is near the northeast end. Situated at the midpoint of two mag 9.2/9.7 stars located 7.5' N and 7.5' S. Viewed at only 8° elevation. Brightest members of a subgroup (LGG 102) of the Dorado Group complex.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1448 = h2585 on 14 Dec 1835 and
recorded "pB, vL, vmE, 3' l, 20" br, position = 221.6
degrees." There is nothing at
his position but 50 seconds of RA east is
This galaxy was first photographed by Delisle Stewart at Harvard's Arequipa Station between 1898 and 1901. He noted NGC 1448 was not seen and was an error for NGC 1457.
******************************
NGC 1449 = MCG -01-10-032 = LGG 103-013 = PGC 13798
03 46 03.0 -04 08 17; Eri
V = 13.5; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.2; PA = 20°
24" (12/8/20): at 260x and 376x; fairly faint, fairly small, slightly elongated SSW-NNE, 0.4'x0.3'. Similar NGC 1451 is 4' SSW and brighter NGC 1441 is 6' WSW in the LGG 103 group.
13.1" (12/18/82): faint, very small, round. Located 5.7' SE of NGC 1441 and forms a trio with NGC 1451 4.2' NNE in a group. Member of the NGC 1376/1417 Group (LGG 103)
Heinrich d'Arrest discovered NGC 1449, along with NGC 1451,
on 9 Oct 1864 with an 11" refractor at Copenhagen. His position, measured on 4 nights,
matches
William Herschel probably made the first discovery of NGC 1449 and NGC 1451 on 26 Nov 1786 (sweep 638). He description of NGC 1441 mentions, "I suspected two more following; but quite uncertain, not having been out long enough." Due to the uncertainty it wasn't assigned a general (internal) number or later catalogued. Édouard Stephan also observed the pair on 22 Nov 1875.
******************************
03 45 36.5 -09 14 04; Eri
V = 14.4; Size 0.8'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.5; PA = 15°
17.5" (11/17/01): fairly faint, fairly small, slightly
elongated, 0.7'x0.5' SSW-NNE.
Several faint galaxies are situated nearby.
Lewis Swift found NGC 1450 = Sw. 5-56 = LM 1-113 = LM 1-114
on 22 Oct 1886 with the 16" refractor at Warner Observatory. His position
is 16 seconds of RA due east of
Frank Muller (also from the LM Observatory) noted the equivalence with Stone's object in a Sidereal Messenger article (Feb 1887) that listed nebulae from Swift's 5th catalogue which had been discovered previously. As a result Dreyer assigned a single NGC designation, crediting both Swift and Stone. As the LM discovery list was submitted to the Astronomical Journal on 12 Oct 1886, Stone made the earlier discovery. Herbert Howe measured an accurate position in 1899-00 using the 20" refractor at Chamberlin Observatory (repeated in the IC 2 notes).
******************************
NGC 1451 = MCG -01-10-033 = LGG 103-014 = PGC 13801
03 46 07.1 -04 04 10; Eri
V = 13.3; Size 0.7'x0.4'; Surf Br = 11.9; PA = 45°
24" (12/8/20): at 260x-375x; fairly faint, small, round, 0.4' diameter, very small bright nucleus. A mag 14 star is 2' S and a mag 14.7 star is 2' SE. In a group of galaxies with nearby NGC 1449 and NGC 1441.
13.1" (12/18/82): faint, very small, round. In a trio with NGC 1441 6.2' WSW and NGC 1449 4.2' SSW within a group. Located 7.9' SW of NGC 1453. Member of the NGC 1376/1417 Group (LGG 103)
Heinrich d'Arrest discovered NGC 1451, along with NGC 1449,
on 9 Oct 1864. His position
(measured on 4 nights) matches
William Herschel probably noticed NGC 1449 and 1451 in an observation of NGC 1441 on 26 Nov 1786 (sweep 638). He mentions "I suspected two more following; but quite uncertain, not having been out long enough." Due to his uncertainty, Caroline didn't assign internal (general) discovery numbers. Édouard Stephan observed the pair on 22 Nov 1875, apparently aware of d'Arrest's discovery.
