Here are my observing notes for every non-stellar object
in the entire NGC, which was compiled by John Louis Dreyer in 1888.
This famous catalogue includes 7840 entries discovered visually up to
that date, the majority from William Herschel and his son John. As far
as I know, these notes are the only visual journal of the entire NGC
by a single observer, covering the entire sky from north to south celestial
pole. In addition, I've included visual notes on 2362 objects from the
IC (Index Catalogues of 1894 and 1907) for a total of 10,202 NGC/IC
designations.
In 2014, I completed a 35-year project of observing
every NGC object north of -41 degrees declination. These were all the
NGCs accessible from my home in northern California. At that time I
had also covered most of the far southern sky from several previous
trips to Australia, with 300 NGCs remaining that were not visible from
the United States. After a few additional observing trips to the southern
hemisphere, I completed the last remaining 34 NGCs during the November
2017 OzSky Star Safari, which took place
on the Markdale Homestead, a large working sheep ranch and country estate
3 ½ hour drive west of Sydney.
Since that date I've been trying to complete the 1529
entries in the first Index Catalogue (IC I).
The vast majority of these are faint galaxies, with over half
the total from Stephane Javelle, who observed with a 30-inch f/23 refractor
at the Nice observatory in France. I
now have just 119 of these galaxies remaining to observe.
All my observations and notes were made at fairly dark
observing sites used by clubs and individuals in the San Francisco bay
area as well as various northern California star parties at Lassen National
Park and northeastern California. In addition, a large number of summer
observations were made at high elevation sites in the Sierras or the
White Mountains east of Bishop. Generally, these observations were made
with SQM readings from 21.3-21.9. Deep southern objects were observed
on 8 weeklong observing trips to Australia using 14" to 30"
scopes that were provided by Zane Hammond at his "Magellan Observatory"
and at several OzSky Star Safaris. Some southern observations were also
made using Ray Cash's 13" travel scope that I brought to Costa
Rica and with C-8 from the southern end of Baja.
I began taking notes on the Messier objects using a
6" f/5 reflector in 1978. Three years later I started exploring
fainter NGCs with a 13.1" Odyssey I. The vast majority of my notes,
though, were made with a 17.5" f/4.5 homemade dob (1987-2002) and
an 18" f/4.3 Starmaster (2003-2011). Since 2012 I've used a 24"
f/3.7 Starstructure. I've also taken detailed notes on over 500 NGC
and IC objects using Jimi Lowrey's 48" gigantic dobsonian from
west Texas. In general, you'll find multiple observations of many NGCs,
so their visual appearances can be compared through a variety of apertures.
All of the NGC/IC identifications have been checked
for historical accuracy as part of NGC/IC
Project (database no longer available but see here).
At the end of my visual observations of each NGC, I've included historical
discovery information such as the observer's name, date, telescope,
and the original discovery descriptions. Modern catalogues discrepancies
and errors are also discussed.
In addition to the NGC and IC, the final link includes
observations of nearly 1200 galaxies in the Uppsala General Catalogue
(UGC), which are not in the NGC or IC. These are generally fainter galaxies
that are at least 10' diameter on the first National Geographic-Palomar
Observatory Sky Survey (POSS).
I want to acknowledge the investigative work of Dr.
Harold Corwin and Dr. Wolfgang Steinicke, who I've communicated with
for many years on a number of identification problems. Harold Corwin
provides precise positions and extensive historical notes on thousands
of NGC and IC objects at http://haroldcorwin.net/ngcic/. Wolfgang
Steinicke provides biographical information on 172 NGC/IC astronomers,
as well as a number of historically accurate catalogues in .xls format
on his web site at http://www.klima-luft.de/steinicke/index_e.htm.
For those interesting in learning more on the history of the NGC, I
highly recommend Wolfgang's book "Observing and Cataloguing Nebulae
and Star Clusters".
Steve Gottlieb
5/3/23