******************************
03 45 22.3 -18 38 01; Eri
V = 11.8; Size 2.2'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 113°
13.1" (1/18/85): moderately bright, small, round, broad weak concentration, faint stellar nucleus, small faint halo. Appears similar to NGC 1440 25' NNW but slightly fainter. Member of NGC 1407 group (LGG 100).
William Herschel discovered NGC 1452 = H. II-459 on 6 Oct
1785 (sweep 459) and recorded "F, R, little brighter in the
middle." His position is 3.2'
north of
******************************
NGC 1453 = MCG -01-10-034 = LGG 103-007 = PGC 13814
03 46 27.2 -03 58 09; Eri
V = 11.5; Size 2.4'x1.9'; Surf Br = 13.2
24" (12/8/20): very bright, large, slightly elongated, sharply concentrated with a very bright core that increases to a stellar peak. The outer halo (at least 1.5' diameter) has a much lower surface and fades gradually away without a definite edge. One of the two brightest galaxies in the NGC 1376/1417 Group.
13.1" (12/18/82): bright, fairly small, slightly elongated, very small bright core. Brightest of four with a faint trio of galaxies NGC 1441, NGC 1449 and NGC 1451 roughly 10' SW. Member of the NGC 1376/1417 Group (LGG 103).
William Herschel discovered NGC 1453 = H. I-155 = h309 on 30 Sep 1786 (sweep 608) and recorded "cB, S, mbM." On 26 Nov 1786 (sweep 638) he noted "pB; gradually much brighter middle."
******************************
03 45 59.3 -20 39 08; Eri
= *, Gottlieb. Not found, ESO.
Frank Muller discovered NGC 1454 = LM 2-385 in 1886 with the
26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and reported a
"*?; *9.5, P 240° [SW] distance 3'.2." There is nothing at his position.
******************************
NGC 1455 = NGC 1452 = ESO 549-012 = MCG -03-10-044 = PGC 13765
03 45 22.3 -18 38 01; Eri
V = 11.8; Size 2.2'x1.5'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 113°
13.1" (1/18/85): moderately bright, small, round, broad weak concentration, faint stellar nucleus, small faint halo. Appears similar to NGC 1440 25' NNW but slightly fainter. Member of NGC 1407 group (LGG 100).
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1455 = LM 2-386 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag 14.7, 0.5', lE 30°, suddenly brighter in the middle to a nucleus." There is nothing at his position but 40 sec of RA west is NGC 1452 and his position angle matches its bar. Heber Curtis was perhaps the first to note "R.A. as given in the NGC probably in error; no object in that place. [NGC 1452] faint; Saturn-shaped; 1' long in p.a. 30°."
******************************
03 48 08.3 +22 33 31; Tau
= **, Gottlieb.
Gerhard Lohse discovered NGC 1456 in 1886 with a 15.5-inch refractor at the private Wigglesworth Observatory in Scarborough, England and noted a "double star mag 10-12, companion nebulous at 130°, 9'' [separation]. At his position is a wide pair of stars with the southwest component a "fused" double star (both components visible) on the DSS at 03 48 08.3 +22 33 31 (2000). The single mag 10 star is 1.4' NE. Lohse's description matches this pair although there is no involved nebulosity, as first noted by Sherburne Burnham when he examined the pair in 1909 at Yerkes. Listed as nonexistent in RNGC.
******************************
NGC 1457 = NGC 1448 = ESO 249-016 = MCG -07-08-005 = PGC 13727
03 44 32.0 -44 38 38; Hor
V = 10.7; Size 7.6'x1.7'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 41°
See observing notes for NGC 1448.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1457 = h2586 on 24 Oct 1835 and recorded "pB, vmE, gradually little brighter middle, a ray nebula, 4' l, 20" br, pos = 38 degrees.". His position (observed on 3 sweeps) is accurate. He also picked up this galaxy on a separate sweep in 14 Dec 1835, but placed this galaxy 50 sec of RA too far west. He apparently missed the equivalent descriptions and it was also catalogued as NGC 1448. The IC 2 notes notes this number is identical to NGC 1448 (DeLisle Stewart). The primary designation should be NGC 1457 (earlier discovery), but this galaxy is generally referred to NGC 1448.
******************************
NGC 1458 = NGC 1440 = NGC 1442 = ESO 549-010 = MCG -03-10-043 = PGC 13752
03 45 02.9 -18 15 59; Eri
See observing notes for NGC 1440.
Francis Leavenworth found NGC 1458 = LM 2-387 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. He reported "mag 13.0, 0.3' diameter, round." There is nothing at his position and it was reported not found on Harvard plates taken with the Bruce refractor in South Africa (Baker, 1937). But NGC 1440, two minutes of time west, is likely Leavenworth's object. NGC 1442 is probably another observation of this galaxy with a one degree error in declination (see these entries for more). So, NGC 1440 = NGC 1442 = NGC 1458.
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03 46 57.9 -25 31 18; For
V = 12.8; Size 1.7'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 167°
17.5" (11/2/91): very faint, fairly small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, low almost even surface brightness. A mag 12 star is 2.9' S of center.
Ormond Stone discovered NGC 1459 = LM 1-115 in 1886 with the
26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His rough position (nearest minute of
RA) is a good match with
******************************
03 46 13.7 -36 41 48; Eri
V = 12.6; Size 1.4'x1.0'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 60°
18" (1/21/04): faint, fairly small, irregularly round, 1.0' diameter. This Fornax I cluster member has a fairly low surface brightness. A mag 12.8 star is very close off the SE side [38" from center]. Located 2.7' S of a mag 10.6 star. Member of the Fornax I cluster.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1460 = h2587 on 28 Nov 1837 and described "F; S; R; 15"; attached to a star 14 mag." His position and description is accurate.
******************************
03 48 27.1 -16 23 36; Eri
V = 11.8; Size 3.0'x0.9'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 155°
17.5" (12/28/94): fairly faint, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, 1.2'x0.5'. Strong concentration with a small bright core. Located 3.3' SE of a mag 10.5 star.
8" (11/28/81): faint, small, elongated 2:1 NNW-SSE, bright core.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1461 = H. II-460 = h2588 on 6 Oct 1785 (sweep 459) and noted "pB, S, lE, mbM or a nucleus." His position is 2' south of MCG -03-10-047 = PGC 13881, and accurate in RA. John Herschel logged "pB, vlE, pretty much brighter middle, 25" diameter", but was off by 21 seconds in RA (too far east). Schönfeld measured an accurate position (used in the NGC).
******************************
03 50 23.5 +06 58 22; Tau
V = 14.1; Size 0.9'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.0
17.5" (11/2/91): extremely faint, small, elongated 3:2 SSW-NNE (orientation uncertain), very low surface brightness. A faint double star lies 1' WNW.
Albert Marth discovered NGC 1462 = m 92 on 13 Sep 1864 with William Lassell's 48" on Malta and noted "vF, S, vlE". Marth's position is accurate.
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03 46 15.5 -59 48 37; Ret
V = 13.5; Size 1.4'x1.2'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 45°
24" (4/4/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia):
moderately bright and large at 200x, round, even concentration to a small,
brighter core and occasional stellar nucleus. Quite a number of brighter stars are nearby including a group
of 7 bright mag 10-11 stars that lie just to the north and two additional mag
11 stars that flank the galaxy 1.8' SSW and 2.5' ENE. In addition, the galaxy is 8.5' NNW of mag 9.7
John Herschel discovered NGC 1463 = h2589 on 6 Oct 1834 and recorded "F, S, R, bM, 15", one of a constellation with 7 bright stars." His position (h2589) and description is accurate.
******************************
03 51 24.4 -15 24 08; Eri
V = 13.8; Size 0.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 12.5; PA = 44°
18" (11/22/03): faint, small, round, 40"x35",
fairly low even surface brightness with just a weak concentration. A mag 12.5 star lies 1.9' SSE. Located 16' NE of mag 8.3
Lewis Swift found NGC 1464 = Sw. 5-57 on 1 Nov 1886 with the 16" refractor at the Warner Observatory and reported "pF; S; R; forms equilateral triangle with 2 stars." His position is 2' NW of PGC 13976 and the description applies, though the triangle is technically isosceles in shape.
Frances Leavenworth discovered this galaxy earlier in 1886
(the discovery list was submitted on 12 Oct) but his rough RA for LM 1-116
(later
******************************
03 53 32.0 +32 29 33; Per
V = 13.7; Size 1.7'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 165°
13.1" (1/1/84): fainter extensions visible oriented ~N-S.
13.1" (11/5/83): faint, small, round, but not
difficult. Mag 6.6
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1465 = Sw. 5-58 on 25 Sep 1886
with the 16" refractor at the Warner Observatory and recorded "pF;
pS; R; pB* near p[receding]."
His position is 8 tsec east and 39" north of
******************************
03 44 32.7 -71 40 16; Hyi
V = 11.6; Size 2.3'
30" (11/4/10 - Coonabarabran, 264x): bright, moderately large, round, 2.5' diameter. Appeared mottled with some extremely faint stars resolved in the halo. The only brighter resolved star is on the south side of the halo. The view is somewhat hampered by mag 6.3 CT Hydri just 4' ENE and a mag 9 star 2.3' SSE. NGC 1466 is one of the 15 bona-fide ancient GC's in the LMC.
18" (7/9/02 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): this
outlying globular of the LMC is known to be one the oldest LMC clusters. At 128x it appeared moderately bright,
fairly small, round, 2' diameter.
There was no resolution except for a single faint star at the south edge
but the surface brightness was high.
This cluster was fairly prominent and very easy to find as it is
situated 4' WSW of mag 6.3
John Herschel discovered NGC 1466 = h2590 on 26 Nov 1834 and recorded "F, irregularly round, gradually little brighter middle, 30", has a * 7th mag foll, and others near." On a second sweep he notes "Viewed past meridian; found in place; pB, R, gradually brighter in the middle, 30" dia."
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03 51 52.7 -08 50 17; Eri
V = 13.5; Size 1.4'x1.1'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 115°
17.5" (2/11/96): very faint, small, round, 0.6'
diameter, slightly brighter core.
Slightly brighter of a pair with
17.5" (2/8/91): very faint, small, very small bright core surrounded by a very low surface brightness halo. Located 4.3' NNE of a mag 10 star.
Frank Muller discovered NGC 1467 = LM 2-388 in 1886 with the
26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag
15.0, 0.3' dia, R, *9 at 4.2' in PA 185° [SSW]." His position is just 0.2 min of RA west of
******************************
03 52 12.5 -06 20 56; Eri
V = 13.2; Size 1.2'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.0; PA = 135°
17.5" (2/11/96): very faint, very small, round, 30" diameter, weak even concentration to an occasional stellar nucleus. A mag 14.5 star is 1.0' ENE of center. Located ~3' N of a 1' pair of mag 11/12 stars.
Édouard Stephan discovered NGC 1468 = St. 12-27 on 28 Dec 1877. His published position in the 12th discovery list was reduced on 14 Dec 1881.
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04 00 28.0 +68 34 40; Cam
V = 12.7; Size 1.9'x0.8'; Surf Br = 13.1; PA = 153°
17.5" (11/2/91): moderately bright, fairly small, elongated 5:2 NNW-SSE, 1.5'x0.6', very bright core surrounded by fainter elongated halo. A mag 10 star is just off the west edge 0.6' WSW from the center.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1469 = Sw. 3-27 on 24 Feb 1886
with the 16" refractor at the Warner Observatory and recorded "vF;
vS; R; B* nr." His position
is 6' NW of
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NGC 1470 = MCG -02-10-016 = PGC 14002
03 52 09.7 -08 59 57; Eri
V = 14.2; Size 1.3'x0.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 169°
17.5" (2/11/96): very faint, fairly small, very elongated 3:1 NNW-SSE, 1.0'x0.3', slightly brighter core. Forms a faint pair with NGC 1467 10' NNW.
Frank Muller discovered NGC 1470 = LM 2-389 in 1886 with the
26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag
15.0, 0.8'x0.2', E 180° [N-S], *9.5 precedes 20s, 2' S." There is nothing at his position but
1.0 min of RA west is
******************************
NGC 1471 = NGC 1464 = PGC 13976
03 51 24.4 -15 24 08; Eri
See observing notes for NGC 1464.
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1471 = LM 1-116 in 1886
with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded
"mag 14.5, vS, pE 45°."
His description is accurate, though his rough position is 1 minute 40
seconds of RA due east of
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03 53 47.3 -08 34 06; Eri
V = 14.4; Size 0.6'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.1
17.5" (2/8/91): very faint, small, round. A mag 13 star is 1' SE. FIrst and brightest of three with NGC
1477 4' E and
Ormond Stone discovered NGC 1472 = LM 1-117 in 1886 with the
26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and described "mag
14.0, 0.1' dia, 1st of 3 [with
******************************
03 47 26.8 -68 13 13; Hyi
V = 12.9; Size 1.5'x0.8'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 36°
24" (4/4/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 200x
appears moderately bright and large, elongated 3:2 SW-NE, weakly concentrated
with a slightly brighter core.
This galaxy has a slightly mottled or clumpy appearance (the SGC notes a
"large knot 0.3' NE of center"). Elongated in the direction of a star 3' SW. Situated within a string of 4 stars -
one star to the NW and three to the SE.
Member of a small group that includes
John Herschel discovered NGC 1473 = h2592 on 2 Nov 1834 and
recorded "pF; R; gradually little brighter middle; 25"
dia." His position (from two
sweeps) corresponds with
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03 54 30.3 +10 42 24; Tau
V = 13.8; Size 1.1'x1.0'; Surf Br = 13.8; PA = 0°
17.5" (2/11/96): faint, fairly small, round, 40"
diameter, weak concentration to a slightly brighter 15" core. A mag 13.5 star is just 1.0' N of
center. Located 12' WSW of mag 9
This galaxy is identified as
Albert Marth discovered NGC 1474 = m 93 on 5 Oct 1864 and
logged "vF, S, R." His
position is 8' S of
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03 53 49.8 -08 08 15; Eri
Size 0.6'x0.6'
18" (10/16/09): not seen initially at 275x but referring to the exact position an extremely faint glow was quickly seen with averted. Appears very small, round, 12" diameter. Visible ~2/3 of the time with averted once it was acquired.
18" (1/1/08): extremely faint and small, round,
10"-15" diameter.
Requires averted vision to glimpse. Located 9' SE of mag 8
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1475 = LM 2-390 in 1886
with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded
"mag 15.3, 0.1' dia, R, *14 4' north-preceding." His position is close to
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03 52 08.9 -44 31 57; Hor
V = 13.1; Size 1.4'x0.6'; Surf Br = 12.6; PA = 86°
24" (11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly faint to moderately bright, moderately large, very elongated 4:1 ~E-W, 0.8'x0.2', broad concentration. Located 15' SE of a mag 8 star.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1476 = h2591 on 14 Dec 1835 and recorded "F, S, pmE in the parallel; gradually brighter in the middle, 15" long." On a second sweep he described it "vF, lE, gradually brighter in the middle, 25" long". His position is accurate.
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03 54 02.9 -08 34 30; Eri
V = 14.8; Size 0.6'x0.5'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5" (2/8/91): extremely faint, very small, round. A mag 15 star is 1' NE. Located in a trio with NGC 1472 4' W and NGC 1478 2' NE.
Ormond Stone discovered NGC 1477 = LM 1-118 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and logged "mag 15.0, 0.2' dia, 2nd of 3 [with NGC 1472 and 1478]." His rough position (nearest minute of RA) is essentially accurate, along with the companions.
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03 54 07.3 -08 33 20; Eri
V = 15.5; Size 0.5'x0.3'; Surf Br = 13.3
17.5" (2/8/91): extremely faint and small, round, at visual threshold. Faintest of a trio with NGC 1477 2' SW and NGC 1472 5' WSW.
Ormond Stone discovered NGC 1478 = LM 1-119 in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and noted "mag 15.0, 0.2' dia, 3rd of 3 [with NGC 1472 and 1477]." His rough position (nearest minute of RA) is essentially accurate, along with the companions.
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03 54 24 -10 12; Eri
= Not found, RNGC and Corwin.
Frank Muller discovered NGC 1479 = LM 2-391 in 1886 with the
26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory recorded "mag
16.0, 0.6'x0.1', 1st of 2 [with
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03 54 30 -10 16; Eri
= Not found, RNGC.
Frank Muller discovered NGC 1480 = LM 2-392 (along with NGC 1479 = LM 2-391) in 1886 with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory, but there is nothing at his position. Muller mentions a "*10 following 30s" but no discovery sketch was found to aid in the identification and Harold Corwin's search came up empty. The RNGC has an obvious typo in the position as the RA is off by over 8 hours.
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03 54 28.9 -20 25 38; Eri
V = 13.4; Size 1.0'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 133°
24" (12/1/13): fairly faint, fairly small, oval 3:2
NW-SE, 30"x20", broad concentration. Fainter of a pair with
17.5" (2/1/92): very faint, very small, slightly
elongated NW-SE, even surface brightness.
Located 2.5' NW of mag 8.7
John Herschel discovered NGC 1481 = h2593 on 13 Nov 1835 and
described "eF, S, R, precedes two bright stars and the nebula III.962 [NGC
1482].". His single position
is 2' S of
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NGC 1482 = ESO 549-033 = MCG -03-10-054 = KTS 22B = PGC 14084
03 54 38.9 -20 30 09; Eri
V = 12.1; Size 2.5'x1.4'; Surf Br = 13.3; PA = 103°
24" (12/1/13): moderately bright to fairly bright,
fairly large, oval 5:3 WNW-ESE, ~1.5'x0.9'. Contains a large bright core that increases to a very small,
bright nucleus. Surrounding the
core is a very low surface brightness halo. Forms a right triangle with two bright stars; mag 8.6 HD
24694 2.3' ENE and mag 8.6
17.5" (2/1/92): faint, fairly small, elongated 4:3
~E-W, broad concentration. Forms
the southern vertex of an isosceles triangle with mag 8.7 SAO 168936 2.5' NW
and mag 8.6
William Herschel discovered NGC 1482 = H. III 962 = h2594 on 19 Dec 1799 (sweep 1091). He recorded "very faint; very small; near 2 bright stars, south preceding of them." John Herschel observed the galaxy from the Cape of Good Hope on 13 Nov 1835 and logged "F, S, R; makes an obtuse angled triangle with two bright stars, the one preceding, the other following it." A week later he called it "eF, S; makes an obtuse angled nearly isoceles triangle with two stars 10th mag north of it." His third observation on 11 Dec was recorded as "pB, little extended, gradually brighter middle (newly polished mirror); makes an obtuse angled triangle with two stars 10th mag to its north."
Fritz Zwicky discovered SN 1937E, during his systematic search for supernovae using the 18" Schmidt at Palomar (his 4th discovery).
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03 52 47.7 -47 28 40; Hor
V = 12.7; Size 1.6'x1.3'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 125°
24" (11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia):
moderately bright and large, slightly elongated NW-SE, 1.2'x0.9', broad
concentration, slightly irregular or patchy surface brightness but no clear
spiral structure. Located 15' SE
of mag 6.7
John Herschel discovered NGC 1483 = h2595 on 14 Dec 1835 (and possibly earlier by Dunlop) and recorded "pretty faint; round; very little brighter in the middle; 20". (Newly polished mirror, but the sky dull and haze forming; so that this may very possibly be Dunlop 428.)". His second observation reads "very faint; pretty large; round; very gradually a little brighter in the middle; 80" across. I feel convinced that this nebula is too faint to have been seen by Mr Dunlop. Put on the 9 inch aperture, could not discern the least trace of it. Mirror polished yesterday and in high beauty. Sky superb."
James Dunlop found D 428 on 2 Sep 1826 and described
"An extremely faint ill-defined small nebula. A pretty large nebula (D 427) precedes this." Despite Herschel's comments, Dunlop's
position lands very close to NGC 1483 and his position for
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03 54 17.9 -36 58 14; Eri
V = 13.1; Size 2.5'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 80°
18" (12/30/08): faint, thin edge-on ~6:1 E-W, 1.5'x0.25', low even surface brightness with no noticeable core. Located at the SE edge of the Fornax I cluster.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1484 = h2596 on 28 Nov 1837 and
recorded "vF, L, E, very gradually very little brighter middle,
2'." His position is 1' S of
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04 05 03.6 +70 59 46; Cam
V = 12.6; Size 2.1'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.9; PA = 22°
17.5" (2/8/91): fairly faint, moderately large, very elongated 3:1 SSW-NNE, even surface brightness. A mag 15 star is just following the SSW end.
Lewis Swift discovered NGC 1485 = Sw. 3-28 on 24 Feb 1886
with the 16" refractor at the Warner Observatory and logged "eF; pS;
R." His position is 2.6' NW
of
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03 56 18.6 -21 49 17; Eri
V = 14.2; Size 0.9'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 2°
17.5" (2/22/03): very faint, fairly small,, 0.6'x0.4',
weak concentration with a roundish, brighter core, requires averted
vision. The halo appears elongated
SSW-NNE although difficult to pin down a consistent orientation. Located 10' E of mag 9.7
Francis Leavenworth discovered NGC 1486 = LM 2-393 in 1886
with the 26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory. His position is about 25 sec of RA east
of
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03 55 45.3 -42 22 05; Eri
V = 11.9; Size 3.3'x2.1'; Surf Br = 13.9; PA = 55°
18" (1/17/09): fairly faint, moderately large, irregularly round, 1.8'x1.5', slightly elongated E-W, weak central brightening. Appears to have an irregular surface brightness, though viewed at a very low elevation from Lake Sonoma. Two mag 12.5-13 stars form an isosceles triangle with the galaxy 1.2' N and 1.2' W.
On the DSS this is a distorted interacting system with two brighter condensations and long, faint tidal plumes. This object should be viewed from a more southerly latitude to see detail. Member of the small NGC 1512 group (LGG 108).
James Dunlop discovered NGC 1487 = D 480 = h2597 on 29 Oct
1826. He described "a very
faint ill-defined nebula, with two or three very small stars in it, and a small
star following." There is
nothing at his published position, but 83 seconds of RA west is the interacting
system
John Herschel observed this galaxy on 3 sweeps. On 24 Oct 1835 (sweep 639) he recorded "pB, pL, R, 90"; makes a triangle with two stars 13th mag about 1 radius of nebula (by diagram) from its edge."
Joseph Turner sketched the galaxy on 26 Nov 1877 with the Great Melbourne Telescope (p. 151 of his logbook). He noted it had a mottled appearance and was "rather irregular in shape, of rather an oval form...the sp side is brider than the rest of the nebula." NGC 1487 is a distorted triple system.
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04 00 04.3 +18 34 02; Tau
= **, Thomson. Incorrect ID in RNGC, CGCG, RC3.
Edward Cooper discovered NGC 1488 = Au 19 with a 13.3-inch refractor at the Markree Observatory in Ireland. While compiling the comprehensive Markree ecliptic Catalogue it as noted (probably by asistant Andrew Graham) as a nebulous mag 12 star. At his position is a 9" pair of stars. Bigourdan reported finding a 13th mag double star with no nebulosity. Engelhardt also made a micrometric measurement of the components of this double star.
RNGC, CGCG and RC3 misidentify
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03 57 38.2 -19 12 58; Eri
V = 13.8; Size 1.4'x0.6'; Surf Br = 13.4; PA = 12°
17.5" (2/22/03): very faint, fairly small, elongated ~2:1 SSW-NNE, 0.9'x0.4', nearly uniform surface brightness. Situated between a mag 10.8 star 2.7' W and a mag 11.4 star 4' NE.
Frank Muller discovered NGC 1489 = LM 2-394 in 1886 with the
26" refractor at the Leander McCormick Observatory and recorded "mag
15.0, 1.0'x0.6', E 190° (SSW-NNE)."
His position is 40 sec of RA east of
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03 53 34.4 -66 01 05; Ret
V = 12.4; Size 1.3'x1.1'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 142°
24" (4/4/08 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): at 280x
appeared bright, moderately large, round, 1.2' diameter. Sharply concentrated with a very bright
20" core that increases to the center, surrounded by a diffuse 1.2'
halo. A faint star is embedded at
the east edge of the halo. NGC
1503 lies 18' E and
John Herschel discovered NGC 1490 = h2599 on 2 Nov 1834 and recorded "pB, S, lE, pretty much brighter middle, 18" diameter." His position is accurate.
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04 03 13.6 +51 18 58; Per
Size 3'x3'
18" (1/20/07): at 115x and 174x and OIII filter appears as a bright, large, elongated HII region on the west side of an 11th magnitude star. Appears roughly 4'x2', extending SSW to NNE and brighter on the south end. The west side has a fairly hard, well-defined edge while the east side is more irregular and fades into the background. Four faint stars are involved on the northern end and a pair of fainter stars are at the south end.
17.5" (3/2/02): at 100x, this is a moderately bright, roundish glow, ~3' diameter. Extends mostly west of a mag 11 star, wrapping around the star, particularly on the north side. Excellent contrast gain with an OIII filter as it appears bright with an irregular surface brightness. There is a subtle bite cut out of the nebulosity on the east side that creates a darker hollow extending just west of the star. At 220x (unfiltered), about a half dozen stars are involved or at the edges. The nebulosity is quite irregular with a high surface brightness region preceding the star. Faint, elongated haze extends from this patch to the NE past the star giving an elongated appearance. A pair of mag 13-14 stars is at the northern end and another pair is just off the western edge.
17.5" (12/7/90): at 140x with OIII filter appears as a bright, moderately large, circular nebulosity involving a mag 11 star. The brightest portion lies to the west of the star and is elongated 3:2 ~N-S. There appears be a dark gap just west of the mag 11 star. Two very faint stars are superimposed near the edges.
13.1" (1/18/85): bright emission nebula just west of a mag 10.5 star, extends SW-NE, interesting shape.
8" (11/14/80): bright, large, ~6' diameter. A mag 10.5 star is at the east side.
William Herschel discovered NGC 1491 = H. I-258 on 28 Dec 1790 (sweep 989) and recorded "vB, iF, resolvable, bM, 5' l, 3 or 4' br. A pL star in it towards the following side, but unconnected." His position is fairly accurate, though Dreyer used a micrometric position of an involved star by Engelhardt. See Corwin's notes.
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03 58 13.1 -35 26 48; Eri
V = 13.5; Size 0.8'x0.7'; Surf Br = 12.8; PA = 10°
18" (1/21/04): faint, small, round, 0.4' diameter, fairly even surface brightness. Located 1.5' N of a mag 13 star.
John Herschel discovered NGC 1492 = h2598 on 28 Nov 1837 and logged "vF, vS, R, 10'." His position is accurate, though, his size of 10' is probably a typo for 10".
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NGC 1493 = ESO 249-033 = AM 0355-462 = LGG 106-004 = PGC 14163
03 57 28 -46 12 36; Hor
V = 11.3; Size 3.5'x3.2'; Surf Br = 13.7
24" (11/18/12 - Magellan Observatory, Australia): fairly bright, fairly large, round, 3.0' diameter, broad concentration. Contains a brighter, elongated core or "bar" oriented ~E-W. The halo contains a strong suggestion of irregular spiral structure. A mag 15 star is at the east edge of the halo. This face-on SBcd galaxy is a member of LGG 106 (subgroup of the Dorado Group).
James Dunlop discovered NGC 1493 = D 4